IET AC-DC The Role of FACTS and HVDC in the future Pan-European Transmission System Development. London, October 20th, 2010

Transcription

1 IET AC-DC 2010 The Role of FACTS and HVDC in the future Pan-European Transmission System Development London, October 20th, 2010 A. L Abbate, G. Migliavacca - RSE (former ERSE) U. Häger, C. Rehtanz, S. Rüberg - TU Dortmund H. Ferreira, G. Fulli, A. Purvins - EC-JRC

2 Outline Overview of transmission expansion planning Main FACTS features Technical aspects Economic aspects Environmental aspects Main HVDC features Technical aspects Economic aspects Environmental aspects Potential for FACTS application in Europe Potential for further HVDC application in Europe Conclusions 2

3 Transmission planning Transmission expansion planning has become a more and more complex task over the years European TSOs have to deal with several challenges regional markets opening increasing level of inter-zonal congestions changing regulatory framework growing variable RES generation penetration assets ageing environmental and social constraints active demand and distributed generation penetration Choice of the most feasible expansion option(s) is subject to different constraints Thorough assessment of benefits and costs is crucial towards decision-making 3

4 Transmission planning Scenarios development Security analysis Basic stages of planning process Identification of first, broad group of solutions N Security criteria met? Y No expansion REALISEGRID proposed approach Technoeconomic assessment Identification of second, restricted group of solutions Environmental/ social assessment Traditional approach Cost-benefit analysis Final ranking of solutions Decision making 4

5 FACTS classification Shunt Devices Static Var Compensator (SVC) Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) Series Devices Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) Combined Devices Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST) Dynamic Flow Controller (DFC) Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) 5

6 FACTS: key technical features FACTS device Transmission capacity increase Power flow control Transient stability enhancement Voltage stability enhancement Power oscillation damping SVC TCSC TCPST DFC 1 STATCOM SSSC IPFC UPFC Legenda: Small; Medium; Strong; (1) not enough experience yet 6

7 FACTS: key technical features Device description SVC STATCOM TCSC SSSC TCPST DFC 1 IPFC UPFC Device ratings (MVA/MVAR) /150 (2) Future device trend Higher ratings Further deployment Further deployment Operational experience >30 years >20 years >15 years Pilot Pilot No Pilot Pilot >10 years Lifetime (1) 40 years 30 years 30 years 30 years 30 years - 30 years 30 years Converter losses (full load, per converter) 1-1.5% 1-2.5% 0.5-1% % Availability > 98% > 98% > 98% Small; Medium; Strong; (1) estimated values, not enough experience yet; (2) TCQBT and TCPAR respectively Source: REALISEGRID D

8 FACTS: key economic features Transmission assets costs depend on various factors: equipment rating and type operating voltage local environmental constraints geographical characteristics material costs manpower (labour) costs technology maturity Capital cost elements for transmission assets: equipment, installation, engineering, auxiliaries, civil works, right-of-way, tax, insurance, financing Operating cost elements for transmission assets: operation, maintenance, relocation, losses Other cost elements: land acquisition, local compensations, dismantling 8

9 FACTS: key economic features Review of FACTS devices costs (average values): Components Voltage Level (kv) Available Power Rating (MVAR/M VA) Min Cost Range Max Unit SVC keur/mvar STATCOM keur/mvar TCSC keur/mvar SSSC keur/mvar UPFC keur/mva Source: REALISEGRID D

10 FACTS: key environmental features Device Surface occupation SVC STATCOM TCSC UPFC 5-20 m 2 /MVAR 3-5 m 2 /MVAR 3-10 m 2 /MVAR 3-20 m 2 /MVA Source: REALISEGRID D

11 HVDC: key technical features HVDC has been traditionally used for interconnection of asynchronous systems as well as for very long OHLs and long underground/submarine cables HVDC can act as a firewall immunizing the AC grid from wide area problems VSC-HVDC adds on flexibility, response speed and reactive power control over CSC-HVDC, also for multiterminal applications (features for offshore wind connection and offshore grids developments) 11

12 HVDC: key technical features CSC-HVDC VSC-HVDC Maximum ratings available ±800 kv, 6400 MW ±320 kv, 1100 MW Future trend of system ratings towards higher ratings Operational experience > 50 years ~ 10 years Lifetime years years (1) Converter losses (at full load) 0.5-1% 1-2% Availability (per system) > 98% > 98% Transmission capacity Power flow control Transient stability Voltage stability Power oscillation damping Reactive power demand System perturbation Reactive power injection possible no yes Easy meshing no yes Limitation in cable line length no no Ability to connect offshore wind farms no yes Small; Medium; Strong; (1) estimated values, not enough experience yet Source: REALISEGRID D

13 HVDC: key economic features Main HVDC transmission assets: Overhead lines/cables Converter stations Overhead lines equipment costs include costs for: conductors, pylons/towers, foundations, clamps and related devices Converter stations equipment costs include costs for: valves, converter transformers, filters, control, switchyard Further specific equipment will be required for offshore grids (including platforms) Future HVDC breakthroughs: DC breakers/substations 13

14 HVDC: key economic features Review of HVDC assets costs (average values): Cost range System component Voltage level Power rating min max Unit HVDC OHL, bipolar (1) ±150 ±500 kv MW keur/km HVDC underground cable pair ±350 kv 1100 MW keur/km HVDC undersea cable pair ±350 kv 1100 MW keur/km HVDC VSC terminal, bipolar ±150 ±350 kv MW keur/mw HVDC CSC terminal, bipolar ±350 ±500 kv MW keur/mw (1) cost ranges correspond to the base case, i.e. installation over flat land. For installations over hilly landscape +20% and +50% for installations over mountains or urban areas have to be factored in. Source: REALISEGRID D

15 HVDC: key economic features Review of HVDC assets costs (average values): Current Source Converter (CSC) Cost [M] = 0.067*P [MW] + 33 Source: NGET 15

16 HVDC: key economic features Review of HVDC assets costs (average values): Voltage Source Converter (VSC) Cost [M] = 0.083*P [MW] + 28 Source: NGET 16

17 HVDC: key environmental features For OHLs the width of right-of-way can be reduced by ca % when choosing HVDC instead of HVAC transmission By HVDC the electromagnetic pollution is significantly lower compared to the electromagnetic emissions by conventional HVAC transmission, especially for OHLs Acoustic emissions by HVDC converter stations can be reduced to comply with the legal requirements by an indoor station design Land use System component Voltage level Power rating min max Unit HVDC OHL, bipolar ±150..±500 kv MW m 2 /km HVDC underground cable ±350 kv 1100 MW m 2 /km HVDC undersea cable ±350 kv 1100 MW 0 m 2 /km HVDC VSC terminal, bipolar ±150..±350 kv MW m 2 HVDC CSC terminal, bipolar ±350..±500 kv MW m 2 Source: REALISEGRID D

18 FACTS and HVDC in Europe Source: ENTSO-E 18

19 FACTS potential in Europe Key features of FACTS for the future pan-european transmission system development: Transmission capacity increase Congestion relief Active power flow controllability Reactive power flow controllability Voltage support RES integration Dynamic support Oscillations damping 19

20 Planning FACTS Power flow control for congestion relief Shift of power to under-utilized lines / zones Slow control by PST Fast control by FACTS (dynamic properties) Installation within a short time horizon Avoidance/postponement of new transmission lines Limited investments Review of the (n-1) security criterion application Potentially limited increase of transmission capacity 20

21 FACTS projects in Europe SSSC in Spain (pilot project) SVC/STATCOM in Italy (under study) SVC/series controllers in Germany (planned/under study) SVC in Finland (completed) SVCs in France (Brittany) (completed) Series controllers/svc in Poland (under study/planned) SVCs in Norway (completed) Series controllers in UK (England-Scotland) (planned) Series controllers in Sweden (under study) 21

22 Further HVDC potential in Europe Traditional benefits provided by HVDC: transfer capacity enhancement power flow control transient stability improvement power oscillation damping voltage stability and control rejection of cascading disturbances absence of reactive power asynchronous systems interconnection Additional benefits provided by VSC-HVDC: fast reactive power flow control urban in-feed multi-terminal / offshore grid suitability placement independency Long-distance HVDC transmission may enable pan-european largescale power trade of RES energy, contributing to fulfill RES and efficiency targets 22

23 Further HVDC potential in Europe Ongoing projects in the Baltic area: PL-LT - 2xHVAC OHL + BTB in LT, 1000 MW in two stages (2015 and 2020) LT-SE VSC-HVDC, 700 MW ( ) EE-FI VSC-HVDC, 650 MW ( ) LV-SE - HVDC, 700 MW (to be decided, after 2020) PL-RU (KA) - HVAC OHL + BTB in PL (600 MW, 2020) Source: ENTSO-E 23

24 Further HVDC potential in Europe Ongoing / planned projects of HVDC embedded in the AC system in Europe: France Spain (2000 MW, ±320 kv, 2x65 km DC underground cable, VSC-HVDC) Sweden Norway (1200 MW, mixed OHL / underground cable, MT-VSC-HVDC) Italy France (1000 MW, ±320 kv, 2x190 km DC underground cable, VSC-HVDC) Finland Sweden (800 MW, 500 kv, 103 km DC OHL, 200 km DC submarine cable, CSC-HVDC) UK (England) UK (Scotland) (1800 MW, 500 kv, 365 km DC submarine cable, CSC-HVDC) UK (Wales) UK (Scotland) (2000 MW, 500 kv, 360 km DC submarine cable, CSC-HVDC) 24

25 Further HVDC potential in Europe A mid-term (2020 and after) vision: from onshore to offshore grids Source: EWEA 25

26 Further HVDC potential in Europe MedRing Source: MedRing update study / ENTSO-E 26

27 Conclusions Inserting innovative devices (like FACTS, HVDC) in the transmission planning processes is a key issue for TSOs FACTS and HVDC technologies may play an important role in the development of future European system towards RES targets (2020 and beyond) The installation of FACTS devices can bring a system efficiency increase permitting the exploitation of existing assets while overcoming some crucial issues in the short-mid term horizon In addition to traditional HVDC applications, VSC-HVDC is expected to be further extensively used in Europe for multiterminal offshore grids and for embedded links within the synchronous system For the long-term ( ), the HVDC potential for a Supergrid vision at pan-european level combining offshore (HVDC/HVAC) grids, enlarged HVAC continental network, DESERTEC/Transgreen and MedRing is very large In any case a sound cost-benefit analysis is required 27

28 Thank you for the attention Contact: Dr. Angelo L Abbate Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico (RSE) Milan, Italy angelo.labbate@erse-web.it REALISEGRID project 28