Influence of Covers on Maximum Daily Temperatures in Outside Float Systems

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Easter Welch
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1 Float Systems Float bed covers were compared in two locations. Two Continental covers continued to performed as protection from rainfall while producing excellent transplants. The white cover performed well in Clay County although temperature during the day were high initially. In Rockcastle County plants under the white plastic died from excessive heat.

2 Influence of Covers on Maximum Daily Temperatures in Outside Float Systems Clay Co. - Leewood Cornett Farm o F /1/ 4/17/ 4/24/ 5/1/ 5/8/ 5/15/ 5/22/ 5/29/ Ambient 2 Continentals 2 Typars White Plastic

3 Influence of Covers on Minimum Daily Temperatures in Outside Float Systems Clay Co. - Leewood Cornett Farm o F /1/ 4/17/ 4/24/ 5/1/ 5/8/ 5/15/ 5/22/ 5/29/ Ambient 2 Continentals 2 Typars White Plastic

4 Influence of Covers on Maximum Daily Temperatures in Outside Float Systems Rockcastle Co. - Kelly Ponder Farm o F /15/ 4/22/ 4/29/ 5/6/ 5/13/ 5/2/ 5/27/ 6/3/ Ambient 2 Continental 2 Typar White Plastic

5 Influence of Covers on Minimum Daily Temperatures in Outside Float Systems Rockcastle Co. - Kelly Ponder Farm o F /15/ 4/22/ 4/29/ 5/6/ 5/13/ 5/2/ 5/27/ 6/3/ Ambient 2 Continental 2 Typar White Plastic

6 Variety Trials The 2 growing season was ideal in many locations. KT 2 was the highest yielder in the ten locations were it was tested. None of the curing problems that was expected surfaced in the tests. TN 9 continues to be a sold performer and was the top yielder in a comparison of nine varieties common to eighteen locations. It was second only to KT 2 in the ten locations were both were present.

7 Comparison of Burley Tobacco Varieties Eighteen Location H43 14L8 N 126 NC 129 R 63 R 712 TN9 TN97 Locations = 1 in Cumberland Co., Hardin Co., Henry Co., Lewis Co., Madison Co., Meade Co., Montgomery Co., Trimble Co. and Gallia Co., Ohio, 2 in Clinton Co., Wayne Co. and Wolfe Co. and 3 in Taylor Co.

8 Percentage of Varieties Graded Into Each Stalk Position - Eighteen Location H43 14L8 N 126 NC 129 R 63 R 712 TN9 TN97 Flyings Lugs Leaf Locations = 1 in Cumberland Co., Hardin Co., Henry Co., Lewis Co., Madison Co., Meade Co., Montgomery Co., Trimble Co. and Gallia Co., Ohio, 2 in Clinton Co., Wayne Co. and Wolfe Co. and 3 in Taylor Co.

9 Comparison of Burley Tobacco Varieties Across Ten Locations H43 14L8 KT2 N 126 R 63 R712 TN 9 TN 97 Locations = 1 in Henry Co., Madison Co., Meade Co., Montgomery Co. and Gallia Co., Ohio, 2 in Wayne Co. and 3 in Taylor Co.

10 Percentage of Varieties Graded Into Each Stalk Position - Ten Location H43 14L8 KT2 N 126 R 63 R 712 TN 9 TN 97 Flyings Lugs Leaf Locations = 1 in Henry Co., Madison Co., Meade Co., Montgomery Co. and Gallia Co., Ohio, 2 in Wayne Co. and 3 in Taylor Co.

11 HSD.5 = Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Clinton Co. - Rick Clark Farm H43 14L8 N98 N126 NC129 NC3 R63 R712 TN9 TN97

12 HSD.5 = Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Clinton Co. - Mark Garner Farm H43 14L8 N98 N126 NC129 NC3 R63 R712 TN9 TN97

13 HSD.5 = Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Cumberland Co. - Kim McCoy Farm H43 14L8 N98 N126 NC129 NC3 R63 R712 TN9 TN97

14 HSD.5 = Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Gallia Co. - Larry & Sheryl Fallon Farm H43 14L8 KT2 N126 NC129 NC3 R63 R712 TN9 TN97

15 HSD.5 = Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Hardin Co. - Bill & Don Reynolds Farm H43 14L8 N98 N126 NC129 NC3 R63 R712 TN9 TN97

16 Lodging of Burley Tobacco Varieties Hardin Co. - Bill & Don Reynolds Farm % H43 14L8 N98 N126 NC129 NC3 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 = 15.9 Lodging due to storm late in season

17 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Henry Co. - David Pyles Farm H43 14XL8 KT2 N98 N126 NC3 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

18 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Henry Co. Roberts Farm H43 14XL8 KT2 N98 N126 NC3 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

19 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Knox Co. Bill Hacker Farm H43 K14XL8 KT2 N126 NC129 NC3 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 = Weather: Flood in July

20 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Lewis County - Orville Bentley Farm H43 14L8 N98 N126 NC3 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

21 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Lewis County - Orville Bentley Farm 1 8 % H43 14L8 N98 N126 NC3 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 %Stand Lodging HSD.5 =

22 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Lincoln County - Jeff Reed Farm H52 N98 R63 TN86 TN9 TN97 Replicated, but replications not maintained for statistical analysis

23 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Madison Co. - John Hart Farm H43 14XL8 KT2 N126 NC3 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

24 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Meade Co. - Greg Hager Farm H43 H52 14L8 KT2 N98 N126 R63 TN86 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

25 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Montgomery Co. Vocational Agriculture H43 14L8 KT2 N126 NC129 NC3 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

26 Leaf Characteristics of Varieties Montgomery Co. Vocational Agriculture Inches Sq Inches H43 14L8 KT2 N126 NC3 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 Length Width Area HSD.5 =

27 Black Shank Variety Trails Robertson Co. - Jeremy McCloud Farm 1 8 % H51 H52 KT2 14xL8 N98 R61 R63 TN86 TN9 TN97 Vigor Survival HSD.5 =

28 Blue Mold Incidence in Black Shank Varieties Robertson Co. - Jeremy McCloud Farm Rating 1-5(5 worst H51 H52 KT2 14xL8 N98 R61 R63 TN86 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

29 Black Shank Tobacco Variety Trial Robertson County - Jeremy McCloud Farm H51 H52 KT2 14xl8 N98 R61 R63 TN86 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

30 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Taylor Co. - Brandon Cox Farm H43 14L8 KT2 N98 N126 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

31 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Taylor Co. - Scott Sprowles Farm HSD.5 = H L8 KT2 N98 N126 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97

32 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Taylor Co. Allen Burress Farm H43 14L8 KT2 N98 N126 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

33 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Trimble Co. - Mary Jane Young Farm H43 14XL8 N98 N126 NC3 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

34 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Wayne Co. - Jerry Sloan Farm H43 14XL8 KT2 N126 NC3 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

35 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Wayne Co. - John Cooper II Farm H43 14XL8 KT2 N126 NC3 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

36 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Wolfe Co. - Hoskins Carroll Farm H43 14XL8 N126 N98 NC3 NC129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 HSD.5 =

37 Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Wolfe Co. - Winford Ferguson Farm H43 14L8 N126 N98 NC3 NCBH129 R63 R712 TN9 TN97 LSD.5 =

38 Fertility Trials Fertility trials exhibited a high amount of variability in 2. A test in Bath County to evaluate the effects of calcium showed no response to additional calcium. Use of Urea as a nitrogen source did not perform as well as nitrate source. The test in Owsley Co. performed similar to test in other years.

39 Effects of Fertility on Burley Tobacco Bath Co. - Danny Shields Farm (Broadcast) 1(Banded) 44(AN)/294(AN) 328(U)/217(U) 967(CN)/645(CN) 937(SN)/625(SN) HSD.5 = HSD.5 = Calcium = Calcium Sulfate, #( )/#( )=broadcast/sidedress lb/a where AN=Ammonium Nitrate, U=Urea, CN=Calcium Nitrate, SN=Sodium Nitrate

40 Effects of Fertility on Burley Tobacco Quality Rating - Company #1 Bath Co. - Danny Shields Farm Rating(1-1)1 best (BC) 1 (BD) 44(AN)/ 294(AN) 328(U)/ 217(U) 967(CN)/ 645(CN) 937(SN)/ 625(SN) Flyings Lugs Leaf Average HSD.5 = HSD.5 = BC=Broadcast, BD=Banded, Calcium = Calcium Sulfate, #( )/#()= broadcast/ sidedress lb/a where AN=Ammonium Nitrate, U=Urea, CN=Calcium Nitrate, SN=Sodium Nitrate

41 Effects of Fertility on Burley Tobacco Usability - Company #1 Bath Co. - Danny Shields Farm 7 6 Rating(1-1)1 best (BC) 1 (BD) 44(AN)/ 294(AN) 328(U)/ 217(U) 967(CN)/ 645(CN) 937(SN)/ 625(SN) Flyings Lugs Leaf Average HSD.5 = HSD.5 = BC=Broadcast, BD=Banded, Calcium = Calcium Sulfate, #( )/#()= broadcast/ sidedress lb/a where AN=Ammonium Nitrate, U=Urea, CN=Calcium Nitrate, SN=Sodium Nitrate

42 Effects of Fertility on Burley Tobacco Quality Rating - Company #2 Bath Co. - Danny Shields Farm Rating(1-1)1 best (BC) 1 (BD) 44(AN)/ 294(AN) 328(U)/ 217(U) 967(CN)/ 645(CN) 937(SN)/ 625(SN) Flyings Lugs Leaf Average HSD.5 = HSD.5 = BC=Broadcast, BD=Banded, Calcium = Calcium Sulfate, #( )/#()= broadcast/ sidedress lb/a where AN=Ammonium Nitrate, U=Urea, CN=Calcium Nitrate, SN=Sodium Nitrate

43 Effects of Fertility on Burley Tobacco Usability - Company #2 Bath Co. - Danny Shields Farm Rating(1-1)1 best (BC) 1 (BD) 44(AN)/ 294(AN) 328(U)/ 217(U) 967(CN)/ 645(CN) 937(SN)/ 625(SN) Flyings Lugs Leaf Average HSD.5 = HSD.5 = BC=Broadcast, BD=Banded, Calcium = Calcium Sulfate, #( )/#()= broadcast/ sidedress lb/a where AN=Ammonium Nitrate, U=Urea, CN=Calcium Nitrate, SN=Sodium Nitrate

44 Large Plot Fertility Trial Boyle Co. Allen Goggin Farm Broadcast Sidedress AN 3AN 6AN 5(15--14) 36(14-2-2) 267(27--15) 267(15--14) (14-2-2) 45(27--15) 45(15--14) HSD.5 = Number = lbs of product, AN = Ammonium Nitrate

45 Large Plot Fertility Trial Laurel Co - Harold McPhetridge Farm (5-1-15) 5(AN) 2(K2S4) 5(5-1-15) 35AN Growers 1 TON(BL) LSD.5 = , AN= Ammonium Nitrate, BL=Burned Lime *All treatments had 5 tons of Ag lime applied **Across the ends of treatments an extra 28 tons of burned lime was applied. One sample was taken from each of these treatments. Yields from that area were 2614, 3685, & 2875, respectively

46 Fertility Trial Laurel Co. - Todd Brock Farm Broadcast Sidedress AN AN 3AN 45AN 645CN 45AN 625SN 175 ( ) 667(15--14) 63 2 (5-1-15) 6AN HSD.5 = Number = lbs of product, AN = Ammonium Nitrate, CN = Calcium Nitrate, SN = Sodium Nitrate

47 $ Broadcast Sidedress Cost & Returns From Different Sources of Nitrogen Laurel Co. - Todd Brock Farm 75AN - 45AN 3AN 45AN 645CN 5AN 625SN 175 ( ) 667(15--14) 2 (5-1-15) 6AN Return-Cost Cost(SD) Cost(BC) Number = lbs of product, AN = Ammonium Nitrate, CN = Calcium Nitrate, SN = Sodium Nitrate

48 Potassium Fertilization Lincoln Co. - Vernon Douglas Farm Sulfate 15 lb/a Muriate 1 lb/a HSD.5 = lb/a of muriate was applied on 11/1/1999, above treatments were applied on 5/5/2. This test did not compare the effects that muriate use can have on quality.

49 Nitrogen Rate Study Owen Co. - Jimmy Cammack Farm HSD.5 = Number = lbs of Ammonium Nitrate,

50 HSD.5 = Number = lbs of product, AN = Ammonium Nitrate, CN = Calcium Nitrate, SN = Sodium Nitrate Fertility Trial Owsley Co. - Kenny Shouse Broadcast Sidedress AN N 5AN 25AN 5AN 5CN 5AN 5SN 2 (5-1-15) 6AN 175 ( ) 667(15--14)

51 $ Broadcast Sidedress Cost & Returns From Different Sources of Nitrogen Owsley Co. - Kenny Shouse 75AN - 5AN 25AN 5AN 5CN 5AN 5SN 2 (5-1-15) 6AN 175 ( ) 667(15--14) Return-Cost Cost(SD) Cost(BC) Number = lbs of product, AN = Ammonium Nitrate, CN = Calcium Nitrate, SN = Sodium Nitrate

52 Herbicide Trials Herbicides were fairly equal in producing good yields in tobacco in 2. Spartan applied pre-plant followed by Command pre-emergent and over-the-top of the tobacco, a treatment that has performed well in other years, produced a higher yield in Casey County than the untreated check.

53 Herbicide Trial Boyle Co. - Bill Hundley Farm Prowl Prowl + Spartan Command + Spartan Spartan Spartan /Command Weedy Check HSD.5 = Spartan = Spartan 4F, Spartan/Command = Spartan (Preplant) & Command (Post Transplant)

54 Herbicide Trial Casey Co. - Greg Wethington Farm Prowl Prowl + Spartan Command + Spartan Spartan Spartan /Command 233 Weedy Check HSD.5 = Spartan = Spartan 4F, Spartan/Command = Spartan (Preplant) & Command (Post Transplant)

55 Herbicide Trial Casey Co. - Greg Wethington Farm % Prowl Prowl+ Spartan Command + Spartan Spartan Spartan /Command Weedy Check Morningglory Milkweed Crabgrass Trumpet Creeper HSD.5 = Spartan = Spartan 4F, Spartan/Command = Spartan (Preplant) & Command (Post Transplant)

56 Herbicide Trial Green Co. - Troy Bishop Farm Prowl Prowl + Spartan Command + Spartan Spartan Spartan /Command Weedy Check HSD.5 = Spartan = Spartan 4F, Spartan/Command = Spartan (Preplant) & Command (Post Transplant)

57 Trickle Irrigation Trials In response to the drought of 1999 irrigation studies were conducted in 2. In one location a response was seen, but in another the response was negative. Too much irrigation especially early in the season can produce a poor root system and reduce yields.

58 Trickle Irrigation of Burley Tobacco Russell Co. - Brady Wilson Farm Irrigated Non-irrigated HSD.5 = Conducted on raised beds

59 HSD.5 = Conducted on raised beds Total Returns From Trickle Irrigated Tobacco Russell Co. - Brady Wilson Farm Irrigated Non-irrigated

60 Trickle Irrigation of Burley Tobacco Wayne Co. - Terry & Tim Bertram Farm Irrigated Non-irrigated HSD.5 = Conducted on raised beds

61 Cultivation Study A cultivation study was conducted to evaluate rolling cultivators. Yield alone is not a good indicator of benefit and no significant difference was found. However, the rolling cultivators can decrease cultivation time and improve the process of hilling around plant stems without disturbing plant roots.

62 Cultivation Study Adiar Co. - Mark & Marty Dykes Farm Weekly 2 Weekly Type Conventional Rolling HSD.5 =

63 Topping Studies Topping higher increased yield slightly in three locations, but did not in Whitley Co. In Lawrence Co. the grower noted a substantial increase in handling problems, labor and curing problems due to the length of the tobacco.

64 Topping Height Study Lawrence Co. - Malcom Smith Farm Yield Lb/a Leaf Number HSD.5 = Plants with 26 leaves were reported to be harder to cut and handle. Strippers averaged 4 stalks per minute for 2 leaf plants and 2.8 for 26 leaf plants.

65 6 oz Effects of Topping Height on Cured Leaf Yield Lawrence Co. - Malcom Smith Farm Leaf number 2 26 Yield/Leaf Yield/Stalk HSD.5 =

66 25 Effects of Leaf Number and Bloom Stage on Yield Spencer Co. - Lowry Brown Farm Yield Lb/a Bud 1-25% 5-75% 1+% Variety Leaf Number TN 97 Bloom Stage HSD.5 = HSD.5 =

67 Effects of Leaf Number on Yield Per Leaf Spencer Co. - Lowry Brown Farm 8 g/leaf Leaves 26 Leaves HSD.5 =.54

68 3 Effects of Leaf Number and Bloom Stage on Yield Trimble Co. - Forrest Burkehardt Farm Yield Lb/a Variety Bud 1-25% 5-75% 1+% Leaf Number R 61 Bloom Stage HSD.5 = HSD.5 =

69 3 Effects of Leaf Number and Bloom Stage on Yield Whitley Co. - G. W. Cornett Farm Yield Lb/a Bud % % 2 1%+ 26 Bud % % 26 1%+ HSD.5 = Variety = NC BH129 Bloom stages performed differently at the different topping heights

70 MH Residue Studies MH residue continues to be a concern in the burley industry. Recent changes in sucker control strategies have moderated residue levels during difficult sucker control years while showing dramatic improvements during the 2 crop year. The 2 beltwide average is one of the lowest recorded in the last 15 years.

71 Average MH Residues by State ppm MH KY IN MO NC OH TN VA Other ALL Limited sample numbers on all but KY and TN

72 Distribution of MH Residue Across All States Frequency ppm MH

73 5 MH Residue Frequency Data for Kentucky 2 Frequency ppm MH 1

74 Range of MH Residues in Kentucky for % Extremely High Very High High Medium Low Low < 41, Medium = 41-8, High = 81-12, Very High = 12-2, Extremely High >2 ppm

75 Harvest Trials The Grant County test is more consistent with past harvest tests. Under some situations where tobacco has been under stress allowing tobacco stand longer can improve yield. However, as indicated in the Jackson County evaluation of quality, quality declines sharply as time after topping increases. The quality data is consistent with all previous evaluations of harvest time after topping.

76 Effects of Harvest Date on Yield Boyle Co. - John Helm Farm Weeks after Topping HSD.5 =

77 Effects of Harvest Date on Yield Grant Co. - Kenwood Soper Farm Weeks after Topping HSD.5 =

78 Effects of Harvest Date on Yield Jackson Co. - Dallas Truett Farm Weeks after Topping HSD.5 =

79 Effects of Harvest Date on Quality Jackson Co. - Dallas Truett Farm 5 Rating (1-5)5 best Weeks after Topping.75 HSD.5 =

80 Tobacco Improvement Study Poor quality (K grade) burley tobacco was obtained from the Burley Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association and subjected to 7% Relative Humidity for different periods of time over a five week period. Tobacco was then graded by Federal Graders for improvement. A daily regime of 7% RH at night followed by a drying period significantly reduced the amount of variegated color (K grade) when compared to the check. Two separate samples, one with a B3GF grade and one with a X3F were treated with a weekly regime of 4 days of 7% RH followed by a 3 days drying period. The B3GF has almost changed to a B3VF and the X3F was judged to be excellent.

81 Effects of Humidification on Quality of Inferior Burley Tobacco % Judged to be >2% NOG by Federal Graders due to mold CHECK DAILY WEEKLY MONTHLY HSD.5 = Daily = 7% RH at night, dry during day, Weekly = 4 days of 7% RH, dry for 3, Monthly = constant 7% RH

Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Across Six Locations 3 Grades

Burley Tobacco Variety Trial Across Six Locations 3 Grades Trials The 22 season was dominated by a wet start followed by a severe drought. While generally poor growing conditions prevailed, those conditions provided an opportunity to evaluate varieties under drought