Dr. Onkar S. Tyagi. Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun.

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1 Dr. Onkar S. Tyagi Indian Institute of Petroleum Dehradun APEC Workshop on Establishment of the Guidelines for the Development of Biodiesel Standards in the APEC Region The Howard Plaza Hotel Chinese Taipei July 2008

2 Introduction India has limited crude oil reserves. India imports 70-75% of its current crude oil requirement. Transport & agriculture sectors are largely dependent on diesel fuel. Current demand of diesel is about 5 times that of gasoline. Urgent need to supplement diesel fuel to reduce dependence on imported crude oil. Biodiesel has potential to supplement diesel as fuel.

3 Government policies & initiatives Biofuel policy Development of following alternate fuels for transport sector: - Ethanol (to supplement gasoline) - Biodiesel (to supplement diesel)

4 Biodiesel policy: Focus on short-term blending of FAME of nonedible oil (Jatropha) in petro diesel: 5% by 2012, and 10% by 2017.

5 Targets & strategy for biodiesel Production of 3.35 MMT biodiesel for B5 blended fuel by 2012 and 7-8 MMT for B10 by Jatropha plantation on marginal land. Framing supportive legal & policy framework. Framing comprehensive national policy on biofuel.

6 National Biodiesel Mission Established in 2007 Most ambitious bio-diesel program attempting to - a)integrate and combine crucial economic, social and environmental aspects. b)jointly address energy need, poverty alleviation, and land s erosion control/ deforestation issues.

7 Implementation of National Biodiesel Mission Stage 1: Demonstration project ( ) Cultivation of 400,000 hectares of Jatropha plants to yield about 3.75 tons oilseeds per hectare annually. Demonstration of the viability of other aspects like seed collection and oil extraction. Building up of transesterification plants.

8 Implementation of National Biodiesel Mission Stage 2: Commercialization period ( ) Continuation of Jatropha cultivation. Installation of more transesterification plants to meet targeted demand of biodiesel.

9 Uniqueness of Biodiesel Program in India It is based on non-edible oils from plants grown on waste & fallow land. It facilitates rural economy and land development. It precludes Food vs. Fuel Conflict.

10 Incentives for production of biodiesel Incentives for plantation. Support price to farmers on their produce (oil seeds) Tax exemptions of various kinds to producers of biodiesel.

11 Regulations for use of biodiesel Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) established IS:15607:2005 as the standard for blend stock FAME (B100). This standard is derived mainly from European B100 specification EN14214 since engine technologies are mostly European. Some specifications are also taken from US B100 specification, ASTM D 6751.

12 Availability of non-edible oils About one million tons per annum. Most abundant non-edible oil plants are: Ratanjot (Jatropha Curcas) Karanja (Pongamia Glabra) Sal (Shorea Robusta) Mahua (Madhuca Indica) Neem (Azadirachta Indica)

13 Fatty acid composition (%-wt) of most potential oils FA type Pongamia Glabra Jatropha Curcus 16: : : : : :

14 Some characteristics of biodiesel from non-edible oils Characteristic (unit) Jatropha Pongamia IS Density at 15 o C (Kg/m 3 ) Pour point ( o C) Total sulfur (ppm) <1 <1 50 (max) Kinematic (cst) viscosity at 40 o C Flash point ( o C) (min) CCR (%wt) (max) Ash content (%wt) Copper strip corrosion (max) Oxidn. stability (mg/100g) (max) Molecular wt. (Da) Acid value mg (KOH/g) (max) Cetane number (min)

15 Status of biodiesel production Infancy state Uses indigenous non-edible oils especially from Jatropha Curcas & Pongamia Glabra grown on marginal & waste land. Mainly promoted by corporate, NGOs & local communities in unique private-public partnership. Current production is insufficient even for B5 fuel. Expansion of biodiesel depends on increased indigenous production of non-edible oils.

16 Technical challenges To make Jatropha cultivation and biodiesel production a low-risk venture with attractive returns for growers and producers. Defining bench marks & best practices. Building technical capabilities of rural entrepreneurs in Jatropha refining. Collection of reliable field data (plantation, yield of oil, production cost, etc.)

17 New initiatives required: i.high yielding species of plants for sustainable supply of non-edible oils from marginal land. ii.improved extraction technology. iii.better viable technical options for biodiesel production. iv.technologies for value addition to byproducts (glycerin, de-oiled cake, seed husk etc.) v.improvement in supply-chain & infrastructure. vi.appropriate reference materials and reference methods for QA/QC.

18 Concept of biodiesel standard FAME as blend stock India IS 15607:2005 Ester content, Density, Viscosity; Na & K added EN / PrEN in proposed stage EN14214 Ester content Density Viscosity Europe FAME blended diesel oil Law on the Quality Control Aligned with EU fuel standards for meeting Euro II, III & IV emission norms FAME content 5mass% or less Triglyceride content EN590 Sulfur content Distillation property FAME content 5vol% or less *FAME shall meet the requirement of EN14214 ASTM D-6751 for up to B20 blends

19 Detail biodiesel specifications Characteristic with unit U.S. EU India IS15607:2005 Ester content mass% - > (min) by GC Density kg/m ASTM D-4052 Viscosity mm 2 /s ASTM D-445 Flash point >130 > (min) IP-170 Sulfur content mg/kg <0.015 < (max) ASTM D5453 T95 <360 (90%) - - Carbon residue mass% < (max) ASTM D-4530 (100%) Carbon residue mass% - < (max) ASTM D-524 (Rams bottom) (on 10% distillation residue) Cetane number >47 >51 48 (min) ASTM D-613 Sulfated ash mass% <0.02 < (max) ASTM D-482 Water content mg/kg <0.05[vol%] < (max) IP-386 Total contamination mg/kg - < Copper corrosion No.3 Class-1 One (max) IP-154 Total acid number mgkoh/g <0.5 < (max) ASTM D-974 Oxidation stability hr. <3 <6(EN14112) 1.5 (max) ASTM D-5304 Iodine number - < (max) proposed

20 Cont.Detail biodiesel specifications U.S. EU India IS15607:2005 Methyl linolenate mass% - < Poly unsaturated mass% - <1 -- FAME Methanol content mass% <0.2 < (max) by GC Monoglyceride mass% - < (proposed) Diglyceride mass% - < Triglyceride mass% - < Free glycerol mass% <0.02 < (max) ASTM D-6584 Total glycerol mass% <0.24 < (max) ASTM D-6584 Na+K mg/kg <5 <5 To report by ICP-AES Ca+Mg mg/kg <5 <5 To report by ICP-AES Phosphorous mg/kg <10 < (max) by ICP-AES CFPP - <5/<-5/<-15 -IP =IP-15 Pour point - <0

21 Major concerns of vehicle manufacturers regarding biodiesel quality: Oxidation stability Contamination Presence of mono-, di- & tri-glycerides Presence of metals Acid number Viscosity Calorific value Water content Iodine value

22 Possible revisions in biodiesel standards: Acceptance of European standard EN as the standard for FAME (blend stock), and EN 590 for diesel fuel. Up gradation of Indian Standards to European Standards for meeting new Euro emission norms. Inclusion of individual organic acids (formic, acetic and propionic acid) content & oxidation stability criteria for prevention of metal tank corrosion. Incorporation of lubricity and sediments related specifications.

23 Special issues Technical acceptability of biodiesel from varied sources of nonedible oils compared to biodiesel from conventional edible oils. Systematic comparison of biodiesel from Jatropha seed oil with that from other non-edible oils with reference to their fuel characteristics, toxicity, health effects and life cycle analysis. Conducting field trials on the effect of properties like cetane number, distillation characteristics, specific gravity, aromatics & oxygen content and cloud point,on engine s performance. Evaluation and impact of additives in Biodiesel. Applicability of existing test methods to biodiesel testing. Appropriate certified reference materials for biodiesel fuels. Accreditation of producers, marketers & test laboratories.

24 Important field trials: B10 biodiesel fuel (BDF) from Jatropha used in locomotive (Indian Railways) running between New Delhi & Amritsar. Daimler-Chrysler India completed road trials of C-Class Mercedes-Benz cars on B100 over 5900 km (April-May 2004) under hot & humid conditions in India.

25 Ensuring wider acceptability of Indian biodiesel standards Standards to be backed by adequate number of accredited testing laboratories equipped with all essential test facilities in IS: Engine performance studies with biodiesel from nonedible oils of Indian origin. Establishment of feedback loop consisting of engine builders, user experience and testing laboratories. Establishment of traceability of test results.

26 Thank you Indian Institute of Petroleum (Council for Scientific & Industrial Research) P.O. IIP Mohkampur, Dehradun (India) Web:

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