lower emission profile compared to diesel fuel and conventional petroleum diesel.

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Howard Lyons
6 years ago
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1 As we know that India is an agricultural country with enormous agricultural land and natural resources, growing economy and the second largest pool of scientific and technical personnel in the world. But, India is still developing But, why it is so? This question always arises in our mind. Why can t we use barren land in a better way using our technologies? Surely we will be one of the most develop country in the world. Taking this into mind and knowing the facts that 1) Agricultural is a sector which can be usefully harnessed and economically utilized. 2) Our dependence on Hydrocarbons for fuelling our transportation sector and energy sector which threatens our energy security affects our environment and weakens our economy. We thought to produce biodiesel for our future generation to reduce carbon footprints and also knowing that the fossils fuels are depleting very fast. They are non-renewable and in near future they will get depleted and our development will standby. Their prices are also increasing very fast. We assume that their prices would be more than gold and platinum in the near future. During the last decade, India has maintained a high growth rate in accepting the improved technological challenges in the global scenario. India ranks sixth in the world in terms of energy demand, accounting for 3.5% of the world commercial energy demand in The diesel engines dominate in the field of technology because they can be easily operated and are more fuel efficient. The consumption of diesel is much higher than that of petrol. In India, the demand of HSD (high speed diesel) is projected to grow from million metric tonnes in 2001/02 to million metric tonnes in 2006/07 at the rate of 5.5% per annum. Also, due to gradual depletion of the world petroleum reserve, rising petroleum prices, increasing threat to the environment from exhaust emission, and global warming have generated an intense international interest in developing alternative, non-petroleum fuels for full or partial replacement. In recent years, systematic efforts have been undertaken by many researchers to determine the suitability of vegetable oil, animal fats and their derivatives as fuel or additives to diesel. Blending/dilution, micro emulsification, thermal cracking, and transesterification are the common methods to convert oil as fuel in CI engines. In the recent years, biodiesel has received significant attention, both as a possible renewable alternative fuel and as an additive to petroleum based fuels. Among these, vegetable oils are the most promising alternative fuels for CI engines as they are renewable, biodegradable, non toxic, environmental-friendly, and have a

2 lower emission profile compared to diesel fuel and conventional petroleum diesel. There are many tree species, bearing seeds available in India, which are rich in non-edible vegetable oils. But surprisingly, they are not used as per their potential. Therefore, in India the feasibility of producing biodiesel, as a diesel substitute, can be considered, along with the unutilization of the available potential of no edible oil sources. There is a large junk of degraded forest land, unutilized public land, fallow lands of farmers, and lands in the rural areas, which will be beneficial for overall economic growth. In Chemical terms, Bio-diesel is mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats. The vegetable oil, extracted from oil seeds, is processed chemically to obtain biodiesel. Seeds of many plants contain oil, like coconuts, groundnuts, Soya beans and rapeseeds, Caster, Sunflower, which is presently extracted and used for many applications. Nonedible oil-seeds like Karanj, Jatropha, Castor, etc. are preferred over edible oil-seeds for biodiesel production. Main reason being, shortage of edible oil for its existing usages For better utilization of waste land to provide economic opportunities in green fuel sector we thought for cultivation of jatropha and karanj to produce biodiesel. In our project we will show how to utilize the barren land in a better way. We have designed two models of building which will help in growing more number of plants in a limited are a in the barren land. So let s talk about the building: It s a multi-storey building specially designed for growing jatropha and karanj. It has 20 floors for farming and 1 floor for control room. Each floor measures 200m * 200m of area and has an upper lifted structure of 195m*195m having a depth of 1.5m to hold the soil and support roots of the plants. It is our farming area. Jatropha will be planted in 2m*2m of area having a total of 190,000 plants and karanj in 3m*3m of area having a total of 84,000 plants. We have tried to bring the whole farm in a building in the barren land. We have reflectors placed in this building to reflect the sunlight onto the plants. They will reflect the sunlight to inner reflectors placed at ceilings which will further reflect the sunlight onto the plants. This ensures sunlight is properly available to all the plants. We have sprinklers placed on top part of the pillars which will sprinkle water onto the

3 plants. To provide fresh air to the plants and to maintain the temperature of the building we have placed ventilators on each floor for the same. The round pillars are main supportive feature of this building. We will have a total of 8000 pillars. If we try to cultivate on land, the maintenance cost is high, water requirement is more, labor workforce required is more and also it s a time consuming process. If drought or floods occurs, the crop gets affected and destroyed. Due to changing climate there is a lot of impact on the growth of the plants. In this building we maintain the temperature using ventilators and heat sensors. Also we use CCTV cameras to show the growth which will reduce cost of production and save time. Also climate is controlled in our building, thus climatic change doesn t affect the growth of the plants. The total area of the building is 8,000,000sq.foot. Consulting civil engineer was a part of the project. He said Though it is a vast project, it will take years to construct but once constructed it will be a huge success changing the present scenario of the country Jatropha Climate Can withstand severe heat. Likes heating and doing well in warmer areas. When cold will drop its leaves. It can withstand light frost but not for prolonged periods. The older the tree the better it will withstand. Black frost will almost certainly kill young plants and severely damage older plants Quality of the soil Best in sandy well-drained soils. Can withstand very poor soils and grow in saline conditions All the actors in the Jatropha sector suggest, anyway, using organic fertilizer in order to obtain higher yield. Irrigation It handles dryness very well and it is possible to live almost entirely of humidity in the air. - See Cape Verde where rainfall is as low as 250 mm a year. Differences are expressed in what is optimum rainfall as some readings say 600 mm and some say 800 mm whilst some areas in India report good crops with rainfall of 1380 mm. Under irrigation mm is given mm of rainfall is the limit. Below it the production depends on the local water condition in the ground. It will also stand for long periods without water - up to 2 years and then grow again when rains occur again. Weeding

4 Standard cultural practices are timely weeding (4 times a year), proper fertilization, surface ploughing and pruning. With these management practices a yield around kg of fruit per tree can be obtained even if the plants did not reach full maturity. Use of fertilizer Although Jatropha is adapted to low fertility sites and alkaline soils, better yields seem to be obtained on poor quality soils by using 1 kg of farmyard manure/ plus 100 g of Neem waste for every seedling, with a recommendation of 2500 plants per ha this comes up to 2.5 t organic fertilizer per ha.besides it after transplantation and the establishment of the plant fertilizer such as N, P and K can be applied. The possibility to return the press-cake (or part of it) to Jatropha fields should be carefully considered. Crop density References recommend spacing for hedgerows or soil conservation is 15cm - 25cm x 15cm-25cm in one or two rows respectively and 2m x 1.5m to 3m x 3mm for plantations. Thus there will be between 4,000 to 6,700 plants per km for a single hedgerow and double that when two rows are planted. Satisfactory planting widths are 2 x 2 m, 2.5 x 2.5 m, and 3 x 3 m. This is equivalent to crop densities of 2500, 1600 and 1111 plants/ha, respectively. Distance OF 2M x 2M be kept for commercial cultivation. Wider spacing is reported to give larger yields of fruit. Pruning 1st prune The plants need to produce side shoots for maximum sprouting and maximum flowers and seed. Between 90 and 120 Days top of all plants at 25 Cm. Cut the top off cleanly and cut top to produce 8 12 side branches. It is considered good practice. In order to facilitate the harvesting, it is suggested to keep the tree less than 2 meters. CROP YIELD It appears very difficult to estimate unequivocally the yield of a plant that is able to grow in very different conditions. Yield is a function of water, nutrients, heat and the age of the plant and other. Many different methods of establishment, farming and harvesting are possible. Yield can be enhanced with right balance of cost, yield, labor and finally cost per Mt Seed production ranges from about 2 tons per hectare per year to over 12.5t/ha/year, after five years of growth. Although not clearly specified, this range in production may be attributable to low and high rainfall areas. LOW NORMAL HIGH Year Year

5 Year Year Year Uses Of Jatropha Curcas : A Petro crop Whole plant Planted to prevent water erosion and for conservation Promising live fence Useful as green manure Useful in controlling sand drift Possess Allelopathic properties Roots Used as ethnomedicine Leaves Used as ethnomedicine Yield a dye used to give tan & brown Useful as botanical Latex Resembles shellac Used for making ink Used as ethnomedicine Seeds Source of oil (30-40%) suitable as fuel for diesel engine Useful as illumitant, lubricant, in soap and candle making Used as medicine both internally and externally Bark Yields tannins (37%) Twig Used as medicine Used as Dataun (Herbal tooth brush) Young one cooked and eaten Karanj (pongamia glabra) A legume tree that grows to about meters (15 80 ft) in height with a large canopy which spreads equally wide. It may be deciduous for short periods. The leaves are a soft, shiny burgundy in early summer and mature to a glossy, deep green as the season progresses. Flowering starts in general after 3 4 years. Cropping of pods and single almond sized seeds can occur by 4 6 years. Small clusters of white, purple, and pink flowers blossom on their branches throughout the year, maturing into brown seed pods.

6 Withstanding temperatures slightly below 0 C (32 F) and up to about 50 C (120 F) and annual rainfall of 500 2,500 mm ( in), the tree grows wild on sandy and rocky soils, including oolitic limestone, and will grow in most soil types, even with its roots in salt water. The tree is well suited to intense heat and sunlight and its dense network of lateral roots and its thick, long taproot make it drought-tolerant. The dense shade it provides slows the evaporation of surface water and its root nodules promote nitrogen fixation, a symbiotic process by which gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air is converted into ammonium (NH4+, a form of nitrogen available to the plant). But through hybridization and genetic engineering its height can be reduced to 4-5 meters so that it can be easily grown in our building, which has been successful in research and development agricultural institutes. How to meet the water requirements of the plants?? So we have our own water purification system to meet the water requirements. First the waste water comes in a flocculation tank where the sludge is gets collected in large lumps. The sewage water or waste water comes in a separator where sludge is separated out. Remaining water is treated with activated carbon and sand, gravel. Water now will be heated more than 100 degree celsisus which will make water vapours. They will be condensed to form water which can be utilised for watering the plants. Sludge can be used as a compost in our biogas plant. Rest water can be sent to villages. We also have a dumping area of waste and biogas plant. Manures from this can be utlised by our plants. Then how will be meet about theelectrical energy of this plants. So we have parabolic trough and windmills to generate electricity.this will be constructed alos in barren land. we have 4 acres of parabolic trough and 10 acres of windmills. Remaining of energy can be sent to the villages. Now lets talk about crushing of the seeds. We have a crushing unit constructed in the barren land. There is a 5m long

7 crusher having 30inch long finely sharped blade which will crush the seeds of jatropha and karanj. There is spiral sharp edged blades which will crush the seeds. The oil will be sent for further processing and left over that is oil cake can be used as manure. The processing unit It is the main part of our project. The raw materials are the oil, methanol and sodium hydroxide. The process is initiated in the catalytic reactor where sodium hydroxide is mixed with methanol. Then the solution prepared is mixed with the oil in a mixer reactor. Here transesterification process takes place and it is continuously stirred for 4-5 hours. Then it is send to settling tank. Here separation process takes place. It is very simple and based on gravity where heavy glycerin formed settle downs and is separated. Then we get impure form of biodiesel which can be purified by mixing it with distilled water and passing through microfilters. Now we get pure form of biodiesel which is ready to be used. And glycerin can be sent to other processing plants. Now we come to conclusion. We can say that this project is not only beneficial to people who have diesel cars as bio diesel could be sold at rupees per litre but also to the country as this project can help in reducing dependency on fossil fuels and also it causes very very little pollution and also to poor people as we are supplying them manures, electricity and water. Indian economy and agriculture sector is a good chance for doing this project. the climatic conditions and economic funding will help this project to sustain for 100 years. Hope this project will be a great success if done in real. If you not liked this project please mail me your suggestions and remarks so I can send you again a better project than this in few days. Also if you want pictures of this project please contact me. My address superscientist01@gmail.com

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