Crowdsourcing and Participatory Mechanisms in Crowdfunded Design Projects

Transcription

1 Crowdsourcing and Participatory Mechanisms in Crowdfunded Design Projects By Michael Pape A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in Master of Design in Industrial Design Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario 2014, Michael Pape

2 ABSTRACT Keywords

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS A special thank you to my thesis supervisors, Dr. Lorenzo Imbesi, & Dr. Sana Mohsni,

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS GLOSSARY OF TERMS... iii 1.0 INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW Crowd Motivation User Crowdsourcing & Working Consumers Crowdfunding Versus Traditional Finance Crowd Participation In Reward-Based Crowdfunding Crowdfunding Platforms & Social Media Gaps in Crowdfunding Literature The Wisdom of Crowds Conditions for Collective Intelligence Participatory Design Methods Levels of Participation Post-Industrial Design Co-Creation & Co-Production... 23

5 2.5.3 Digital Creative Communities METHODS Kickstarter Categories Classifying Participatory Activities Determining the Exclusivity of Participatory Practices Quantifying the Prevalence of Participatory Practices RESULTS & DISCUSSION Exclusivity of Participatory Mechanisms Overall Prevalence of Participation Prevalence of Individual Participatory Mechanisms Funding Goal Total Funds Raised

6 CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY...70 Appendix A...76

7 LIST OF FIGURES i

8 LIST OF TABLES ii

9 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Crowdsourcing Crowdfunding Crowdfunding Terminology: Project: Founder: Backer: Crowdfunding Platform: An online platform that serves as a iii

10 Reward: Reward Tier: An incentivization method wherein specialized rewards Collective Intelligence: Co-Design: iv

11 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

12 prototypes, forum, and centralized technical support to backers who contributed at feedback in order to optimize the hardware for both consumer and developer development, as well as the labor of software development and hardware 2

13 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Scope of Research participatory cultures, participatory development, and entrepreneurial focus the aims and methods of our study: Design-Centered Goal: Given our focus on participatory 3

14 Reward-based Incentivization: aforementioned product, system, or service as a primary Successfully Funded: it is relevant to determine whether or not certain types of Run via a Crowdfunding Platform: 4

15 1.3 Research Questions Q1: How can we classify the various types of participatory practice that the founders of successful design-centered Q2: How prevalent are these participatory activities in Q3: Can the prevalence of participation in successful 5

16 1.4 Contribution to Interdisciplinary Design Research 6

17 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Crowdsourcing 7

18 simple opinion polls to elaborate schemes for the collaborative development compensation, and as such it is important to identify the methods by which operates best when crowd members are offered an incentive for accurate or 8

19 9

20 versus professionals, user ideas and solutions were more novel and had The dichotomy of active producers versus passive consumers is production process, are valuable economic assets, and are systematically 2.2 Crowdfunding Equity crowdfunding: 10

21 Contributors can invest voluntarily, but are not offered products, services, or pecuniary returns in Given that the crowd is ostensibly composed of amateur investors, 11

22 compared to the sophisticated investment behaviour of professionals in terms 12

23 13

24 Of the assembled literature, only one paper attempts to describe or 14

25 (Mollick, 2013a) 15

26 2.3 Collective Intelligence 16

27 it will consistently come up with a better answer than any individual could community, and free markets to improve upon methods that depend on 17

28 more important a decision is to an individual, the less likely such a cascade 2.4 Co-Design 18

29 to primary stakeholders: 19

30 Passive participation: Primary stakeholders are informed about but not Primary stakeholders provide Primary stakeholders are involved in Empowerment participation: Primary stakeholders are able to actively 20

31 2.5 Post-Industrial Design & Participatory Cultures opposition from professionals and academics, which the authors assert is due to a widespread belief that most individuals lack creative or innovative 21

32 in tandem with industrial methods of production, albeit towards different 22

33 common the ability to act collectively to make decisions and solve problems 23

34 functionally enabled by the development and rapid dispersion of information and backers, is adaptable with no clear community hierarchy, and creates 24

35 communication can be implemented at local, national, or international levels, 2.6 Conclusions potential to support the development of resilient participatory cultures that 25

36 3.0 METHODS PHASE 1: RESEARCH PLAN assert subject of research assert research questions review literature PHASE 2: DATA COLLECTION define sample for data collection collect Kickstarter project data define variables for data collection PHASE 3: DATA ANALYSIS synthesize definitions of participatory mechanisms (Q1) synthesize findings Figure 1. map occurence of participation with alternative project variables (Q3) quantify the prevalence of participatory mechanisms (Q2) 26

37 3.1 Approach & Research Overview Given our aim to assess the prevalence of participation in successful the types of participation that we intended to measure, in accordance with Q1: How can we classify the various types of participatory practice that the founders of successful design-centered Q2: How prevalent are these participatory activities in In addition to the occurrence of participatory activities, we planned incidence of participatory activities, in order to address our third research 27

38 Q3: Can the prevalence of participation in successful 3.2 Sample for Data Collection 28

39 3.3 Variables for Data Collection 1. Participatory Activities a. Type of Activity 29

40 2. Kickstarter Category 4. Funding Goal 5. Total Funds Raised 7. Total Backers 8. Total Comments Participatory Activities: supplementary values: Type of Activity:, or proprietary developer kits Exclusivity: to offer participatory activities as incentives to donate, a be, they can be limited to reward tiers limited 30

41 reward tiers Kickstarter Category: Project Outcome Type: This refers to the type of product, service, or system that a founder proposed to produce and Software refers to deliverables that are Hardware refers to deliverables that are physical devices, which are either supplemented by software development tools or compatible software applications, which we anticipate could be correlated standalone refers to deliverables that did not fall into either of the prior 31

42 Funding Goal: Total Funds Raised: Project Length: was recorded in order to determine if participatory practice Total Backers: Total Comments: This refers to the total number of backer variable was recorded as an indicator of the volume of feedback Project Updates: 32

43 Recorded Variables 2. Kickstarter Category 8. Total Comments 7. Total Backers 9. Project Updates 5. Total Funds Raised 4. Funding Goal 1. Participatory Activities a. Type of Activity b. Exclusivity 3. Project Outcome Type (all text fields analyzed for each of these variables) description text continues reward tiers continue 6. Project Length Figure 2. 33

44 3.4 Process of Data Collection 3.5 Data Processing & Analysis in participatory development, in which different types of participatory 34

45 mechanisms are described below: Participants collectively decide Participants independently develop Participants individually In order to further describe these participatory mechanisms, the values 35

46 end, I measured and compared the values for variable 1b for each instance instances of participatory mechanisms and divided the sum by the number 36

47 represented to facilitate comparison between the various participatory that I could potentially correlate participatory practices with individual correlations between the occurrence of participatory mechanisms and other 37

48 For these measurements, the independent variable was the presence of participation, as indicated in variable 1a, and the dependent variables were this process would not necessarily prove causal links, but would supplement our comprehension of individual participatory mechanisms and provide a 38

49 4.0 RESULTS & DISCUSSION data collection process was to record and describe the participatory activities 4.1 Classifying Participatory Activities of participatory activity observed within the sample, in order to address 39

50 participants to collectively decide upon a particular functional distributed kits to allow participants to independently develop 40

51 we found that several of them involved very similar participatory processes, input, as summarized by Table 1: Table 1. Participatory Activities (# of recorded instances) User Testing (96) Soliciting Feedback (36) Direct Developer Contact (25) Voting on Esthetics (16) Voting on Functionality (12) Participant Input Participants and founders engage in 1-way or 2-way dialogue regarding project outcomes, though participants have no control over design decisions. Participants collectively decide upon single elements of project outcomes from a limited set of options. Proprietary Developer Kits (18) Design Collaboration (123) Design Team Membership (14) Open Source (32) Partial Open Source (9) Participants independently develop products, services or systems that supplement project outcomes provided by the founder. Participants individually communicate with founders to collaborate on the design of specific elements of final project outcomes. Participants are enabled and encouraged to freely use, modify, and redistribute project outcomes to affect independant collaborative processes. 41

52 inform future research and encompass activities other than those observed User Testing (96) Soliciting Feedback (36) Direct Developer Contact (25) OPEN-ENDED FEEDBACK Figure 3. This describes any participatory activity 42

53 Voting on Esthetics (16) Voting on Functionality (12) COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAKING Figure 4. This describes any participatory 43

54 Proprietary Developer Kits (18) Figure 5. SUPPLEMENTAL DEVELOPMENT This describes any participatory The distribution of proprietary development tools can be considered that contributions made with such tools are necessarily compatible with 44

55 founders maintain complete control over the implementation and distribution Design Collaboration (123) Design Team Membership (14) Figure 6. INDIVIDUAL COLLABORATION This describes any participatory This mechanism is characterized by collaboration and iterative 45

56 Open Source (32) Partial Open Source (9) OPEN COLLABORATION Figure 7. This describes any participatory activity kits allow crowd members to participate in a subordinate capacity, open 46

57 comprehension of participatory mechanisms, and are fully described below: was the only mechanism that showed no User testing and direct developer contact this mechanism, while 47

58 48 TOTAL Public Backers Only Low Exclusivity High Exclusivity Reward Tiers Limited Rewards 152 instances 49 (32.2%) 14 (9.2%) 40 (26.3%) 49 (32.2%) 14 (50%) 4 (14.3%) 1 (3.6%) 2 (11.1%) 6 (33.3%) 10 (55.5%) 19 (14.6%) 111 (85.4%) 28 instances 9 (32.1%) 18 instances instances instances Open-Ended Feedback Collective Decision- Making Supplemental Development Individual Collaboration Open Collaboration 41 (100%) Table 2.

59 Design 4.2 Determining the Prevalence of Participatory Practices then individually measured the rate of participation within each of the four 49

60 OVERALL DESIGN TECHNOLOGY GAMES FASHION SOFTWARE HARDWARE Figure Overall Prevalence of Participatory Mechanisms STAND- ALONE : non-participatory projects : participatory projects 50

61 OPEN-ENDED FEEDBACK DESIGN TECHNOLOGY GAMES FASHION SOFTWARE HARDWARE STAND- ALONE : non-participatory projects : projects using OEF Figure COLLECTIVE DECISION- MAKING DESIGN 1 19 TECHNOLOGY GAMES FASHION SOFTWARE HARDWARE STAND- ALONE : non-participatory projects : projects using CDM Figure

62 SUPPLEMENTAL DEVELOPMENT DESIGN TECHNOLOGY GAMES FASHION SOFTWARE HARDWARE STAND- ALONE : non-participatory projects : projects using SD 9 5 Figure INDIVIDUAL COLLABORATION DESIGN TECHNOLOGY GAMES FASHION SOFTWARE HARDWARE STAND- ALONE : non-participatory projects : projects using IC Figure 12. Prevalence of Individual Collaboration 52

63 OPEN COLLABORATION DESIGN TECHNOLOGY GAMES FASHION SOFTWARE HARDWARE STAND- ALONE : non-participatory projects : projects using OC Figure 13. Prevalence of Open Collaboration within which participation and different participatory mechanisms were most 53

64 Table 3. Funding Goal Funds Raised Project Length Backers Comments Updates Non-Participatory Projects $14,406 $39,589 (350% of goals) 32.7 days 545 (avg. $108) Participatory Projects $36,055 $121,270 (375% of goals) 33.2 days 1,340 (avg. $137) 1, Open-Ended Feedback $47,159 $146,089 (353% of goals) 33.1 days 1,715 (avg. $142) 2, Collective Decision-Making $74,446 $255,952 (352% of goals) 32.3 days 4,125 (avg. $82) 11, Supplemental Development $94,712 $434,056 (468% of goals) 35.7 days 2,040 (avg. $187) Individual Collaboration $32,761 $92,100 (266% of goals) 33.5 days 1,661 (avg. $92) 2, Open Collaboration $42,130 $146,020 (691% of goals) 32.4 days 852 (avg. $216) Average Funding Goal $14,406 $36,055 $47,159 $74,446 $94,712 $32,761 $42,130 NON-PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS OEF CDM SD IC OC Figure

65 Average Funds Raised $434,056 $39,589 $121,270 $146,089 $255,952 $92,100 $146,020 NON-PARTICIPATORY PARTICIPATORY OEF PROJECTS PROJECTS Figure 15. CDM SD IC OC & Bayus, 2013), which are pertinent in that they indicate backer demand for 55

66 Average Funds Raised [Relative to Funding Goals] 350% 375% 353% 352% 468% 266% 691% NON-PARTICIPATORY PARTICIPATORY OEF CDM SD IC PROJECTS PROJECTS Figure 16. OC Average Project Length 32.7 days 33.2 days 33.1 days 32.3 days 35.7 days 33.5 days 32.4 days NON-PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS OEF CDM SD IC OC Figure

67 Average Project Backers 4, ,340 1,715 2,040 NON-PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS OEF CDM SD 1,661 IC 852 OC Figure 18. Average Donation Size Per Backer $108 $137 $142 $82 $187 $92 $216 NON-PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS OEF CDM SD IC OC Figure

68 Average Project Comments 11, ,433 2,381 1,432 2, NON-PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS OEF CDM SD IC OC Figure 20. Average Project Updates NON-PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS PARTICIPATORY PROJECTS OEF CDM SD IC OC Figure

69 4.4 Conclusions 59

70 5.0 CONCLUSIONS Q1: How can we classify the various types of participatory practice that the founders of successful design-centered 60

71 involves active solicitation of crowd feedback on any elements of participate in user testing 61

72 developer kits, facilitates direct collaboration between individual crowd members as in the case of open source Q2: How prevalent are these participatory activities in 62

73 was the most prevalent participatory user testing activities in those was the least prevalent participatory this mechanism as backer rewards or reward tier opportunities, 63

74 Q3: Can the prevalence of participation in successful 64

75 This mechanism is the most broadly utilized and least peculiar this mechanism was fairly small, our analysis indicated that it was very limited in terms of its implementation, but was correlated with 65

76 participation, and was principally implemented within a limited Our analysis indicated that this mechanism was associated with (Brabham, 2012), we tentatively posit that founders who are 66

77 5.1 Limitations numerous observations about trends in the implementation of participatory 5.2 Contribution to the Field are our primary contributions: 67

78 5.3 Suggestions for Future Research The primary purpose of this study is to frame future research in order Is the presence of participatory mechanisms a determinant of successful had been successfully funded, further research can address participatory to implement crowdsourcing or other participatory mechanisms into 68

79 69

80 BIBLIOGRAPHY The Geography of Crowdfunding Signaling in Equity Crowdfunding The Longer Long Tail: How Endless Choice is Creating Unlimited Demand. Crowdfunding: Tapping the Right Crowd. Individual Crowdfunding Practices. Resources in Systems Development. The 70

81 An Empirical Examination of Crowd-Funded Markets. Why Crowdfunding Territorial Social Capital. Crowdfunding: Available at The Rise of Crowdsourcing. Cumulus Working Papers: Saint-Erienne Design for Post-Industrial Societies. Design Research Society 2012: Bangkok. Conference Proceedings: Volume 3 71

82 How Kickstarter stole CES: the rise of the indie hardware developer Kickstarter. Kickstarter. com The Experts in the Crowd: The Role of Crowdfunding Creative Ideas: The 72

83 Crowdfunding Social Ventures: A Model and Research Agenda. The Participatory Cultures People-As-Assets: Grassroots Innovation and Design The Dynamics of Crowdfunding: An Exploratory Study. Connected Communities of Makers The Value of Crowdsourcing: Can Users Really Compete with Professionals in Generating New Product 73

84 Issues in Crowdfunding: Theoretical and Empirical Investigation on Kickstarter. Crowdfunding: Disintermediated Investment Banking. A Framework for A Social Vision for Value Co-creation in Design. Co-creation and the new landscapes of design. The Social Network Effect: The Determinants of Giving through Social Media. Crowdfunding of Small Entrepreneurial Ventures. Firm Characteristics. The Wisdom of Crowds. 74

85 Participatory Communication: A Practical Guide. 75

86 Appendix A 1a: Type of Participatory Activity 1b: Exclusivity of Participatory Activity 2: Kickstarter Project Category 3: Project Deliverable Type 76

87 1a 1b (5/4) 6 7 (5/7) $90,000 $323, % $ $58,000 $156, % $ $150,000 $616, % $ $20,000 $136, % $ $175,000 $547, % $ $10,000 $18, % $ $100,000 $1,643, % $ $5,000 $6, % $ $16,421 $17, % $ $38,000 $45, % $ $100,000 $1,032, % $ $30,000 $37, % $ $20,000 $20, % $ $18,884 $31, % $ $75,000 $79, % $ $27,000 $28, % $ $25,000 $64, % $ $25,000 $25, % $ $25,000 $27, % $ $50,000 $136, % $ $30,000 $44, % $ $3,000 $18, % $ $55,000 $123, % $ $40,000 $695, % $ $1,500 $3, % $ $3,500 $3, % $ $10,000 $18, % $ $7,500 $18, % $ $10,500 $31, % $ $10,000 $11, % $ $8,000 $248, % $ $10,000 $17, % $ $10,000 $118, % $

88 0-1 1 $15,000 $70, % $ $2,000 $17, % $ $2,500 $6, % $ $5,000 $7, % $ $15,000 $21, % $ $40,000 $79, % $ $2,000 $2, % $ $1,500 $2, % $ $2,000 $2, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $1,500 $37, % $ $10,000 $30, % $ $400 $ % 7 18 $ $30,000 $167, % $ $8,200 $23, % $ $2,052 $3, % $ $8,000 $10, % $ $500 $ % $ $10,500 $25, % $ $16,443 $19, % $ $11,500 $19, % $ $3,800 $5, % $ $150,000 $206, % $ $19,723 $24, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $10,000 $12, % $ $25,000 $48, % $ $8,500 $31, % $ $3,000 $5, % $ $10,000 $111, % $ $30,000 $33, % $ $2,500 $10, % $ $50,000 $117, % $ $1,000 $1, % 45 7 $ $13,000 $13, % $ $15,000 $20, % $ $20,000 $102, % $ $3,000 $92, % $ $600 $ % $ $1,500 $19, % $ $2,000 $4, % $

89 0-1 1 $11,000 $22, % $ $25,300 $35, % $ $4,926 $4, % $ $6,000 $10, % $ $5,800 $6, % $ $3,000 $3, % $ $20,000 $331, % $ $45,000 $51, % $ $1,000 $1, % $ $2,000 $2, % $ $1,000 $2, % $ $15,000 $169, % $ $3,000 $5, % $ $9,000 $28, % $ $300 $ % 35 7 $ $10,000 $12, % $ $10,000 $15, % $ $8,000 $108, % $ $11,500 $11, % $ $25,000 $35, % $ $10,000 $11, % $ $50,000 $155, % $ $32,912 $37, % $ $12,644 $13, % $ $20,000 $31, % $ $1,500 $4, % $ $19,705 $81, % $ $500 $2, % $ $1,850 $3, % $ $10,000 $225, % $ $3,500 $3, % $ $6,000 $6, % $ $15,000 $168, % $ $8,046 $16, % $ $2,800 $4, % $ $12,000 $36, % $ $400 $ % $ $26,000 $41, % $ $20,000 $21, % $ $10,000 $12, % $ $14,500 $14, % $

90 0-1 1 $12,000 $23, % $ $3,000 $15, % $ $25,000 $85, % $ $3,400 $4, % $ $800 $2, % $ $15,000 $25, % $ $40,000 $62, % $ $75,000 $100, % $ $5,000 $6, % $ $2,000 $5, % $ $2,450 $2, % $ $30,000 $193, % $ $49,263 $79, % $ $4,000 $8, % $ $20,000 $20, % $ $6,500 $7, % $ $3,000 $18, % $ $600 $ % $ $90,316 $109, % $ $10,000 $20, % $ $15,000 $31, % $ $15,000 $15, % $ $32,842 $42, % $ $14,000 $817, % $ $14,000 $24, % $ $2,000 $2, % $ $11,495 $41, % $ $50,000 $452, % $ $30,000 $83, % $ $14,000 $126, % $ $35,000 $55, % $ $9,500 $10, % $ $2,000 $4, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $4,500 $17, % $ $11,494 $14, % $ $75,000 $325, % $ $80,000 $602, % $ $20,000 $27, % $ $5,000 $99, % $ $14,000 $166, % $

91 $1,232 $18, % $ $69,000 $1,229, % $ $150,000 $161, % $ $5,000 $10, % $ $1,600 $17, % $ $1,984 $17, % $ $5,000 $19, % $ $125,000 $140, % $ $48,000 $65, % $ $28,000 $303, % $ $3,000 $52, % $ $100,000 $180, % $ $25,000 $274, % $ $5,000 $19, % $ $50,000 $256, % $ $100,000 $115, % $ $45,000 $45, % $ $15,798 $46, % $ $70,000 $72, % $ $9,750 $15, % $ $80,000 $149, % $ $32,912 $165, % $ $150,000 $162, % $ $100,000 $111, % $ $5,000 $29, % $ $10,000 $563, % $ $5,000 $5, % $ $20,000 $21, % $ $97,900 $170, % $1, $20,000 $134, % $

92 $35,000 $69, % $ $35,000 $346, % $ $250,000 $604, % $ $5,000 $7, % $ $50,000 $51, % $ $20,000 $109, % $ $20,000 $110, % $ $20,000 $21, % $ $300,000 $347, % $1, $15,000 $33, % $ $50,000 $651, % $ $49,000 $51, % $ $30,000 $196, % $ $100,000 $211, % $ $10,000 $13, % $ $20,000 $46, % $ $100,000 $102, % $ $14,000 $36, % $ $100,000 $109, % $ $100,000 $1,290, % $ $1,823 $2, % $ $6,700 $37, % $ $12,000 $12, % $ $100,000 $123, % $ $25,000 $145, % $ $60,000 $69, % $ $10,000 $14, % $

93 $15,000 $15, % $ $8,285 $8, % $ $24,000 $183, % $ $400,000 $1,052, % $ $35,595 $37, % $ $82,780 $480, % $ $95,000 $267, % $ $24,050 $51, % $ $8,278 $15, % $ $25,000 $116, % $1, $10,000 $10, % $ $9,000 $413, % $ $152,000 $152, % $ $95,000 $125, % $1, $2,500 $2, % $ $24,834 $203, % $ $3,000 $7, % $ $828 $2, % $ $60,000 $79, % $ $40,000 $62, % $ $19,000 $396, % $ $10,000 $13, % $ $5,000 $12, % $ $25,000 $36, % $ $2,500 $2, % $ $600 $7, % $ $50,000 $57, % $ $49,260 $76, % $ $2,000 $3, % $ $20,525 $21, % $ $25,000 $30, % $

94 0-2 2 $2,000 $3, % 7 82 $ $3,500 $15, % $ $6,000 $6, % $ $5,000 $91, % $ $100,000 $105, % $ $20,000 $24, % $ $50,000 $168, % $ $30,000 $59, % $ $35,000 $43, % $ $100,000 $115, % $ $2,000 $6, % $ $52,000 $56, % $ $5,000 $9, % $ $3,000 $6, % $ $1,000 $2, % $ $44,477 $49, % $ $12,000 $14, % $ $50,000 $129, % $ $7,000 $12, % $ $50,000 $69, % $ $10,000 $32, % $ $5,830 $6, % 30 7 $ $750 $2, % $ $30,000 $216, % $ $32,000 $83, % $ $30,000 $37, % $ $165,690 $189, % $ $2,651 $33, % $ $15,000 $60, % $ $4,971 $5, % $ $8,000 $8, % $ $2,000 $14, % $ $50,000 $82, % $ $5,000 $8, % $ $8,500 $8, % $ $23,667 $38, % $ $25,000 $98, % $ $4,142 $6, % $ $75,000 $275, % $ $4,000 $7, % $ $60,000 $72, % $

95 0-2 1 $3,500 $7, % $ $5,000 $5, % $ $323 $3, % $ $100,000 $140, % $ $8,600 $10, % $ $4,000 $14, % $ $10,500 $22, % $ $3,000 $15, % $ $120,000 $127, % $ $15,000 $293, % $ $20,000 $38, % $ $4,700 $7, % $ $7,000 $26, % $ $4,139 $4, % $ $91,058 $432, % $ $1,500 $3, % $ $800 $3, % $ $15,000 $15, % $ $500 $ % $ $3,000 $4, % $ $7,500 $8, % $ $8,012 $13, % $ $3,400 $3, % $ $7,500 $7, % $ $65,796 $81, % $ $30,000 $39, % $ $2,056 $9, % $ $2,500 $4, % $ $8,225 $93, % $ $26,000 $61, % $ $5,000 $5, % $ $15,000 $19, % $ $3,000 $3, % $ $10,000 $10, % $

96 $10,000 $12, % $ $5,000 $13, % $ $15,000 $18, % $ $15,000 $54, % $ $7,000 $27, % $ $8,000 $9, % $ $65,000 $67, % $ $2,500 $8, % $ $5,000 $56, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $50 $ % $ $2,500 $12, % $ $12,000 $16, % $ $3,000 $7, % $ $10,500 $13, % $ $60,000 $68, % $ $75,000 $171, % $ $10,000 $29, % $ $80,000 $84, % $ $20,000 $25, % $ $100,000 $1,014, % $ $5,000 $6, % $ $1,000 $4, % $ $4,000 $5, % $ $15,000 $37, % $

97 $3,000 $4, % $ $15,000 $16, % $ $300 $2, % $ $1,500 $20, % $ $4,935 $5, % $ $3,000 $6, % $ $125,000 $345, % $ $1,000 $3, % $ $30,000 $30, % $ $7,000 $7, % $ $5,000 $22, % $ $7,500 $33, % $ $9,500 $11, % $ $16,000 $18, % $ $300 $1, % $ $7,000 $7, % $ $7,500 $13, % $ $1,000 $1, % $ $82 $ % $ $8,000 $52, % $ $22,500 $34, % $ $4,000 $5, % $ $12,000 $12, % $ $22,000 $28, % $ $15,000 $15, % $ $20,000 $25, % $

98 $75,000 $78, % $ $7,000 $20, % $ $12,000 $13, % $ $99,000 $106, % $ $25,000 $42, % $ $50,000 $50, % $ $25,000 $631, % $ $2,000 $2, % $ $4,935 $20, % $ $3,000 $9, % $ $65,796 $147, % $ $5,000 $24, % $ $642 $3, % $ $900,000 $3,845, % $ $3,000 $4, % $ $98,694 $165, % $ $6,000 $12, % $ $4,000 $10, % $ $18,000 $20, % $ $2,500 $2, % $ $400,000 $776, % $

99 $7,500 $8, % $ $3,000 $4, % $ $100,000 $158, % $ $3,290 $10, % $ $7,500 $8, % $ $16,000 $26, % $ $17,500 $20, % $ $4,000 $5, % $ $750 $ % $ $100 $ % $ $7,000 $8, % $ $4,500 $6, % $ $2,000 $2, % $ $822 $1, % $ $8,000 $77, % $ $5,000 $80, % $ $10,000 $42, % $ $822 $1, % $ $3,750 $23, % $ $5,000 $5, % $ $1,500 $39, % $ $576 $1, % $ $3,290 $4, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $150 $ % 30 8 $ $1,800 $2, % $ $1,450 $8, % $ $10,000 $14, % $ $12,000 $14, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $822 $8, % $

100 0-3 1 $8,000 $11, % $ $9,500 $12, % $ $5,000 $154, % $ $14,350 $14, % $ $50,000 $718, % $ $3,500 $8, % $ $1,000 $34, % $ $4,000 $8, % $ $1,500 $9, % $ $20,000 $62, % $ $20,000 $20, % $ $250 $ % $ $15,000 $26, % $ $500 $3, % $ $2,500 $2, % $ $25,000 $25, % $ $1,500 $5, % $ $5,000 $5, % $ $1,000 $8, % $ $20,000 $103, % $ $6,497 $8, % $ $10,000 $16, % $ $7,000 $7, % $ $11,000 $23, % $ $25,000 $43, % $ $3,500 $7, % $ $20,000 $22, % $ $16,449 $37, % $ $10,000 $12, % $ $20,000 $71, % $ $20,000 $23, % $ $12,000 $16, % $ $49,668 $197, % $ $6,000 $7, % $ $15,000 $16, % $ $7,500 $11, % $ $10,000 $23, % $ $3,000 $3, % $ $5,000 $5, % $

101 $5,000 $5, % $ $2,000 $2, % 14 7 $ $20,000 $24, % $ $18,000 $21, % $ $300 $8, % $ $1,656 $3, % $ $15,000 $17, % $ $30,000 $98, % $ $20,000 $37, % $ $20,000 $23, % $ $50,000 $50, % $ $3,500 $3, % $ $4,750 $15, % $ $3,500 $3, % $ $6,000 $6, % $ $20,000 $20, % $ $25,000 $30, % $ $2,000 $19, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $15,000 $120, % $ $579 $ % $ $6,909 $7, % $ $8,000 $11, % $ $2,500 $2, % $ $9,700 $13, % $ $1,976 $2, % $ $750 $1, % $ $5,000 $6, % $ $1,500 $1, % $ $15,000 $41, % $ $20,000 $21, % $ $2,000 $2, % $ $3,000 $3, % $ $5,300 $6, % $ $3,925 $4, % $ $3,311 $3, % $ $3,000 $21, % $ $150 $ % 21 6 $

102 0-4 1 $4,000 $4, % $ $10,000 $271, % $ $12,500 $13, % $ $18,000 $20, % $ $45,000 $65, % $ $7,500 $14, % $ $250 $1, % $ $7,000 $7, % $ $5,000 $6, % $ $5,000 $7, % $ $1,000 $1, % $ $2,760 $2, % $ $40,000 $43, % $ $650 $1, % $ $2,700 $3, % $ $828 $ % $ $5,000 $5, % $ $20,000 $22, % $ $1,656 $11, % $ $600 $1, % 50 7 $ $10,000 $80, % $ $250,000 $272, % $ $1,000 $5, % $ $13,000 $17, % $ $400 $ % $ $3,500 $3, % $ $7,500 $7, % $ $1,000 $1, % $ $3,800 $4, % $ $10,000 $56, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $12,000 $12, % $ $20,000 $22, % $ $40,000 $42, % $ $18,150 $18, % $ $6,000 $6, % $ $1,000 $13, % $ $8,000 $36, % $ $1,750 $2, % $ $17,500 $46, % $ $1,500 $4, % $

103 0-4 1 $25,000 $27, % $ $5,300 $5, % $ $15,000 $16, % $ $600 $1, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $500 $2, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $5,000 $5, % $ $4,000 $4, % $ $5,000 $5, % $ $745 $2, % $ $5,000 $6, % $ $579 $1, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $166 $1, % $ $400 $1, % $ $350 $ % $ $5,000 $5, % $ $20,000 $221, % $ $1,656 $2, % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $3,000 $3, % $ $11,500 $55, % $ $10,000 $23, % $ $4,500 $4, % $ $8,000 $9, % $ $8,278 $13, % $ $20,000 $29, % $ $1,000 $1, % $ $5,000 $41, % $ $6,000 $7, % $ $30,000 $70, % $ $10,000 $73, % $ $20,000 $21, % $ $6,000 $25, % $ $1,000 $1, % $ $16,449 $19, % $ $15,000 $26, % $ $12,500 $12, % $

104 0-4 1 $1,650 $3, % $ $400 $ % $ $11,514 $14, % $ $2,000 $3, % $ $12,337 $19, % $ $5,500 $5, % $ $15,000 $28, % $ $15,000 $15, % $ $4,000 $8, % $ $1,000 $1, % $ $20,000 $26, % $ $500 $ % $ $150 $1, % $ $295 $ % $ $4,500 $4, % $ $200 $ % $ $10,000 $10, % $ $20,000 $26, % $ $1,000 $1, % $