Nuclear Binding Energies and Atomic Masses

Transcription

1 Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology New Series / Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Group I: Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms Volume 22 Nuclear Binding Energies and Atomic Masses Subvolume B Nuclei with Z = S.I. Sukhoruchkin Z.N. Soroko Edited by H. Schopper

2 ISSN (Elementary Particles, Nuclei and Atoms) ISBN Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Naturwissenschaften und Technik, Neue Serie Editor in Chief: W. Martienssen Vol. I/22B: Editor: H. Schopper At head of title: Landolt-Börnstein. Added t.p.: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. Tables chiefly in English. Intended to supersede the Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen by H. Landolt and R. Börnstein of which the 6th ed. began publication in 1950 under title: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie, Astronomie, Geophysik und Technik. Vols. published after v. 1 of group I have imprint: Berlin, New York, Springer-Verlag Includes bibliographies. 1. Physics--Tables. 2. Chemistry--Tables. 3. Engineering--Tables. I. Börnstein, R. (Richard), II. Landolt, H. (Hans), III. Physikalisch-chemische Tabellen. IV. Title: Numerical data and functional relationships in science and technology. QC ' This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2009 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product Liability: The data and other information in this handbook have been carefully extracted and evaluated by experts from the original literature. Furthermore, they have been checked for correctness by authors and the editorial staff before printing. Nevertheless, the publisher can give no guarantee for the correctness of the data and information provided. In any individual case of application, the respective user must check the correctness by consulting other relevant sources of information. Cover layout: Erich Kirchner, Heidelberg Typesetting: Authors and Redaktion Landolt-Börnstein, Darmstadt Printing and Binding: AZ Druck, Kempten SPIN: / Printed on acid-free paper

3 Editor H. Schopper CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Contributors S.I. Sukhoruchkin Z.N. Soroko Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute Gatchina, Leningrad District, Russia Landolt-Börnstein Springer Tiergartenstr. 17, D Heidelberg, Germany fax: +49 (6221) Internet

4 6 Contents Preface Precise nuclear masses and nucleon separation energies are basic data for various fields, in particular for nuclear physics and astrophysics. In Volume I/22 a compilation of experimental and theoretical data on atomic masses, nuclear binding energies, nucleon separation energies, Q-values of nuclear reactions, and parameters derived from such data are presented. It consists of two parts, volumes I/22A and I/22B, in which data for nuclei with atomic numbers up to Z = 54 and Z 55 are presented, respectively. So far nuclear masses have not been reported in the New Series of Landoldt-Börnstein. Earlier Q-values of nuclear reactions were collected in Volume 1/5A. Since the beginning of nuclear physics almost 100 years ago, nuclear masses played a key role in the understanding of the structure of the atomic nucleus. From the first simple mass formula inspired by the liquid-drop model the development of theories of the nucleus has gone a far way. Studying nuclei is interesting from the point of view of multi-body systems. Heavier nuclei contain a few hundred particles and thus lie in between few-particle systems and the large number of particles involved in solid state physics. The aim is to explain nuclear masses, nuclear excitations and nuclear binding energies simultaneously in the framework of a general theory. A number of theories have been developed which are reviewed and compared to experimental data. New experimental facilities have become available during the last decade and with their help a large number of precision data has been obtained. Precision measurements of nuclear masses, binding energies and nucleon separation energies will be essential to develop even better theories of the nuclear structure including nuclei with unusual properties. The data reported in this volume will be of great significance for astrophysics and the understanding of the production of elements in the early universe. For example, separation energies of protons and α- particles play a decisive role in estimating reaction rates of many astrophysical processes with unstable isotopes whose cross sections could not be measured experimentally in laboratories. The critical review of the recently obtained data is based on the oustanding competence of the authors who benefit from their integration into the international scientific network. Thanks are due to the members of the Landoldt- Börnstein editorial staff who have made major contributions to the successful production of this volume. Geneva, January 2009 The Editor

5 Contents 7 Contents 1 Introduction General remarks Nuclear mass estimations, mass formulas Data presentation Conclusions Acknowledgments Tables Caesium Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Cs Graphs... 20

6 8 Contents 56-Barium Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Ba Graphs Lanthanum La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La La

7 Contents 9 La La La Graphs Cerium Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Ce Graphs Praseodymium Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr

8 10 Contents Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Graphs Neodymium Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Nd Graphs Promethium Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm

9 Contents 11 Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Pm Graphs Samarium Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Sm Graphs Europium Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu

10 12 Contents Eu Eu Eu Eu Eu Graphs Gadolinium Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Gd Graphs Terbium Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb Tb

11 Contents 13 Tb Tb Tb Graphs Dysprosium Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Dy Graphs Holmium Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho

12 14 Contents Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Ho Graphs Erbium Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Er Graphs Thulium Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm

13 Contents 15 Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Tm Graphs Ytterbium Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Yb Graphs Lutetium Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu

14 16 Contents Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Lu Graphs Hafnium Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Hf Graphs Tantalum Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta

15 Contents 17 Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Ta Graphs Tungsten W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W W

16 18 Contents W Graphs Rhenium Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Graphs Osmium Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os

17 Contents 19 Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Os Graphs Iridium Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Ir Graphs Platinum Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt

18 20 Contents Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Pt Graphs Gold Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au Au

19 Contents 21 Au Au Au Graphs Mercury Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Hg Graphs Thallium Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl

20 22 Contents Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Tl Graphs Lead Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb

21 Contents 23 Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Graphs Bismuth Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Bi Graphs Polonium Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po

22 24 Contents Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Po Graphs Astatine At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At At Graphs

23 Contents Radon Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Rn Graphs Francium Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr

24 26 Contents Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Fr Graphs Radium Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Ra Graphs Actinium Ac Ac

25 Contents 27 Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Ac Graphs Thorium Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th Th

26 28 Contents Th Th Th Th Graphs Protactinium Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Pa Graphs Uranium U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U

27 Contents 29 U Graphs Neptunium Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Np Graphs Plutonium Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Graphs Americium Am Am Am Am Am Am Am Am Am Graphs Curium Cm

28 30 Contents Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Cm Graphs Berkelium Bk Bk Bk Bk Bk Bk Bk Bk Graphs Californium Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Cf Graphs Einsteinium Es Es Es Es Es Graphs Fermium Fm Fm Fm Fm Fm Fm

29 Contents 31 Fm Fm Fm Fm Graphs References Appendix Supplement (complete sets of data)... DOI: /