Index C C 3 , 64, 65, 150, 159 C 4

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1 Index A Aboveground, 7, 8, 11, 20, 31, 84, 88 90, 92 93, 99, 112, 150, 152, 154, , Absorbed radiation, 86 Acacia angustissima, 211, 217 Acacia stenophylla, 98, 103, 107, 108 Acer saccharinum, 16, 169 Acid detergent fiber, 269 Africa, 14, 207, 212, 214, 223, Agave fourcroydes, 195 Agroforestry classification, 252 defined, 113, 231, , 301 design, 3, 4, 6, 8, 232 interaction, modeling, 232, , paradigms, 4, 234 scaling up, Agroforestry model users group, 239 Ailanthus triphysa, 177, 184, 186, 188 Air temperature, 104, 107, , , , 151, 244, 250, 263, 290 Albizia julibrissin, 268, Alder, 16, 20 21, 269, , , 280 Alfalfa, 42, 56 Alley cropping system, 272, 278 Alnus incana, 16, 21 Anemometer, 99 Animal-tree interactions, 305 Antagonistic, 239 Appalachian region, 55 Area Time Equivalency Ratio (ATER), 116, 117, 125, 127, 162 Autecology, 6 Autumn crop, 98, 99, 107 B Bamboo, 186, , 242, 243 Barrier, 31 33, 35 39, 41, 42, 82 93, 150, , 259 Beer lambert law, 83 Belowground, 6, 8, 81, 82, 92 94, 124, 150, , 175, 176, 185, 187, 190, 285, , 302, 303 Benthic, 15 17, 22 Beverage quality, 134, 136, 142, 145 Biodiversity, 27, 28, 31, 133, 145, 221, 301 Biophysical, 4, 8, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 46, 112, 133, 218, 232, 238, 239 Bird diversity, 22 Bixa orellana, 8, 195, 196 Black bear, 43 locust, 56 58, 65 Brown manure, 214, 223, 224 Burkina faso, 8, C C 3, 64, 65, 150, 159 C 4, 149, 159 Cacao, 67, 68, 303 Calcareous soil, 8, Calliandra calothyrsus, 211 Camellia sinesis, 97 Canada, 3, 13 16, 18 19, 22 23, , 301 Canopy structure, 32 34, 250 Carya illinoensis, 82 Cattle, 16, 55, 217 Cellulose, 219, 269, Central America, , Cerenkov counting technique, 182 Chloroform fumigation extraction method,

2 308 Index Climate change, 8, 205, 232, 239, 241, , 304 C/N ratio, 269, , 280, 281 Coconut palms, , Cocos nucifera, 175 Coffee bean size, 136, 143, 303 beverage quality, 134, 136, 142, 145 growth, , , 252, 254, , 304 photosynthesis, 135, 141, 143, 250, 261 physiology, 133, 134, 140 production, , , 250, 252, 263, 303 transpiration, 136, , 144 Community ecology, 6, 238, 239 Competition aboveground, 8, 31, 92, 93, 112, 154, 157, 159, 164, 170, 285, 303 belowground, 8, 82, 89, 92 94, 112, 124, 154, , 173, 175, 176, 185, 187, 190, 285, 302, 303 tree-crop, 82 Competitive exclusion principle, 5 Complementary, 98, 176, 187, 190 Complimentary, 27 Conservation, 42, 69, , 184, 215, 269, 273, 278, 281 Conservation buffers, 46, 47 Cordia dodecandra, 8, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205 Corridors, 24, 28, 29, 36, 38, 39, 41 47, 49, 302 Costa Rica, 133, 134, 144, 145 Cotton, 43, 81 93, 302 Cowpea, 70 74, Crop-livestock system, 3, 207 Crop yield, 7, 8, 246, 293 D Decision support tool, 7, 232, 238, 246 Decomposition, 35, 172, 207, 209, 210, 213, 214, , 223, 244, 267, 272, 302 Denitrification, 14 Design principles, 47 Detritus, 21, 176 Digestability, 207, 210, 221 Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), Diurnal change, 86 Diversity bird, 15, 17, 22 fish, 15, 22 functional, 5, 172 species, 5, 15, 17, 22, 29, 31, 32, 133, 251 structural, 5, 38 E Ecological approach, 3, 4, 13, 27, 55, 67, 81, 97, 111, 133, 149, 175, 195, 207, 231 interactions, 3, 6, 38 knowledge, 3, 5 8, 171, 301, 303, 305 parameters, 304 processes, 7, 8, 231, 240, 246, 303, 305 sustainability, 7 Economic benefits, 28, 36 Ecosystem ecology, 6, 239 function, 5, 41, 238, 239, 302 level knowledge, 304 management, 232, 239, 240, 242, 244, 246 services, 4, 27, 231 structure, 5, 14, 224, 238, Edge-to-interior, 39, 42 Erosion water, 23, 28 30, 35, 36, 67, 133, 251 wind, 13, 28, 29, 35, 36, 251 Erythrina poeppigiana, 134, 137, 138, Ethiopia, 249, 263 Eucalyptus deglupta, 134, European pear, 112, 113 F Faba bean, 99, 104, 105, 112, 113, 117, 121, 125, Fatty acid methyl ester analysis, 270 Feeding rate, 271, 272 Fertilization, 4, 115, 144, 168, 172, 241 Fertilizer application, 37, 115, 152, 165, 166, 168, N labeled, 162, 166 use efficiency, 164 Festuca arundinacea, 56 Filter, 38, 39, 41, 42, 261 Fish diversity, 22 Fixed field cash cropping system, 237 Forages, 35, 56, 57, 64, 65, 218 Floral development, 115 Florida, 3, 78, 81, 82, 85 87, 89, 90, 94, 111, 172, 301 FORECAST, 8, , Fruit trees, 111, 112, 114, 116, 120, 121, 124, 127, 129, 130 Future shock, 233

3 Index 309 G Gause s principle, 5 Georgia, 267, 268, 273 Ginkgo biloba, 237 Gliricidia, 168, 189, 212, 217, , 224 Goats, 196, 210, 213, 217, Gossypium hirsutum, 82 Gravimetric moisture, 270 Great plains, 32 Greenhouse gas, 305 Green manure, 8, 214, 223, 267, 268, 270, 271, 274, 275, 277, 279 Grevillea robusta, 177, 184, 186, 188 Guatemala, 8, , , , 128, 133 H Hardwoods, 33, 35 Hedgerow, 98, 189, Hemicellulose, 269, 272 Heterogeneity spatial, 4, 241 temporal, 4 Hevea brasiliensis, 252 Homegardens, 8, 175, 185, 191, 195, 199, 202, 203, 236, 244 Hubbard brook, 305 Human belief systems, 233 Humidity, 33, 68, , 104, 107, 133, 279 Humid temperate, 57, 149 I Immobilization, 219, 223, 273, 277, 280 Incident radiation, 17, 18 solar radiation, 17, 18, 151 India, 175, 180, 184, 186, 188, 189, 191 Indiana, 149, 150, , Integrated, 3, 4, 7, 43, 81, 172, 191, 231, 232, 234, 235, 238, 279, 302, 304, 305 Intensive, 4, 19, 27, 97, 156, 170, 171 Intentional, 35, 38, 116 Interaction, 72, 75, 82, 117, 120, 123, 124, 150, 153, 165, 168, 169, 184, 185, 219, 225, 239, 302, 303, 305 Interactive, 4, 237 Intercropping, 97, 106, 112, 116, 117, 121, , 129, 173, 177, , 183, , , Interspecific interactions, 172, 239 Iowa, 27 J Juglans nigra, 8, 24, 56, 129, , 165, 167, 169, 171, 172 K Kerala, 175, 177, 180, 184, 186, , 191 L 15N labeled fertilizer, 162, 166 Land equivalent ratio (LER), 116, 117, Landscape, 4, 6, 13, 15, 30, 33, 38, 39, 41, 43 47, 49, 236, 239, , 246, Leaf area, 69 71, 82 85, 87, 89, 91, 92, 105, 114, 135, 136, 139, 140, 239, 250, 253, 254, , 304 Leaf area index (LAI), 30, 83 87, 89, 92, 93, 114, 140, 250, , 256, , 263, 304 Leguminous plants, 207 Leucaena, 168, 211, 212, 215, 216, 221, 222, 250 Light extinction coefficient, Light interception, 68, 81, 93, 135, 144, 252, 260 Lignin, 207, 209, 211, 215, 216, 219, 269, 272, 273, 280 Linear forest systems, 27 Lint yield, 84, 88 90, 92, 93 Litterfall, 14, 15, 17, 20, 21, 83, 237, 244, Living snow fence, 28, 35 Local Landscape Ecosystem Simulator (LLEMS), M Maize, 8, 103, , , , , 168, 170, 172, 189, 213, Malus domestica, 112 Manure brown, 214, 223 green, 8, 214, 223, 267, 268, 270, 271, 274, 275, 277, 279 Mechanization, 111 Medicago sativa, 56 Mexico, 8, 113, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201, 205, 303 Microarthropods, 270, 272, 273, 276, 279, 281

4 310 Index Microbial carbon, 270 Microclimate, 7, 33, 39, 56, 97, 99, 100, 103, , 134, 137, 220, 239, 250, 302, 303 Midwestern USA, 37, 149, 158 Mineralization, 8, 93, 163, 165, , 215, 216, 219, 220, 223, 224, , , 277, , 295, 303, 304 Mixed cropping, 112, 117, 120, Modeling efficiency, 289, 290, 293 Models, 7, 8, 46, 172, 208, , 235, , , , 268, 304 Morus alba, 34 Multipurpose trees, 175, , 184, Multi-strata systems, 175, 186 N Net assimilation rate (NAR), 70 72, 75, 252 Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 163, 164, 167, 269 Nitrogen accumulation, 164, 165, 168, 219 concentration, 165, 166, 269, 273, 278, 280, 281 fertilizer, 162, , 170, 171 fixation, 121, 124, 125 fixing trees, 168 inorganic, 151, 154, 165, 167 input, 14, 164, 168, 214 mineralization, 8, 93, , , 277, , 295, organic, 14, 151, 154, , 210 requirement, 72, 171 soil solution, 151, 152, 165, 166 sources, 56, 166, 207, 221, 295 uptake, 5, 21, 152, , use efficiency, 208, 211, 213, 214, 218, , 225 Nitrogen derived from fertilizer, 164, 167 Nitrogen fixing trees, 168 Nutrient cycling, 35, 133, 176, 187, 207, 209, 210, 214, 223, 224, , 244, 267, 302 flux, 20 influx, 71, transport, 21, 71, 75, 207 uptake, 13, 21, 24, 68, 69, 72, 75, 78, 163, 177, 182, 185, 186, 190, 222 use efficiency, 67, 68, 71, 72, 191, 213, 221 O Ontario, 3, 13 16, 18, 19, 21 24, 172, 173 Orchardgrass, 56, 61, 63, 65 Organic matter, 14, 15, 19 21, 30, 35, 67, 127, 133, 166, 197, 203, 214, 218, 237, 251, 272, 280 nitrogen, 14, 154, 166, 172, 210 P 32 P, 176, 177, Parkia biglobosa, 285, 286, Parkland, 8, 285, , , 295 Peach, 112, 121 Pecan, 81 87, 89 93, 169, 302 Pennisetum glaucum, 8, 287 Perennialism, 5 Phenology, 4, 108, , 171, 244, 295, 303 Photosynthesis, 65, 71, 135, 141, 143, 163, 244, 250, 261 Photosynthetic pathway C 3, 82 C 4, 82 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), 57 61, 64, 65, 68, 81, 83 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 149, 151, 159 absorbed, 81, incident, 81, 84, 86, 151, 159 Photosynthetic photon flux density, 17, 18, 68, 70, 73, 74, 76, 77, 135 Physiology, 133, 134, 140, 172, 305 Pinus nigra, 32 Pinus sylvestris, 32 Polyphenols, 8, 207, , 213, , , Principal component analysis, 271, 275 Production agriculture, 27 ecology, 237 Protected reserves, 27 Protozoa, 267, 270, 272, 276, 279, 281 Prunings, 4, 114, 120, 158, 214, , , 225, , , , , 294, 303 Prunus spp., 112 Pyrus communis, 112, 114 R Radiation fraction, 254, 255, 262 use efficiency, 81, 83, 91

5 Index 311 Radio assay, 180, 182 collars, 43 Rehabilitation, 13 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24 Relative growth rate (RGR), 70 72, 75 Resource pre-emption, 175, 185 Rhizodeposition, 169 Riparian forest, 13, 14 Robinia pseudoacacia, 55 57, 59, 61, 63, 65 Root(s), 14, 21, 22, 30, 69 71, 75, 76, 82, , 156, 157, 160, 161, 166, 186, 189, , , 277, 278, 280 distribution, 161, 182, 185, 187, 288, 305 shoot ratio, 69, 70 suckers, 114 Rubber trees, 249, , 256, S Safety net, 170 Sedimentation, 19, 23 Seedling growth, 29, 195, 201, 202, 204, 205 Shade tree, 134, 135, 138, 139, 144 Shelterbelt establishment phase, 29, 31 33, 42 functional phase, 33 management, 7, 29, 35, 37, 39, 42, 46 mature phase, 37 zone, 29 33, 35, 36 Silver maple, 16, 21, 158, 169, 172 Silvopastoral systems, 5, 65, 234, 302, 303, 305 Silvopasture, Soil biota, 267, 268, 281 carbon stabilization, 169, 171 carbon, 152, 168, 169, 171, 172, 295 community, 8, , 277, 278 fertility, 55, 67, 75, 133, 144, 166, 168, 171, 175, 177, , 187, 189, 190, 214, 225 food web model, 268, 272, 277, 304 improvement, 20, 286 moisture, 28 30, 34, 35, 57 59, 61, 64, 100, 113, 121, 124, 151 profile, 30, 97, 165, 171, 237, 288 Soil-plant-animal continuum, Solarimeter, 254, 255 Soldier creek watershed, 45 Sole cropping, 112, Sorghum bicolor, 8, 98, 99, 287 Southern Africa, 207, 212, 214, 223 Spatial variation, 86, 172 Species selection, 32, 39, 170, 214, 225 Specific leaf area (SLA), 69, 70, 83, 84, 250, 254, 256, 259, 263 STELLA, 288, 289 Successional forces, 5 Sudan, 8, 97, 98, Summer crop, 106 Sustainability4 7, 27, 38, 47, 133, 145, 172, 231, 232, , 246, 281, 304 Swidden agriculture, T Tall fescue, 56, 57, 61, Talun-kebun system, 235, 237 Tannins, , , 220, 221, 224, 225 Tectona grandis, 186 Temporal variability, 4 Terminalia ivorensis, 134, Theobroma cacao, 67 Three component science, 232, 234 Traditional knowledge, 232, 233, 235, 236, 238, Transpiration, 136, , 144 Tree-crop competition, 82, 105, 170, 231, 244 Trophic interactions, 267, 268, 272, 280 U Use efficiency, 5, 8, 67, 68, 71, 81, 83, 89, 91, 102, 105, 108, 164, 211, 213, 214, 221 Utilization of fertilizer nitrogen (UEN), 164 V Vateria indica, 177, 184, 186, 188 Vicia faba, 98, 99, , 245 Vitellaria paradoxa, 285, 286, W WaNuLCAS, 8, , 294, 295 Washington Creek, 14 16, Watershed, 15, 16, 20, 43 45, 242 Water use, 28, 97, 100, 102, 108, 112, 250 Weather variability, 117 Weed control, West Virginia, 55, 57

6 312 Index Wildlife, 23, 24, 28 30, 32, 35 37, 39, 41, 43 47, 246 Windbreaks, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 41, 46, 302, 304 Wind erosion, 28, 35, 36 Winter crop, 98, 99, Y Yucatan, 8, , Z Zea mays, 8, 36, 112, 157, 160, 164, 172

7 Advances In Agroforestry 1. P.K.R. Nair, M.R. Rao and L.E. Buck (eds.): New Vistas in Agroforestry: A Compendium for the 1st World Congress of Agroforestry, ISBN Janaki R.R. Alavalapati and D. Evan Mercer (eds.): Valuing Agroforestry Systems: Methods and Applications, ISBN B.M. Kumar and P.K.R. Nair (eds.): Tropical Homegardens: A Time-Tested Example of Sustainable Agroforestry, ISBN S. Jose and A.M. Gordon (eds.) Toward Agroforestry Design: An Ecological Approach, ISBN

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