Electrification and grid integration of transportation

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1 Photo: By & Havn, Peter Sørensen Electrification and grid integration of transportation Challenges and opportunities Lyngby 2017, Assoc. Prof., head of ERES Group Center for Electric Power and Energy, CEE Technical University of Denmark

2 Outline Back ground why? EV Grid impact our activities Technology services, chargers, batteries Future electric transportation/e-mobility in a broad sense Raised questions 2 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

3 Long term goals of Denmark 50% wind in the power grid Copenhagen CO2 neutral DK independent of fossil fuels % constant consumption with economic growth 40% CO2 reduction DK fossil free power and heat 3 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

4 50% wind scenario already in Anticipated scenario in 2020 Energy per hour in DK (MWh/h) Who are quick to respond? Who will produce? Who will consume? 0 Wind Power Demand 4 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

5 EV activities Inter-operabillity standards WP6 Grid connected battery DynaPower WP7 EV integration ACES 5 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Source: Parker project, Peter Bach Andersen

6 EV integration Charger power EV grid integration Commercially available EVs Chargers AC & DC (50kW) Plugs & standards Communications Response time Quality of service Voltage support Frequency support Unbalanced phases Aggregation Validation Electrification of the transport sector 6 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Source: Parker project, Peter Bach Andersen

7 Frequency regulation EV grid integration Commercially available EVs Voltage support Unbalanced phases Round trip response time Service quality 7 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Source: project, Sergejus Martinenas

8 Frederiksberg forsyning (related to Parker) Together with nuvve, Nissan & Frederiksberg Forsyning now connect the world s first fleet of electric Nissan cars to the grid to provide aggregated grid frequency service. - 10x Nissan env200 electric Vans - 10x ENEL V2G units (bidirectional 10 kw) - Used mainly for maintenance and service tasks. - Usage hours = Work day 7 AM 4 PM 8 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Source: Frederiksberg Forsyning/nuvve/DTU, Peter Bach Andersen, 2016

9 Fleet patterns Available to GIV vs Plug-in Weekdays (5 min interval) statistics based on average Area that represents the potential to optimize aggregator revenue 9 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Source: Tiago Soares, Peter Bach Andersen, 2017

10 Primary Frequency Reserve DK2/East 3200 Frequency (Hz) Frequency EU/MW/week ,200,000 DKK/MW/Year 1,100,000 DKK/MW/Year 9.Nov. - 15Nov Time (Sec.) x FNR Cumulative Capacity (MW) FDR kwh 2000 kwh Day 10 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Source: Andreas Venzke Day

11 The grid connected battery in Nordhavn Purpose Inspire innovation at Radius (DSO) together with other actors in the market in the field of battery applications Goals Demonstrate how batteries can create value for various market players By deferral of grid reinforcement By being active on the frequency regulation market Planning Installation Test Develop cost efficient technical operation of stationary batteries Development of algorithms for battery operation Evaluation of battery performance and lifetime 11 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark Source: Poul Brath/Ole Michaelsen, Radius

12 Multiple service provision using BESS Cost-Effectiveness of Energy Storage in California, Cost-Effective Electrical Energy Storage Systems considering technical limitations - Simultaneous provision of peak shaving and frequency reserve - Simultaneous provision of DC and AC Services - Multiple service provision to improve business case 12 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

13 Current and projected battery cell price Cost for Lithium-ion battery pack, $/kwh. Battery Storage for Renewables : Market Status and Technology Outlook, IRENA, January, Source: Tesla.com Data compiled by Bloomberg New Energy Finance, DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

14 Future electric transportation/e-mobility in a broad sense Bicycling, Segways, scooters, smartboards Electric vehicles Mass transportation (wheels or levitating), trains Heavy duty goods, trains Marine, ferries, Air, drones, aircrafts, hover boards 3D transportation, an extra degree of freedom! 14 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

15 Task reflect on raised questions regarding e-mobility What alternative technologies exist to fossil fuels enabling a 100% renewable transport sector? YES, fuel cell based (EV), gas and/or biomass and synthetic fuel (electrolysis) Does e-mobility offer a complete solution alone? YES in the widest possible sense, but not necessarily the most cost effective solution? Will EV s as personalized vehicles be sur-passed (or out-performed) by semi-public transportation systems based on autonomous vehicles - or drones? Will such systems reduce or enhance the congestion in the cities? Perhaps, perhaps, 1) depends on definition, politics and regulation, 2) ultimately, it will potentially reduce city congestions, but the personalized vehicle (broad sense) in concert with public transportation, the distinction maybe blurred? Will the EV s or the EV-infrastructure support or challenge the grid balancing in a 100% REN based power system? Depends on degree of success with grid integration of transportation (our work) and cost (ultimately regulation/politics) When do you estimate 50% of the vehicles parked at DTU are EV s? 2030 (Norway, Jeju, CA, Bornholm etc.) 15 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

16 Center for Electric Power and Energy, CEE Thank you for your attention 16 DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark

17 Thank you to Acknowledgement to person gallery General on Nordhavn: Christoffer Greisen QualiGridS and integrated energy systems: Shi You, Yi Zong, Jiawei Wang, Per Munk Jacobsen EV group: Peter Bach Andersen, Mattia Marinelli, Thomas Meier Sørensen, Katarina Knezovic, Sergejus Martinenas, Antonio Zecchino, Marjan Gjelaj, Tiago Soares, nuvve company, Nissan corp. CEE: Chresten,Seyed; Radius/DONG: Daniel, Poul and Ole; ABB: Jonas; Balslev: Benny; CleanCharge: Nils Postdoc: Seyedmostafa Hashemi Toghroljerdi; Cost-Effective Electrical Energy Storage Systems in Low Voltage Grids, evaluate the feasible battery services, provide suggestions for the battery control and management, etc. Students: - Marjan, PhD student, Electric Vehicle Integration in an Energy Optimized Neighbourhood, WP6 and WP7, Mads, DTU and DONG, control strategies for battery energy storage system services, completed Master Thesis. - Andreas: DTU and Balslev, Guest master student from ETH, working on the Modelling and Simulation of battery, specifically effects of FDR on the lifespan of the battery; completed report; volunteer working on the extension of the work and publications. - Athanasios: DTU, Optimal Energy Management of Battery Storage for Multiple Services, Master Thesis, to Jiawei: DTU, Battery impact study on stressed distribution grid, Master Thesis to Yini: DTU, The utilization and economics of battery storage - comparison between distributed and a central solution, Master Thesis, to Frederik, DTU and DONG, Integration strategy for fast-chargers in existing power grid. Master Thesis, to Benedikt, DTU and Balslev, Can a BESS service simultaneously frequency disturbance reserve, FDR and EV fast charging, Special Course, to DTU Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark