Electric vehicles and the smartgrid - challenges and opportunities. or Mythbusting EVs
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1 DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING Faculty of Science and Engineering Electric vehicles and the smartgrid - challenges and opportunities. or Mythbusting EVs Graham Town All-Energy Conference, Melbourne, 2016 Sustainable Energy Systems Engineering Group Department of Engineering Macquarie University
2 Outline The transport-energy nexus Smart Grid to monitor/manage future energy supply, storage, demand EVs a substantial component in future energy systems Electrification of transport (EVs) not if when (now) challenges opportunities 1. cost 2. range 3. charging infrastructure 4. impact on electricity infrastructure Possible scenarios from business as usual to mobility as a service 2
3 The transport-energy nexus - Evolution of electricity distribution Energy technology and systems to be transformed over next 20 years necessity & opportunity many parallels with changes in IT infrastructure Internet of Energy International Energy Agency, Smart Grid Technology Roadmap [2011] See also: 3
4 The transport-energy nexus - Smart grid enablers Smart grid - enabling technologies 1) Information and communication technology (ICT): monitoring, coordination + 2) Energy storage: supply = demand on average for energy = Smart Grid (increasing flexibility, efficiency, resilience of system)
5 The transport-energy nexus - Impacts of renewables in current grid Increasing PV generation causing challenges for electricity distributors ( duck curve ) over-generation during day high evening ramp rates Solutions: ToU tariffs (peak-shift load) storage (peak-shift source) EVs US Dept. Energy, Quadrennial Technology Review,
6 The transport-energy nexus - Transport electrification impact Transport can t be ignored transport consumes ~1/3 rd of energy (currently mostly petroleum) electrification inevitable (efficiency, compatibility, cost, etc.) by 2020, 20% of new vehicles sold will be electric [AECOM 2012] Typical EV energy capacity, range Domestic battery storage (e.g. Tesla Powerwall) 6.4 [kw.h] Hybrid EV (Toyota Prius) ~ 15 km range 1.3 [kw.h] Full EV (Nissan LEAF) ~ 115 km range (EPA) 24/30 [kw.h] Full EV (Tesla S) ~ 430km (EPA) 85 [kw.h] 50 km round trip ~ 10 [kw.h] c.f. average domestic household electricity consumption: 17 [kw.h/day] More mobile storage (on wheels) than fixed (in households) EV load/source on LV grid (overall) e.g. major capital city with 1,000,000 EVs 10 GW.h /day (currently 14.7 GW.h /day) 900 to 1,700 MW peak demand EVs likely to have a significant impact on the electricity distribution system 6
7 Electrification of transport 1. Cost EV vs ICE EV Fuel Cost Consumption Complexity 0.5 c/km (offpeak, Syd.) HEV 3 6 c/km, $/100km ICE 10 c/km, $/100km 0.18 kwh/km 2 4 litre/100km 6.3 litre/100km Low Medium High 5-year comparison 7
8 Electrification of transport 2. Range vs usage: recent US findings Te 8
9 Electrification of transport 2. Range vs usage: our findings Based on NSW Govt survey, 2011 Of 62,000 vehicles travelling to Bankstown each weekday. - average commute 22km each way - total energy to recharge 205 MW.hr ~ 85% of return commutes in Sydney could be serviced by an average EV (135 km range) if connected to a Level 1 charger each night. % battery capacity used for daily travel 9
10 Electrification of transport 3. Charging infrastructure EV Charging: Standards Level AC/DC Voltage [V] Current [A] Power [kva] Time [hr] (10 kwh) 1 AC AC PH AC , 4 DC EV Charging: Interfaces plugs, modes (various) wireless power transfer- WPT EV Dis/charging: Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G, V2X) an-and-enel-team-up-on-v2g-technology/ 10
11 Electrification of transport - Charging infrastructure Minimal grid impact (solar EV or grid) No grid impact (solar battery EV)
12 Electrification of transport 3. Charging infrastructure + Home charging (Level 1,2)
13 Electrification of transport 4. Impacts of EVs on grid If no storage, then impact of EV charging on electricity distribution grid depends on WHERE WHEN Smart charging AEMO, 2011 National Transmission Network Development Plan Paevere, et al., Spatio-temporal modelling of electric vehicle charging demand and impacts on peak household electrical load, Sustain Sci (2014) 9:
14 Electrification of transport 4. Grid impacts EVs and renewable energy What will EVs do to the duck curve? EV = significant load (or source) min EV charge rate ~ max PV output charging: where / when / from? Reducing impact i) home / 7pm / grid ii) home / evening (scheduled) / grid iii) carpark / 12pm (scheduled) / grid (PV) iv) anywhere / anytime / battery (time-shifted PV) or battery + EV with V2G (+ peak shaving) iii i ii iv assuming electricity grid will cope.. Reducing impact US Dept. Energy, Quadrennial Technology Review, What will EV s do to the environment? i) depends how energy on grid generated (e.g. Tasmania green ) ii) depends how energy on grid generated iii) reduce carbon emissions by amount of PV utilised ( solar powered EVs) iv) minimal impact on the environment ( everything powered by renewables) 14
15 Impact on electricity infrastructure 4. Peak load shaving with V2G Household (Nelson Bay), grid and 1. No EV, PV, or battery kw.hr EV+PV+battery kw.hr EV+PV+battery Load (W) Meter Grid 0 0:00:00 6:40:00 13:20:00 20:00:00 2:40:00 9:20:00 16:00:00 22:40:00 5:20:00 12:00:00 18:40:00 1:20:00 8:00:00 14:40:00 21:20:00 4:00:00 10:40:00 17:20:00 0:00:00 6:40:00 13:20:00 20:00:00 2:40:00 9:20:00 16:00:00 22:40:00 5:20:00 12:00:00 18:40:00 1:20:00 8:00:00 14:40:00 21:20:00 4:00:00 10:40:00 17:20:00 0:00:00 6:40:00 13:20:00 20:00:00 2:40:00 9:20:00 16:00:00 22:40:00 5:20:00 12:00:00 18:40:00 1:20:00 8:00:00 14:40:00 21:20:00 4:00:00 10:40:00 17:20:00 0:00:00 6:40:00 13:20:00 20:00:00 Time PV Normal Load Load condition with controlled PV, Nissan Leaf EV and 4 kwh battery Load condition with controlled PV, Tesla EV and 4 kwh battery Controller Battery + - Converter Percentage of Peak-shave EV and Different Battery Capacity (kwh) Nissan Leaf Tesla 15
16 Possible scenarios 1. Own vehicle Purchase energy 2. Own vehicle Energy subscript n Own vehicle Play in energy market (V2G/X) 4. Xport subscription/rental (mobility as service)
17 Conclusions Electricity infrastructure transforming to include increasing proportion of renewables - electrified transport will be a significant component Cost, range, charging infrastructure of EVs - no longer barriers Impact of EVs on the electricity grid Current grid: disruptive challenge large uncoordinated load -ve impact Off-grid: solar charging of EVs (e.g. via batteries) 0 impact Smart grid: positive opportunity large resource of distributed storage +ve impact Integration of EVs with renewables into electricity distribution requires monitoring and coordination using ICT infrastructure investment in infrastructure and changes to grid access rules and/or business models Ideally: coordinated development of transport and energy, infrastructure and policy, within the context of developing a Smart Grid Internet of Energy Acknowledgements: Students - Khizir Mahmud, Sohaib Rafique, Sayidul Morsalin. Support - ARC, Optus 17
18 Intelligent transport ICT Smart Grid Xport (EVs) Energy (Elec) Renewable energy 18
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