From the Chairman s Desk...

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3 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 From the Chirmn s Desk... Der Lerner, While Indi is on move to rech new hights of progress, the contribution of the Open nd Distnce Lerning (ODL) system in this endevour is lso required to be tken note of the ODL progrmmes t the school eduction level re being offered by the ntionl Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) t the ntionl level nd by the Stte Open Schools (SOSs) t the stte level. With bout 20 lkh students on its roll currently, NIOS hs emerged t the lrgest open schooling system in the world. The open schooling progrmmes of NIOS re being offered by bout study centres t the secondry nd the stge, study centres t the secondry nd the secondry stge nd study centres t for providing Voctionl Eduction nd Trining (VET). In NIOS, the focus of lmost ll the progrmmes nd ctivities is on its lerners. We hve been striving to ensure tht distnce lerners of NIOS should not remin in disdvntgeous sitution vis--vis the students of the forml schooling system. The inputs in the lerning system of NIOS include (i) printed self lerning mteril, (ii) multi-chnnel nd multi-medi inputs in the form of telecst nd brodcst on course relted topics, (iii) Personl Contct Progrmmes (PCP) t the study centers for eductionl inputs required by the lerners including Tutor Mrked Assignments (TMA), incresing uses of Informtion nd communiction Technology (ICT) for benefit of lerners right from dmission to exmintion nd certifiction, (v) Setting up of lerning support centres (LSC) to cre of queries of lerners throughout the dy nd (vi) On Demnd Exmintion System (ODES). A single window comprehensive student Informtion system hs been plced on NIOS web site on-line help nd response to queries of lerners re vilble to lerners through E-mil lsc@nioc.c.in. Now NIOS is striving to put e-lerning by wy of virtul clss room etc., into the open schoolin system. Virtul Clssroom displictes the fetures of rel clssroom on time. It enbles interction on line nd use of udio nd video conferencing for techinglerning. M-lerning (using mobile phone) is going to revolutionlising the eduction system. NIOS is plnning provide mobile phone support its becomes under its eduction progrmme. A dedicted 24 7 Vidy Drshn eductionl chnnel being lunched in collbortion with NCERT nd NIOS will prove to be extremely useful for the pre-degree level students. In ddition to the bove mentioned eductionl print nd non print inputs for the cdemic nd voctionl edution progrmmes, NIOS mkes vilble to you the hlf yerly Open Lerning mgzine to complement nd supplement your knowledge of subjects nd generl knowledge. These issue of the Mgzine includes rticles on Mths, environmentl pollution/protection, globlistion, luretes, employment opportunities, open schooling etc. I hope you will find the rticles interesting nd useful for ddition to your knowledge. I solicit your comments nd suggestions for improving the selection nd presenttion of content in this mgzine. (S.S. Jen) Chirmn, NIOS i

4 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 fiz; fo kfkhz] Hkkjr ds fujrj izxfr ds ifk ij vxzlj gksus ds ifjizs{; es ges eqdr rfkk nwjlfk f'k{kk ds ;ksxnku dk Hkh lkku ysuk pkfg,a fo ky;h f'k{kk ds {ks= es jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky; jk"vªh; Lrj ij rfkk jkt; eqdr fo ky; jkt; Lrj ij eqdr rfkk nwjlfkk f'k{kk ds dk;zøeks dk lpkyu dj jgs gsa,uvkbzvks,l es yxhkx 20 yk[k fo kfkhz ukekfdr gs A brus vf/ kd fo kffkz;ks dh l[;k ds lkfk,uvkbzvks,l fo'o dk lcls cm+k vksiu Ldwfyx fllve cu x;k gsa bl llfkku ds vksiu Ldwfyx izksxzke vksiu csfld,twds'ku es v/;;u dsunzks ] ek/;fed rfkk mpp ek/;fed f'k{kk es v/;;u dsunzks ] rfkk O;kolkf;d f'k{kk es v/;;u dsunzks dh lgk;rk ls pyk;s tk jgs gsa jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku ds lhkh izksxzkeks rfkk fø;kdykiks dk dsunzfcunq bldk viuk fo kfkhz gsa gekjk ;g lrr iz;kl gs fd,uvkbzvks,l dk nwjlfk f'k{kk fo kfkhz fdlh Hkh gkyr es vksipkfjd f'k{kk ds fo kfkhz ls 'ksf{kd input es de u jgsa,uvkbzvks,l vius fo kffkz;ks dks tks 'ksf{kd input nsrk mues (i) Nih gqbz Lo&vf/kxe lkexzh (ii) VsyhdkLV rfkk czksmdklv }kjk iznùk cgq&vkokeh; ehfm;k f'k{kk lkexzh] (iii) v/;;u dsunzks es O;fDrxr lidz dk;zøe (PCP) rfkk f'k{kd vfdr ewy;kdu i= (TMA) (iv) izos'k ls ysdj lfvzfqds'ku rd yxhkx lhkh fø;kdykiks es vkbzlhvh (ICT) dk mùkjksùkj c<+rk gqvk iz;ksx] (v) fo kfkhz lgk;rk dsunz dh LFkkiuk rfkk (vi) ^tc pkgks rc ijh{kk nks* dk izko/kku] izeq[k gsa,uvkbzvks,l dh osclkbv ij,d cgqvk;keh fo kfkhz lwpuk fllve miyc/k gsa fo kffkz;k s dk fofhkuu izdkj v/;{k dh dye ls --- dh tkudkjh rfkk lgk;rk lsc@nioc.c.in ij e-mil }kjk nh tkrh gsa rc,uvkbzvks,l e&yfu±x izksxzke }kjk opqzvy Dykl:e dh vksj vxzlj gks jgk gsa ;g oklrfod d{kk&d{k dk,d vkwu&ykbu izk:i gsa bl fof/k ls vkwu&ykbu lokn ;k vur%fø;k lhko gksrs gs vksj f'k{k.k&vf/kxe ds fy, vkwfm;ks rfkk ohfm;ks dkuøsflx dk izko/kku fd;k tk ldrk gsa eksckby Qksu ds blrseky ls,e&yfu±x f'k{k.k vf/kxe es ØkfUr ykus dh vksj,d l'kä dne fy;s tkus dh Hkh ;kstuk gsa,uvkbzvks,l jk"vªh; 'ksf{kd vuql/kku rfkk izf'k{k.k ifj"kn ¼,ulhbZvkjVh½ ds lg;ksx ls,d 24 7 fo k n'kzu 'ksf{kd Vh oh psuy lpkfyr djus tk jgk gs tks fd nwjlfk f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls fo ky;h f'k{kk ds fo kffkz;ks ds fy;s cgqr ykhknk;d fl) gksxka,dsmsfed rfkk oksds'kuy f'k{kk ds fy, mijksdr izdkj dh v/;;u vf/kxe lgk;d lkefxz;k miyc/k djkus ds vfrfjdr,uvkbzvks,l vius fo kffkz;ks dks vksiu yfu±x if=dk }kjk lkeku; Kku o/kzd lkexzh iznku djus es ps"vkjr gsa bl if=dk es i;kzoj.k] lkozhkksehdj.k] fof'k"v O;fDr;ks ds thou] jkstxkj lhkkouk,] esfksesfvdl vkfn ls lcf/kr 18 ys[k gsa es vk'kk djrk gw fd,uvkbzvks,l ds fo kfkhz bl if=dk ds ys[kks dks viuk lkeku; Kku c<+kus ds fy;s pko ls i<s xsa esjk vkils vuqjks/k gs fd bl if=dk ds dysoj dks vksj vpnk cukus ds fy;s vius lq>ko Hksts A ¼,l-,l-tsuk½ v/;{k],uvkbzvks,l ii

5 fo"k; & 1- Hkkjr jru ljnkj cyyhk HkkbZ ivsy% Hkkjr ds yksg iq#"k deys'k eq[kthz Hkkjr jru MkW,-ih-ts- vcnqy dyke Hkkjrh; felkby dk;zøe ds iqjks/kk Jh jke'kj.k nkl IykfLVd ds tgj ds dgj ls dsls futkr ik;s jkefuokl 'kekz iks/kks ds }kjk i;kzoj.k 'kqf)dj.k ¼Phytoremedition½ euh"k eksgu xksj ?kkrd /ofu iznw"k.k fotu dqekj ik.ms; mihkksdrkoknh llñfr dk i;kz;& bysdvªkwfud dpjk MkW- jhfr Fkkij diwj i`foh ij uhyk lksuk&ikuh MkW- nhid dksgyh thou dk vk/kkj% egklkxj uouhr dqekj xqirk vk/kqfud Hkkjr es yksg,o blikr m ksx MkW lqjs'k pnz HkkfV;k Your Responsibility s n NIOS Lerner Dr. Rjesh Kumr An Endevour to Sve Biodiversity Dr. P.K. Mukherjee E-lerning: Pedgogicl Prdigm Shift in Fvour of Open nd Distnce Lerning Dr. Devendr Singh Spices in Our Diet: A Role Beyond Food Flvouring Dr. K. Srinivsn Jcobus Henricus vn't Hoff The First Nobel Lurete in Chemistry Subodh Mhnti The Fscinting Lnd of Primes Utpl Mukhopdhyy Employment Opportunities in Agriculture Sector Dr. Hrender Rj Gutm Globliztion Through Eduction nd ICT Dr. Shruti Upreti Crbon Trding: A Clen Project Dr. Roofi Khn DISCLAIMER The fcts nd figures stted, conclusions reched nd the views expressed in the rticles re tht of uthors nd the Ntionl Institute of Open Schooling is in no wy responsible for their views. iii

6 liknu Bord,l-,l- tsuk] v/;{k],uvkbzvks,l % eq[; l iknd S.S. Jen, Chirmn, NIOS : Chief Editor dqynhi vxzoky] funs'kd] 'ksf{kd fohkkx],uvkbzvks,l % ijke'kznkrk liknd Kuldeep Agrwl, Director, Acdemic Deprtment, NIOS : Consulting Editor lfpo],uvkbzvks,l % lnl; Secretry, NIOS : Member funs'kd] fo- l- ls- fohkkx],uvkbzvks,l % lnl; Director, Deprtment of Student Support Services, NIOS : Member lh- /kk:eu] funs'kd] ewy;kdu fohkkx],uvkbzvks,l % lnl; C. Dhrumn, Director, Deprtment of Evlution, NIOS : Member ds-ih- oklfud] funs'kd] O;kolkf;d f'k{kk fohkkx],uvkbzvks,l % lnl; K.P. Wsnik, Director, Deprtment of Voctionl Eduction, NIOS : Member vkj- ds- vk;z] l;qä funs'kd] ehfm;k],uvkbzvks,l % lnl; R.K. Ary, Joint Director, Medi, NIOS : Member xksik fc'okl] l;qä funs'kd ¼'kSf{kd½],uvkbZvks,l % lnl; Gop Bisws, Joint Director (Acdemic), NIOS : Member lksfu;k csgy] lgk;d funs'kd ¼'kSf{kd½],uvkbZvks,l % lnl; Soni Behl, Assitnt Director (Acdemic), NIOS : Member ckyñ".k jk;] 'ksf{kd vf/kdkjh],uvkbzvks,l % lnl; Blkrishn Ri, Acdemic Officer, NIOS : Member xksjh fnokdj] tu lidz vf/kdkjh],uvkbzvks,l % lnl; Gowri Diwker, Public Reltion Officer, NIOS : Member jktho izlkn] 'ksf{kd vkf/kdkjh ¼jlk;u fokku½],uvkbzvks,l % liknd Rjeev Prsd, Acdemic Officer, (Chemistry), NIOS : Editor Rm Prsd Ms. Bhwn eqnz.k/print Production D.N. Upreti Publiction Officer, NIOS Technicl Asstt. (Pub.) NIOS Office. Asstt. NIOS Typesetting by : M/s Grphic nd Dt Systems iv

7 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Why Open Schooling? The emergence of Open nd Distnce Lerning (ODL) System hs been nturl nd phenomenl evolution in the history of eductionl development towrds the ltter hlf of the twentieth century. While the conventionl system continues to be the minstrem of eductionl trnsction, it hs its own limittions with regrd to expnsion, ccess, equity nd cost effectiveness. Mjor chllenges tht Indi fces tody in the eductionl ren re: the chllenge of numbers, the chllenge of credibility, nd the chllenge of qulity. Ntionl Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) The revolution brought bout by the growth of Informtion nd Communiction Technology (ICT) hs gretly fcilitted the expnsion of Open nd Distnce Lerning (ODL) System nd permitted dopting flexible, constructivist, lerner friendly nd multiperspective pproch to teching lerning process which is so essentil for cretivity, leder-ship nd scholrship leding to totl development of humn personlity nd in responding ppropritely to the chllenges identified bove. The Open nd Distnce Eduction is new prdigm with some elements of shift such s: From clssroom to nywhere; techer-centric to lerner-centric; techer s n instructor to techer s fcilittor; minly orl instruction to technology ided instruction; fixed time to nytime lerning; you lern wht we offer to we offer wht you wnt to lern ; eduction s one time ctivity to eduction s life long ctivity. The concerns for doption of open schooling progrmmes with the objective of providing Eduction for All include: i. to provide eduction to those who re unble to ttend conventionl schools for vriety of socio-economic resons, s well s to those who for similr resons missed opportunities to complete school nd developmentl eduction; ii. to meet the eductionl needs of differently ble children; iii. to provide wider choice of eductionl progrmmes to lerners; nd iv. to provide sfety net to school drop-outs so tht they do not remin under-educted. Every region nd stte of Indi fces, more or less, the bove mentioned eductionl chllenges. v

8 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011,uvkbZvks,l,d ijh{kk ysus okyk vksj izek.ki= iznku djus okyk llfkku gs vksj blds izek.ki= mpprj f'k{kk ds lkfk&lkfk uksdfj;ks ds fy, izeq[k cksmks± vksj llfkkvks }kjk eku;rk izkir gsa jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku ¼,uvkbZvks,l½ ¼iwoZr% jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;½ dh LFkkiuk uocj 1989 es,d Lok;Ùk lxbu ds :i es Hkkjr ljdkj ds ekuo llkèku fodkl e=ky; }kjk ¼jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 ds rgr~½ dh xbz vksj bldk ithdj.k lu~ 1860 ds llfkk ithdj.k vfèkfu;e ds vrxzr gqvka blls igys ;g 1979 ls dsunzh; ek/;fed f'k{kk cksmz ¼lhch,lbZ½ dh,d ifj;kstuk ds :i es dk;z dj jgk FkkA jk"vªh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh es jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku dk,d egùoiw.kz LFkku gs vksj bldh vusd egùoiw.kz fo'ks"krk, gsa jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku ds eq[; mn~ns'; gs% fo ky; Lrj ij lrr,o fodklkred f'k{kk ds lqvolj iznku djuk( Hkkjr ljdkj vksj jkt;ks dks ijke'kz lsok, iznku djuk( nwjlfk f'k{kk vksj eqdr f'k{kk lcèkh lwpukvks ds izhkkoh izlkj ds fy,,d llfkk ds :i es dk;z djuk( nwjlfk f'k{kk iz.kkyh rfkk jkt; eqdr fo ky;ks es lh[kus ds Lrjks dh igpku vksj izksrlkfgr djus dk dk;z djuk( rfkk ns'k es nwjlfk vksj eqdr f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds Lrjks dks c<+kus ds fy, ekudh; vksj leuo;kred Hkwfedk fuhkkuka jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku dk fe'ku (i) f'k{kk dk lkozhkksfedhdj.k jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku i`"bhkwfe (ii) lkekftd lerk vksj U;k; dks c<+kok nsuk] rfkk (iii),d f'kf{kr lekt dk fodkl djuk gsa O;kid rksj ij,uvkbzvks,l ds nksgjs mn~ns'; gsa izfke mn~ns'; lrr,o fodklkred Ldwyh f'k{kk iznku djuk gs vksj nwljk eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk e s Lrj o`f) djrs gq, izkekf.kd vksj leuo;u dk;z djuk gsa,uvkbzvks,l ds dk;zøe lcds fy, [kqys gs ftues njfdukj fd, x, lewgks xzkeh.k ;qokvks ] ckfydkvks vksj efgykvks] vuqlwfpr tkfr;ks ] vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ks ] fofhkuu izdkj ls v{ke O;fDr;ks vksj HkwriwoZ lsfudks ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k x;k gsa vi

9 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku dk;zøe vksj xfrfof/k;k jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku dks vdrwcj 1990 es iwoz&lukrd Lrj rd ds ikb~;øeks es ithñr fo kffkz;ks dh ijh{kk ysus,o izek.ki= iznku djus dk vfèkdkj izkir gqvka jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku us igyh ckj tuojh 1991 es ekè;fed vksj mpprj ekè;fed ijh{kkvks dk lpkyu fd;ka blds }kjk iznùk izek.ki=ks dks Hkkjrh; fo'ofo ky; l?k] fo'ofo ky; vuqnku vk;ksx ¼;w-th-lh-½] fofhkuu fo'ofo ky;ks ] mpp f'k{kk llfkkvks ] ekuo llkèku fodkl e=ky; rfkk Je,o jkstxkj e=ky; us Hkh eku;rk iznku dh gsa jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku 'ksf{kd] O;kolkf;d,o thou le`f) ikb~;øe iznku djrk gsa 'ksf{kd ikb~;øeks es izkfkfed] ekè;fed,o mpprj ekè;fed ikb~;øe 'kkfey gs A 'ksf{kd ikb~;øeks es fo kfkhz viuh vko';drkvks ] #fp;ks vksj {kerkvks ds vuqlkj fo"k;ks dk pquko djus ds fy, Lor= gs A fo kffkz;ks dks 'ksf{kd fo"k;ks ds lkfk&lkfk O;kolkf;d fo"k;ks dks ysus ds fy, Hkh izksrlkfgr fd;k tkrk gs tks vius vki es,d vuks[kh ckr gsa blls dk;z,o dks'kyks dks Kku ds leku gh egùo izkir gksrk gsa,uvkbzvks,l 6 ekg ls 2 o"kz dh vof/k okys O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dk;zøe Hkh pykrk gsa bles bthfu;fjx vksj izks ksfxdh] d`f"k] x`g fokku] LokLF; vksj ijk fpfdrlk] f'k{kd izf'k{k.k] O;kikj vksj okf.kt;] dei;wvj vksj vkbzvh ds {ks=ks es yxhkx 80 ikb~;øe pyk, tk jgs gs A,uvkbZvks,l f'k{kk iznku djus ds fy, vfrfjdr ljpukxr lqfo/kk, iznku ugh djrk gs cfyd og ifcyd vksj jktdh; fo ky;ks dh ekstwnk ljpukxr lqfo/kk, tc mi;ksx es u gks rks mudk mi;ksx djrk gsa jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku ds vè;;u ds nzks ds usvodz es 'ksf{kd ikb~;øeks ds fy, izr;kf;r llfkkvks ¼,vkbZ½ rfkk O;kolkf;d ikb~;øeks ds fy, izr;kf;r O;kolkf;d llfkkvks ¼,ohvkbZ½ dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gsa fofhkuu izdkj ds v{ke O;fDr;ks rfkk ofprks dh 'ksf{kd vko';drkvks dh iwfrz ds fy, cgqr lh fo'ks"k izr;kf;r llfkkvks ¼,l,vkbZbZMh½ dks Hkh vè;;u ds nz ds :i es eku;rk iznku nh xbz gsa,uvkbzvks,l dh ;s izr;kf;r llfkk, ns'k ds fofhkuu jkt;ks es flfkr gs A chloh 'krkcnh dh lekfir ds ckn],uvkbzvks,l us lefizr vksj vuqhko;qdr xsj ljdkjh lxbuks vksj ftyk lk{kjrk lfefr;ks ds lg;ksx ls eqdr csfld dk;zøe dh 'kq#vkr djus dk,d egùoiw.kz dne mbk;k gsa ;g dk;zøe 14 o"kz ls de vk;q ds cppks rfkk 14 o"kz ls vfèkd vk;q ds izks<+ks ds fy, vyx&vyx <x ls rs;kj fd;k x;k gsa blds dkj.k izkfkfed ls iwoz Lukrd Lrj rd dh Ük` [kyk iwjh gksrh gsa vii

10 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 HOW TO USE NIOS STUDY MATERIAL Der Students, The lerning mteril (course mteril) provided to you by the NIOS hs been developed by the tem of experts. The mteril hs been developed in Self Lerning Mode (SLM) to help you to study independently. Following points will give you n ide on how to mke the best use of the mteril: (i) Title : Red the title. It will give you n ide bout the contents of the lesson. (ii) Introduction : Go through it. This will introduce you to the content of the lesson. (iii) Objectives : Try to remember the objectives. These will be your chievement fter you hve lerned the lesson. (iv) Content : Totl content of the lesson is divided into sections so tht you understnd nd mster ech concept before proceeding to the next section. Red the text crefully nd if you require, mke short notes on the mrgin of ech pge. Try to solve the given intext questions yourself nd then go to next section. If you cnnot do the intext questions, red them gin until you cn do it.at some plces you will find some texts in itlics nd bold. This is showing the importnce of those portions, you re suggested to memorise it. (v) Intext Questions : These will be objective type questions bsed on ech section. After studying tht section, try to solve those questions by yourself in the spce given below the questions nd then check your nswers with the model nswers given t the end of the lesson. This will help you to know your progress. Solve these in pencil nd compre your nswers with the key provided t the end. Go through the unit gin, if, your nswer do not mtch. (vi) Wht you hve lernt : This will be the summry of the lerning points of the lesson. Retin these nd dd your own points to this list. (vii) Terminl Exercises : There will be short nd long nswer type questions in this section. Try to solve them without tking the help from check your nswer. After solving the questions, tlly these with the check your nswer. (viii) Check your nswers : As explined erlier, here the nswers to intext questions nd terminl questions hve been provided. Compre your nswers with this list. viii

11 Hkkjr dk lfo/kku Hkkx 4v ukxfjdks ds ewy dùkzo; vuqpnsn 51 v ewy dùkzo;&hkkjr ds izr;sd ukxfjd dk ;g dùkzo; gksxk fd og& ¼d½ lfo/kku dk ikyu djs vksj mlds vkn'kks±] izfr"bkfir uhfr;ks ] jk"vª/ot vksj jk"vªxku dk vknj djs] ¼[k½ Lor=krk ds fy, gekjs jk"vªh; vknksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mpp vkn'kks± dks ân; e s l tks, j[ks vksj mudk ikyu djs] ¼x½ Hkkjr dh lizhkqrk],drk vksj v[kmrk dh j{kk djs vksj mls v{kq..k cuk, j[ks] ¼?k½ ns'k dh j{kk djs vksj vkg~oku fd, tkus ij jk"vª dh lsok djs] ¼³½ Hkkjr ds lhkh yksxks es lejlrk vksj leku Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fuekz.k djs tks /kez] Hkk"kk vksj izns'k ;k oxz ij vk/kkfjr lhkh HksnHkkoks ls ijs gks],slh izfkkvks dk R;kx djs tks efgykvks ds leeku ds fo#) gks] ¼p½ gekjh lkekftd llñfr dh xksjo'kkyh ijijk dk egro le>s vksj mldk ifjj{k.k djs] ¼N½ izkñfrd i;kzoj.k dh] ftlds vrxzr ou] >hy] unh vksj ou; tho gs] j{kk djs vksj mldk lo/kzu djs rfkk izkf.kek=k ds izfr n;khkko j[ks] ¼t½ oskkfud n`f"vdks.k] ekuookn vksj KkuktZu rfkk lq/kkj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djs] ¼>½ lkoztfud lifùk dks lqjf{kr j[ks vksj fglk ls nwj jgs] vksj ¼ ½ O;fDrxr vksj lkewfgd xfrfof/k;ks ds lhkh {ks=kks e s mrd"kz dh vksj c<+us dk lrr iz;kl djs] ftlls jk"vª fujrj c<+rs gq, iz;ru vksj miyfc/k dh ubz Å pkbz;ks dks Nw ldsa Constitution of Indi Chpter IVA Fundmentl Duties of Citizens Article 51A Fundmentl Duties - It shll be duty of every citizen of Indi- () to bide by the Constitution nd respect its idels nd institutions, the Ntionl Flg nd the Ntionl Anthem; (b) to cherish nd follow the noble ides which inspired our ntionl struggle for freedom; (c) to uphold nd protect the sovereignty, unity nd integrity of Indi; (d) to defend the country nd render ntionl service when clled upon to do so; (e) to promote hrmony nd the spirit of common brotherhood mongst ll the people of Indi trnscending religious, linguistic nd regionl or sectionl diversities; to renounce prctices derogtory to the dignity of women; (f) to vlue nd preserve the rich heritge of our composite culture; (g) to protect nd improve the nturl environment including forests, lkes, rivers, wild life nd to hve compssion for living cretures; (h) to develop the scientific temper, humnism nd the spirit of inquiry nd reform; (i) (j) to sfegurd public property nd to bjure violence; to strive towrds excellence in ll spheres of individul nd collective ctivity so tht the ntion constntly rises to higher levels of endevour nd chievement. ix

12 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 Hkkjr jru ljnkj cyyhk HkkbZ ivsy% Hkkjr ds yksg iq#"k deys'k eq[kthz ljnkj cyyhk HkkbZ ivsy dk O;fDrRo cgqr gh /ks;zoku vksj xhkhj fdle dk FkkA mugs dbksj O;fDr ekuk tkrk Fkk] ysfdu O;ogkj es og cgqr uez] 'kkr vksj glh&etkd iln O;fDr FksA muds O;fDrRo es pv~vku tslh n`<+rk FkhA rhkh og yksg iq#"k dgyk,a ckgj ls 'kkr gksrs gq, Hkh muds vnj ekuks /k/kdrk gqvk ykok Hkjk FkkA,d rjg ls cqz ls <ds gq, Tokykeq[kh tslk gh mudk O;fDrRo FkkA cky;dky,o f'k{kk cyyhk HkkbZ dk tue 31 vdvwcj 1875 dks xqtjkr ds ukfm;kn uxj es vius ekek ds ;gk gqvk FkkA muds firk >csj HkkbZ xqtjkr ds [ksm+k ftys ds djeln xko ds,d lk/kkj.k Ñ"kd Fks] ysfdu mudk xksjo'kkyh,o ohjrkiw.kz vrhr FkkA mugks us jkuh y{ehckbz dh lsuk es HkrhZ gksdj 1857 es Lok/khurk lxzke es vxzstks ds fo#) l?k"kz es Hkkx fy;k FkkA cyyhk HkkbZ dh ekrk dk uke ykm ckbz FkkA os cgqr gh /kkfezd izo`fr dh efgyk FkhA vius cppks ds pfj= vksj xq.kks dks fodflr djus ds fy, og Ñr ldyi FkhA bl rjg cyyhk HkkbZ dks vius ekrk&firk ls mpp lldkj fojklr es feys FksA og vius ekrk&firk dh pksfkh lrku FksA lksek HkkbZ] ujlh HkkbZ vksj fov~by HkkbZ muls cm+ s rfkk HkkbZ dk'kh vksj cgu nfgck muls mez es NksVs FksA cyyhk HkkbZ ds cm+s HkkbZ fov~by HkkbZ dkuwu ds rks izdkm ifmr Fks gh] Hkkjr ds Lor=rk lxzke es Hkh mugksus egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkbz FkhA cyyhk HkkbZ dh f'k{kk xqtjkrh ek/;e ls djeln xko ls izkjehk gqbza blds ckn mugks us isvykn ds,u-dsgkbz Ldwy es izos'k fy;ka nks o"kz ;gk i<+us ds ckn mugks us ukfm;kn gkbz Ldwy es nkf[kyk fy;k tgk ls 1897 es 22 o"kz dh mez es esfvªd dh ijh{kk mùkh.kz dha /ku ds vhkko es muds ekrk&firk mugs dkwyst dh f'k{kk fnykus es vlefkz FksA cyyhk HkkbZ us ^fmflvªdv IyhMj* dh ijh{kk es csbus dk fu'p; fd;ka odkyr djus ds fy, bl ijh{kk dks ikl djuk t:jh FkkA cyyhk HkkbZ us Lokoycu dk lgkjk fy;ka dkuwu dh dqn fdrkcs fdlh tku&igpku ds odhy ls m/kkj ekx dj rfkk dksvz&dpgjh es gksus okys eqdneks dh isjoh dks lqudj mugks us vius Lokoycu ds cwrs ij gh ijh{kk dh rs;kjh dha lu~ 1900 es bl ijh{kk dks ikl djds og xks/kjk es odkyr djus yxsa fookg i<+kbz djus ds nksjku gh 1891 es cyyhk HkkbZ dk fookg >osj ckbz ds lkfk gks x;k FkkA rc og lksyg o"kz ds FksA mu fnuks dh jhfr&fjokt ds vuqlkj NksVh mez es gh fookg gks tk;k djrs FksA ysfdu fookg ds ckn mudh iruh ek;ds es gh jgha jkstxkj dh O;oLFkk gks tkus ij cyyhk HkkbZ viuh iruh dks vius lkfk ys vk,a lu~ 1904 es mudh iq=h e.kh csu rfkk 1905 es muds iq= n;k HkkbZ dk tue gqvka ckn es mudh iruh ds lj ls ihfm+r gqb± rks mugks us mudk bykt ccbz ¼vc eqcbz½ ds vlirky es djk;ka ysfdu og viuh iruh dks cpk u ik;sa lu~ 1909 es mudh iruh dk fu/ku gks x;ka deys'k eq[kthz] 43] ns'kc/kq lkslkbvh] 15] ivim+xt] fnyyh &

13 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 fons'k ;k=k vksj dkuwu dh i<+kbz lu~ 1910 es dkuwu dh i<+kbz djus ds fy, cyyhk HkkbZ bxysm jokuk gks x,a dm+h esgur djds og ckj&,v&ykw dh ijh{kk es csbsa bl ijh{kk es lokszpp LFkku izkir djus ds fy, mugs ipkl iksm dk udn iqjldkj rfkk Nk=o`fÙk Hkh feyha Qjojh 1913 es csfjlvj cudj cyyhk HkkbZ Hkkjr yksvsa mugks us vgenkckn es viuh odkyr 'kq: dha viuh dkuwuh ;ksx;rk vksj ifjje ds cwrs ij cyyhk HkkbZ [kwc /ku dekus yxsa og dherh dim+ s igurs vksj BkV&ckV ls jgrsa mugks us xqtjkr Dyc] ftles dsoy /kuh vksj vfhktkr yksx gh tk ldrs Fks] dh lnl;rk ys yha bl Dyc es mudk fu;fer vkuk&tkuk gksrk jgrka ;gk vius nkslrks ds lkfk og vdlj fczt [ksyrsa xk/khth dk izhkko vgenkckn Dyc es xk/khth dbz ckj O;k[;ku nsus ds fy, vkrs FksA vius O;k[;ku es xk/khth vkre'kfdr] vfglk rfkk lr;kxzg ds ewy;ks ij tksj nsrs vksj dgrs fd fczfv'k ljdkj rfkk muds vu;k; dk fojks/k vfglkred <x ls fd;k tkuk pkfg,a 'kq: es cyyhk HkkbZ us xk/khth ds ckrks ij dksbz /;ku ugh fn;ka ysfdu ckj&ckj xk/khth dks lqudj og muds fopkjks vksj fu"bk ls izhkkfor gq, fcuk u jg ldsa og xk/khth ds vuq;k;h cu x,a [ksm+k lr;kxzg lu~ 1918 e s [ksm+k ftyk ds fdlkuks dks Hkkjh izkñfrd foink >syuh im+ha Hkkjh o"kkz ls vkbz ck<+ us tks rckgh epkbz Fkh mlus mudh Qly] i'kq vksj pkjs dks u"v dj fn;k Fkk vksj os nkus&nkus ds eksgrkt gks x, FksA,sls es Hkwfe&dj pqdk ikuk muds lkef;z ls ckgj dh ckr FkhA fdlku Vksfy;ks es vkdj xk/khth ls feys vksj muls lgk;rk dh vihy dha xk/khth ds dgus ij cyyhk HkkbZ us fdlkuks dh vksj ls ljdkj dks,d vkosnu i= fn;k ftles Hkwfe&dj,d= djus dks LFkfxr djus dh izkfkzuk dh xbz FkhA ysfdu ljdkj us bl izkfkzuk i= dks vlohdkj dj fn;ka xk/khth ds vkns'k ij cyyhk HkkbZ us fdlkuks dks ljdkj ls ym+us ds fy, lxfbr fd;ka 'kkfriw.kz <x ls dj u nsus dk vfhk;ku 'kq: gqvka dj u vnk djus ij ljdkj us fdlkuks dh tehu&tk;nkn vksj eosf'k;ks dks tcr dj fy;ka ysfdu fdlku vm+ s jgsa lc d"vks dks >sydj Hkh mugks us gkj ugh ekuha muds n`<+ ldyi ds vkxs ljdkj dks vrr% >qduk im+ka [ksm+k l?k"kz lqy gqvk vksj fdlkuks dh thr gqbza xk/khth ds lr;kxzg ds fl)kr dks vey es ykdj gh cyyhk HkkbZ dks bles lqyrk feyh FkhA og xk/khth ds dk;y gks x, vksj mudk vksj Hkh LkEeku djus yxsa cyyhk HkkbZ us 1919 es xk/khth }kjk pyk, tk jgs vlg;ksx vknksyu es Hkh Hkkx fy;ka xk/khth ds pj[kk dkrus ls izhkkfor gksdj cyyhk HkkbZ Hkh pj[kk dkrus yxsa mugk sus fons'kh olrqvks ds cfg"dkj es fgllk fy;ka yksxks dks fons'kh ol=ks dh lkoztfud :i ls gksyh tykus ds fy, mugks us dgka Lo; viuh Vksih vksj tsdsv dks vkx ds gokys dj mugks us lcds fy, mnkgj.k is'k fd;ka ckjnksyh vknksyu lu~ 1928 es ljdkj us ckjnksyh ds fdlkuks dk Hkwfe& dj c<+k fn;ka bl vuqfpr c<+ksrjh ds fojks/k es cyyhk HkkbZ ds usr`ro es ckjnksyh ds fdlkuks us 'kkfriw.kz vksj vfglkred <x ls viuk vknksyu 'kq: fd;ka mugks us ljdkj dks dj nsus ls euk dj fn;ka ljdkj us fdlkuks dh tehu] eos'kh rfkk vu; lifùk dks tcr dj fy;ka blls fdlkuks dks?kksj dfbukb;ks dk lkeuk djuk im+k ysfdu fgeer u gkjdj mugks us viuk 'kkfriw.kz l?k"kz tkjh j[kka vrr% ljdkj dks 2

14 >qduk im+k vksj fdlkuks dh ekxs eku yh xb±a mudh tcr dh xbz tehu&tk;nkn vksj i'kq vkfn Hkh mugs yksvk fn, x, vksj c<+ s gq, dj dks Hkh okil dj fn;k x;ka ljdkj ds 'kks"k.k ds fo#) fd;k x;k ckjnksyh vknksyu lqy jgka xk/khth us bldk iwjk Js; cyyhk HkkbZ dks fn;k vksj mugs ^ljnkj* ;kuh usrk dh mikf/k ls fohkwf"kr fd;ka bl rjg ckjnksyh vknksyu ds uk;d cyyhk HkkbZ ljnkj cyyhk HkkbZ ivsy cu x,a ued lr;kxzg es fxj rkj ekpz 1930 es xk/khth us lkcjerh vkje ls MkMh dh 320 fdyksehvj dh isny ;k=k dha bl ;k=k ds ckn xk/khth us MkMh ds leqnz rv ij ued cuk;ka ued ij rc ljdkj dk,dkf/kdkj Fkk vksj dsoy ljdkj gh ued cuk ldrh FkhA xk/khth us ued cukdj lfou; vokk vknksyu (Civil Disobedience Movement) dh 'kq:vkr dha bl vknksyu dks ued lr;kxzg dk uke Hkh fn;k tkrk gsa bl lr;kxzg es vksj usrkvks ds lkfk ljnkj ivsy Hkh fxj rkj gq,a ekpz 1931 es tc xk/kh&bfozu le>ksrs ds lkfk ued lr;kxzg lekir gks x;k rc vksj usrkvks ds lkfk ljnkj ivsy dks Hkh tsy ls fjgk dj fn;k x;ka lu~ 1931 es ljnkj ivsy dkxzsl ds djkph vf/kos'ku ds v/;{k cusa blh o"kz xksyest dkýsl es Hkkx ysus ds fy, xk/kh th ccbz ¼vc eq cbz½ ls tgkt }kjk ynu ds fy, jokuk gq,a ysfdu ;g xksyest dkýs l vlqy jgha lu~ 1932 es tc xk/khth ynu ls Hkkjr yksvs rks mugs fxj rkj dj fy;k x;ka ljnkj ivsy] ifmr usg: rfkk vu; usrkvks dks Hkh fxj rkj fd;k x;ka ;jonk tsy es xk/khth vksj ljnkj ivsy dks iwuk ¼vc iq.ks½ dh ;jonk tsy es j[kk x;ka tsy es jgrs gq, uocj 1932 dks ljnkj ivsy dh ekrk dk nsgkr gks x;ka ysfdu ek ds vfre lldkj es Hkkx ysus ds fy, mugks us 'krks± ij fjgk gksus ls budkj dj fn;ka vdvwcj 1933 es fo,uk es muds cm+ s HkkbZ fov~by HkkbZ dk Hkh fu/ku gks x;ka muds ikffkzo 'kjhj dks nkg lldkj ds fy, ccbz yk;k x;ka vius cm+ s HkkbZ dh e`r;q ij ljnkj ivsy dks cgqr nq[k gqvka gkykfd nksuks Hkkb;ks ds jktuhfrd fopkjks es vrj Fkk ysfdu nksuks ds chp izxk<+ Lusg,o leeku dk fj'rk FkkA ckotwn blds vius cm+ s HkkbZ ds vfre lldkj es Hkkx ysus ds fy, mugks us isjksy ij fjgk gksus ls euk dj fn;ka lfou; vokk vknkysu [kre gks tkus ij lhkh usrkvks dks fjgk dj fn;k x;ka ysfdu ljnkj ivsy dqn vksj fnuks rd tsy es jgsa ckn es vlolfkrk ds dkj.k ivsy dks Hkh 1934 es tsy ls fjgk dj fn;k x;ka Hkkjr NksM+ks vknksyu 8 vxlr 1942 dks vkwy bfm;k dkxzsl desvh dh ccbz es xks"bh gqbza bl xks"bh es e/; jkf= dks ^Hkkjr NksM+ks* dk izlrko ikl fd;k x;ka vxyh lqcg ljnkj ivsy] ifmr usg: rfkk vu; x.keku; usrkvks dks fxj rkj dj fy;k x;k rfkk mugs vgenuxj fdys es utjcn j[kk x;ka f}rh; fo'o ;q) lekir gks tkus ds ckn 15 twu 1945 dks ljnkj ivsy rfkk vu; usrkvks dks tsy ls fjgk dj fn;k x;ka vrfje ljdkj dh LFkkiuk f}rh; fo'o ;q) dh lekfir ds ckn vxzst ljdkj us eglwl fd;k fd Hkkjr ij vc vksj vf/kd le; rd viuk vkf/kir; cuk, j[kuk dfbu gsa dwvuhfr ds rgr Hkkjrh; usrkvks ls ckrphr djus ds fy, 23 ekpz 1946 dks Dyhes V,Vyh ds usr`ro es,d fczfv'k 3

15 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 dsfcusv fe'ku dks Hkkjr Hkstk x;ka fe'ku ds izlrkoks es,d izlrko vrfje ljdkj dh LFkkiuk djuk Hkh FkkA flrcj 1946 es tc vrfje ljdkj cuh rks i- tokgjyky usg: dks iz/kkue=h cuk;k x;ka ljnkj ivsy dks x`g e=ky; vksj lwpuk,o izlkj.k e=ky; dk dk;zhkkj lksik x;ka 15 vxlr 1947 dks tc Hkkjr Lor= gqvk rks ljnkj ivsy Lok/khu Hkkjr ds izfke mi&iz/kkue=h cusa x`g vksj lwpuk,o izlkj.k e=ky;ks ] tks muds ikl igys ls gh Fks] ds lkfk&lkfk mugs fj;klrh ekeyks dk e=ky; (Ministry of Sttes) Hkh lksik x;ka fj;klrks dk Hkkjr l?k es foy; Lor=rk izkfir ls igys jktuhfrd n`f"v ls Hkkjr nks Hkkxks es cvk gqvk FkkA,d Hkkx ij fczfv'k 'kklu dk Fkk tks fczfv'k Hkkjr dgykrk Fkk tcfd nwljs Hkkx es vusd ns'kh fj;klrs Fkh ftu ij jktk&egkjktkvks vksj uokcks vkfn dk 'kklu FkkA Lor=rk izkfir ds ckn fczfv'k Hkkjr rks Hkkjr l?k cu x;k ysfdu bu ns'kh fj;klrks ds ckjs es dksbz Hkh fu.kz; ugh fy;k x;ka buds 'kkld pkgs rks Hkkjr ;k ikfdlrku fdlh es Hkh 'kkfey gks ldrs Fks ;k viuh vyx lùkk Hkh cuk, j[k ldrs FksA,slh fj;klrks dh l[;k 550 ls Hkh vf/kd FkhA ns'k dh v[kmrk vksj,drk dh [kkfrj bu fj;klrks dk Hkkjr l?k es foy; fd;k tkuk vko';d FkkA ljnkj ivsy us bu fj;klrks ds 'kkldks dks Hkkjr l?k ds lkfk foy; gksus dh vihy dha twukx<+ ds uokc vksj gsnjkckn ds futke ds lkfk Hkh mugks us ckrphr dha igys mudh e'kk Hkkjr l?k ds lkfk foy; gksus dh ugh FkhA ysfdu dqn dwvuhfr vksj dqn l[rh dk lgkjk ysdj mugks us bu fooknxzlr fj;klrks ds ekeys dks Hkh n`<+rk ls fuivk;ka bl HkxhjFk dk;z es mugs lqyrk feyha fouezrk ysfdu n`<+rk ds lkfk mugks us ;g dk;z liuu fd;ka rhkh mugs yksg iq#"k dh lkk feyha Hkkjr l?k ds lkfk fj;klrks ds,dhdj.k dk dk;z fcuk fdlh [kwu&[kjkcs ds ljnkj ivsy ds dkj.k gh 'kkfriw.kz <x ls gks ik;ka egkrek xk/kh us muds bl dk;z dh iz'klk djrs gq, dgk fd Hkkjr l?k ds lkfk fj;klrks dks feykus ds nq"dj dk;z dks ljnkj ivsy us iwjh n`<+rk,o dq'kyrk ls vtke fn;ka dq'ky iz'kkld,d nwjn'khz usrk gksus ds lkfk&lkfk ljnkj ivsy,d dq'ky iz'kkld Hkh FksA fofhkuu e=ky;ks ds dk;z dks mugks us n{krk,o dq'kyrkiwozd lhkkyka ljnkj ivsy ljdkjh uksdjh ds egro dks tkurs FksA mugh ds ln~iz;klks vksj nwjnf'kzrk ds pyrs gh Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok] Hkkjrh; iqfyl lsok vksj vu; ds nzh; lsok, pykbz xbza og pkgrs Fks fd ;ksx; O;fDr gh bu lsokvks ds fy, pqus tk,a mudk ekuuk Fkk fd jk"vªh;,drk dks cuk, j[kus es bu lsokvks dh egrh Hkwfedk gks ldrh gsa 15 fnlcj 1950 dks ân;k?kkr ls Hkkjr ds yksg iq#"k dk ccbz ¼vc eqcbz½ es fu/ku gks x;ka iwjs ns'k es 'kksd dk okrkoj.k Nk x;ka gtkjks yksxks us mudh 'ko ;k=k es Hkkx fy;ka Hkkjr ljdkj us mugs ns'k ds lokszpp leeku ^Hkkjr jru* dh mikf/k ls fohkwf"kr fd;ka jk"vªh;,drk ds f'kyih] vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds fuekzrk rfkk vusdrk es,drk ds lw=/kkj ds :i es ljnkj ivsy dks ges'kk ;kn fd;k tkrk jgsxka ljnkj cyyhk HkkbZ ivsy ds dqn jkspd rfkk izsjd izlx cpkiu dh cgknqjh ljnkj ivsy tc cgqr NksVs Fks] mudh dk[k ¼cxy½ es,d QksM+k gqvka bles eokn im+ tkus ds dkj.k 4

16 + s eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 mudh rdyhq cgqr c<+ xbz FkhA xko es,d O;fDr Fkk tks xje yksgs ls QksM+ks dks nkxrk FkkA ivsy ml O;fDr ds ikl igqpsa mlus QksM+ s dks nkxus ds fy, yksgs dks HkV~Vh ij j[k fn;ka yksgk xez gks x;ka ysfdu ckyd dh mez dks ns[kdj xez yksgs ls QksM+ dks nkxus dh mls fgeer ugh im+ jgh FkhA ;g ns[kdj ivsy ls u jgk x;ka og tksj ls cksy im+ s] ^^vki fdlfy, brtkj dj jgs gs\ yksgk BMk gks tk,xka pfy,] tynh ls QksM+ s dks nkx nhft,a** lqudj og O;fDr vksj Hkh [kksq ls Hkj mbka ivsy us vko ns[kk u rko] xez yksgs dks mbkdj mlls vkuu&qkuu es mugks us QksM+ s dks nkx fn;ka ;g n`'; ns[kdj ogk ekstwn yksxks dh eqg ls ph[ks fudy xb±a ysfdu ivsy ds psgjs ij nnz ds dksbz Hkh y{k.k ugh FksA yksx ml NksVh mez es ckyd dh cgknqjh dks ns[kdj nkrks rys vxqyh nckus yxsa v/;kid dks pquko ftrk;k ukfm;kn gkbz Ldwy es tkus ls igys ljnkj ivsy isvykn ds,u-ds- gkbzldwy es nks o"kz i<+ s FksA bl Ldwy es ljnkj ivsy us lxfbr djus dh {kerk dk ifjp; fn;ka bl Ldwy ds,d v/;kid tks cgqr gh fo}ku Fks rfkk ftudk Nk= cgqr leeku djrs Fks],d ckj LFkkuh; uxj ikfydk ds pquko e s [km+ s gq,a xq.kh vksj leekfur gksus ds ckotwn ;g v/;kid cgqr xjhc Fks tcfd mudk foi{kh,d vehj O;olk;h FkkA mls viuh thr ij iwjk Hkjkslk FkkA ljnkj ivsy tkurs Fks fd muds v/;kid vius foi{kh ds eqdkcys vf/kd dkfcy meehnokj gsa ysfdu lkfk&lkfk og ;g Hkh tkurs Fks fd muds ikl thrus ds lk/ku ugh gsa blfy, ljnkj ivsy us pquko vfhk;ku dk lkjk fteek vius Åij ys fy;ka muds vkg~oku ij muds lkfkh Nk= bl vfhk;ku es lg;ksx nsus ds fy, lg"kz jkth gks x,a ivsy ds lkfk Nk=ks dh Vksyh pquko vfhk;ku ds fy, fudyha mugksus lhkh ernkrkvks ls lidz lk/kk vksj v/;kid ds i{k es oksv Mkyus dh muls tksjnkj vihy dha bl lkjh ljxehz dk urhtk ;g fudyk fd og v/;kid pquko thr x,a pquko es feyh thr us ljnkj ivsy dh lxfbr djus dh {kerk dks iznf'kzr fd;k tks ckn es muds jktuhfrd thou dk izrhd cuha v/;kid dks lh[k tgk ljnkj ivsy us,d v/;kid dks pquko es ftrk;k Fkk ogh Nk=ks ds lkfk gksus okys vu;k; ds fojks/k es,d v/;kid ds f[kykq [km+ s Hkh gq, FksA?kVuk rc dh gs tc ljnkj ivsy ukfm;kn gkbz Ldwy es i<+rs FksA bl Ldwy ds,d v/;kid dh iqlrdks dh,d nqdku FkhA og lhkh Nk=ks dks viuh nqdku ls gh iqlrds [kjhnus ds fy, ck/; djrs FksA tks Nk=,slk u djrk mls og rjg&rjg ds mykgus nsrsa ljnkj ivsy dks v/;kid dk ;g O;ogkj xyr yxka mugks us vius lkffk;ks ds lkfk e'kfojk fd;ka r; gqvk fd mu v/;kid dh d{kk dk lhkh Nk= cfg"dkj djs xsa iwjs,d g rs rd cfg"dkj dk dk;zøe pyka mu v/;kid egksn; dks viuh xyrh dk,glkl gqvka blds ckn fdlh Hkh Nk= dks viuh nqdku ls iqlrd [kjhnus ds fy, mugk sus dhkh ck/; ugh fd;ka dùkzo; Hkkouk gh lokszifj,d ckj ljnkj ivsy dksvz es fdlh eqdnes dh isjoh dj jgs FksA og U;k;k/kh'k ds vkxs cm+s euks;ksx ls vius rdks± dks izlrqr dj jgs FksA,sls es vpkud fdlh us vkdj muds gkfk es,d Vsyhxzke Fkek;kA mugks us tynh ls bl Vsyhxzke dks i<+k vksj fqj eksm+dj mls viuh tsc es j[k fy;ka mugks us viuh isjoh tkjh j[kha 5

17 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 isjoh lekir dj tc og dqlhz ij csbs rc tkdj gh ml Vsyhxzke es fy[ks lns'k dk muds vklikl csbs yksxks dks irk pyka Vsyhxzke es mudh iruh ds fu/ku dh lwpuk FkhA ivsy bldks i<+ pqds FksA ysfdu fqj Hkh mugks us eqdnes dh isjoh dks tkjh j[kh ekuks tsls dqn gqvk gh u gksa dùkzo; dh Hkkouk gh ljnkj ivsy ds fy, lokszifj FkhA ijs'kkfu;ks vksj eqlhcrks ls mudk eukscy dhkh VwVk ugha rhkh mugs lksis x, lhkh dk;k±s dks og yksg ln`'k ldyi vksj bpnk 'kfdr ls vtke ns ikrs FksA tsy ds vnj epnjnkfu;ks dh O;oLFkk vdvwcj 1940 e s xk/khth us O;fDrxr :i ls lr;kxzg (Self disobedience) djus dh ;kstuk cukbza bl lr;kxzg es Hkkx ysus ds fy, dqn usrkvks dks fxj rkj djds tsy es Mky fn;k x;ka bues ljnkj ivsy Hkh FksA tsy ds vnj epnjks dk Hkkjh izdksi FkkA ljnkj ivsy us tc tsyj ls epnjnkfu;ks dh ekx dh rks mlus bugs miyc/k djkus es viuh vlefkzrk O;Dr dha tsyj dh ckr lqudj ivsy eu gh eu {kqc/k gq,a ysfdu ckgj ls og 'kkr cus jgsa /khj&xhkhj Loj es cksys] ^^tukc] tsy es viuh ethz ls ugh vk;k gw A eq>s ;gk yk;k x;k gsa tsyj gksus ds ukrs epnjnkfu;ks dh O;oLFkk djuk vkidk dùkzo; gsa vxj vki epnjnkfu;ks dh O;oLFkk ugh dj ldrs rks ge s tsy ls ckgj tkus ns A tc epnjnkfu;ks dh O;oLFkk gks tk, rks ges cqyk yhft,xk] ge [kq'kh&[kq'kh tsy yksv vk;xsa** fouezrk ysfdu n`<+rk ls dgh xbz ivsy dh ckr lqudj tsyj lge x;ka dguk u gksxk fd dqn gh le; ds vnj tsy ds lhkh dsfn;ks ds fy, mlus epnjnkfu;ks dh O;oLFkk djok nha mlrjs ls dsfn;ks dh nk<+h cukus dh is'kd'k ljnkj ivsy rc iwuk ¼vc iq.ks½ dh ;jonk tsy es FksA tsy es blrseky ds fy, muds dqn fe=ks us mugs mlrjk Hks V fd;ka ysfdu tsy ds vf/kdkfj;ks us mugs blds blrseky dh btktr ugh nha ;g ivsy dks fny ls ukxokj xqtjka ysfdu vius Loj es gkl; dk iqv ykdj og cksys] ^^vkf[kj vki eq>s ;g mlrjk blrseky djus D;ks ugh nsrs\ es pkgrk gw fd blls lhkh dsfn;ks dh nk<+h cukåa blls eq>s tsy es dke djus dk eksdk feyxk vksj esjk le; dv tk,xka** lqudj ogk ekstwn lhkh yksxks dh cjcl glh NwV xbza cs'kd ckgj ls ivsy /khj&xhkhj vksj dbksj yxrs Fks] ysfdu vius O;ogkj es gkl;&o;x; ds iqv dks ys vkus es og ekfgj FksA vius fudv tuks dks glh&etkd dk ekgksy nsdj og muds xeks dks Hkqykus e s enn djrs FksA lknxh Hkjk izsj.kknk;d O;fDrÙo ljnkj ivsy dk lexz thou izsj.kknk;d gsa og,d xjhc ifjokj es isnk gq, FksA muds ekrk&firk dh lelr vk'kk, vius nksuks cm+s csvks lksek vksj ujlh ij fvdh FkhA rfkk vius Lusg dks vf/kdk'k :i ls og vius NksVs csvs dk'kh vksj bdyksrh csvh nfgck ij gh U;kSNkoj djrs FksA,sls es ljnkj ivsy vksj muds cm+ s HkkbZ fov~by HkkbZ] tks chp dh lrku Fks] dks lcz ls gh dke ysuk im+rk FkkA cppks es febkbz cvrh ;k mudks u, dim+ s fnyok, tkrs rks ljnkj ivsy vksj fov~by HkkbZ dh ckjh lcls vkf[kj es gh vkrh FkhA tc ljnkj ivsy isvykn ds Ldwy es i<+rs Fks rks viuk Hkkstu [kqn idkrs FksA jlksbz ds lkeku dks gj lirkg vius?kj ls isvykn isny pydj gh ys tkrs FksA og Vªsu }kjk vk&tk ldrs Fks ysfdu muds ikl jsy ds fvdv ds fy, isls ugh FksA 6

18 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 cpiu ls gh?kj&ckgj fodv,o dfbu ifjflfkfr;ks dks >syus ds dkj.k u dsoy muds O;fDRkRo es,d n`<+rk vk xbz Fkh cfyd muds vnj blls,d izcy ekufld 'kfdr,o vkrefo'okl dk fodkl Hkh gqvk FkkA rhkh og yksg iq#"k dgyk,a ljnkj ivsy mu bzekunkj usrkvks es ls Fks ftugks us vius fy, u rks dksbz lifùk cukbz vksj u dksbz /ku tek fd;ka lkoztfud lifùk es ls,d isls dks Hkh mugks us dhkh gkfk ugh yxk;ka vius iq= n;k HkkbZ rfkk csvh euh csu dks Hkh lknxh Hkjk thou thus ds fy, izsfjr fd;ka bl ckjs es,d izsjd izlx dk ;gk myys[k djuk mi;qä gksxka,d ckj jk"vªusrk egkohj R;kxh x`ge=h fuokl ij ljnkj ivsy ls feyus ds fy, vk,a mudh iq=h e.khcsu egkohj th ds fy, ikuh ykbza e.khcsu dh lkm+h ij iscn ns[kdj egkohj R;kxh gsjku gksdj cksys] ^^vk'p;z! Hkkjr ds x`ge=h dh iq=h dh lkm+h es brus iscn\** lqudj e.khcsu us fouezrkiwozd tokc fn;k] ^^bles vk'p;z dslk pkpkth! pj[ks ij dkrdj rs;kj [kknh ls firkth ds ol= cu tkrs gs vksj muds }kjk /kkj.k fd, x, ol=ks ls ckn es esjs fy, lkm+h cu tkrh gsa** lknxh Hkjs thou dh blls c<+dj vksj D;k felky gks ldrh gsa lpeqp ljnkj ivsy tsls bzekunkj] dùkzo;fu"b vksj n`<+ bpnk 'kfdr okys usrkvks dh vkt ns'k dks cgqr vko';drk gsa lpph fo k ml le; vkjehk gksrh gs] tc euq"; lelr ckgjh lgkjks dks NksM+dj viuh vurjx vuurrk dh vksj /;ku nsrk gsa og le; ekuks ;g eksfyd Kku dk,d LokHkkfod lzksr cu tkrk gs vfkok egku~ uohu uwru fopkjks dk p'ek cu tkrk gsa Lokeh jkerhfkz ¼jkeân;] i`"b 148½ lpph fo k dk iw.kz mís'; yksxks ls Bhd dke djkuk gh ugh] oju~ Bhd dkeks es vkuun ysuk fl[kykuk gs] dsoy ifjjeh cukuk gh ugh] oju~ ifjje ls izse djuk fl[kykrk gsa Lokeh jkerhfkz ¼jkeân;] i`"b 149½ 7

19 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 Hkkjr jru MkW,-ih-ts- vcnqy dyke Hkkjrh; felkby dk;zøe ds iqjks/kk Jh jke'kj.k nkl vkt viuk ns'k Hkkjr fo'o dh cm+h ijek.kq 'kfdr;ks es ls,d gsa vrfj{k fokku ds {ks= es gekjh miyfc/k;k ges fodflr ns'kks ds led{k ys tkrh gs] rfkk felkby iz{ksi.k ds ekeys es geus bruk rduhdh fodkl dj fy;k gs fd flqz rhu ns'k gh gels vkxs gs A ijek.kq ÅtkZ] vrfj{k fokku vksj felkby fuekz.k&bu rhuks {ks=ks es gekjh vizfre izxfr ds fy, ftl,d O;fDr ds lefizr thou vksj dq'ky usr`ro dk lcls vf/kd ;ksxnku gs] mudk uke gs& vcnqy ikfdj tsuqycnhu vcnqy dykea l?k"kze; cpiu,-ih-ts- vcnqy dyke dk tue 15 vdvwcj 1931 dks /kuq"kdksfv] jkes'oje~ ¼rfeyukMq½ ds,d enqvkjk ifjokj es gqvka muds firk tsuqycnhu ejd;kj i<+ s&fy[ks rks ugh Fks] ij viuh bzekunkjh] gksf'k;kjh] mnkjrk,o vkrekuq'kklu ds fy, izfl) FksA ekrk vkf'k;eek i<+h&fy[kh /kkfezd fopkjks dh efgyk FkhA vcnqy dyke dh cpiu ls gh i<+us es vuqjfdr FkhA blfy, ekrk&firk us Hkh mudks i<+kbz dh lqfo/kk nsus dh iwjh dksf'k'k dha izkfkfed f'k{kk ds fy, mugs lkfe;kj Ldwy jkes'oje~ es HkrhZ djk;k x;ka fqj 'okv~zt gkbzldwy jkeukfkiqje~ ls nloh vksj 1950 es ls V tkstsq dkyst f=pqjkiyyh ls fokku es Lukrd ijh{kk ikl dha vcnqy dyke ds tue ds dqn o"kz ckn gh ifjokj dh vkffkzd flfkfr fcxm+ xbza muds firk dh dqn ukos èkuq"kdksfv ls jkes'oje~ ds chp fdjk;s ij pyrh FkhA ysfdu,d pøokr es og lc ukos cg xbz vksj ifjokj dh vk; dk lk/ku lekir gks x;ka,sls es vcnqy dyke dh i<+kbz dh Qhl tqvkuk Hkh eqf'dy gks x;ka dfbukbz ds ml le; es iwjs ifjokj us,dtqv jgdj thou ft;ka ckyd vcnqy dyke us Hkh vius cwrs ds fglkc ls ifjokj dh vk; c<+kus ds fy, ;ksxnku fd;ka fqj cpiu es xfy;ks ls beyh ds cht chudj,d vkuk jkst dekuk gks] ;k Ldwy ds fnuks es ppsjs HkkbZ 'kelqíhu ds fy, jsy ls v[kckj mbkuk vksj ckvuk gks ;k fqj dkwyst dh Qhl tqvkus ds fy, V~;w'ku i<+kuk-lc dqn fd;k vcnqy dyke usa vklekuks es mm+us dh vk'kk cpiu e s ifdr cukdj vkleku es mm+rs ty&if{k;ks dks ns[kuk uugs vcnqy dks cgqr vpnk yxrk FkkA mldk Hkh eu vkdk'k es mm+us ds fy, epy&epy tkrka cpiu ls eu es cls ml lius dks iwjk djus Jh jke'kj.k nkl] ¼iwoZ,l-bZ-vks-],uvkbZvks,l½] lsdvj&4] edku u- 49] os'kkyh] xkft;kckn& ¼m-iz-½ 8

20 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 ds fy, ch-,l-lh- ds ckn enzkl rduhdh llfkku e s mm~m;u vfhk;kf=dh dkslz ds fy, izkfkzuk i= fn;ka ;ksx;rk ds vk/kkj ij izos'k dh LohÑfr rks feyh ij Qhl dgk ls vk;s\ rc cgu tksgjk us viuh lksus dh pwfm+;k vksj psu fxjoh j[kdj Qhl dh O;oLFkk dha R;kx] ril;k] izse&rhu lw=ks ls l/kh ftnxh mm~m;u vfhk;kf=dh es cgqr vpns vdks ls Lukrd ijh{kk ikl djus ds ckn vcnqy dyke us nks LFkkuks ij fjdr inks ds fy, vkosnu fd;k& Hkkjrh; ok;qlsuk es vksj j{kk e=ky; ds rduhdh fodkl vksj fuekz.k funs'kky; (DTD nd P) es A mudh fnyh bpnk Fkh fd ok;qlsuk es mudh fu;qfdr gks tk;] ij isuy es mudk ucj uok jg x;k tcfd vkb in Hkjs tkus FksA gk ] DTD & P es 250 #- izfrekg ds ewyosru ij] ofj"b oskkfud lgk;d ds :i es fu;qfdr dk i= mugs fey x;ka ;gk ],dne vutkuh rduhd ij dke djrs gq, mugksus vius lg;ksfx;ks ds lkfk feydj] gkwojøk V&^uUnh* dk fuekz.k fd;ka 1962 es ] vurfj{k vuos"k.k ds fy, Hkkjrh; lfefr (INCOSPAR) cuh rks Mk- foøe lkjkhkkbz vksj,eth-ds- esuu us MkW- dyke dks jkwdsv bftfu;j ds :i es fu;qdr fd;ka ;gh ls mugs 4 eghus ds,d izf'k{k.k dk;zøe ds fy, NASA tkus vksj fofhkuu vurfj{k vuql/kku dsunzks dks ns[kus dk volj feyka uklk ls yksvrs gh mugs jkwdsv l;kstd,o lqj{kk fohkkx dk v/;{k cuk fn;k x;k vksj 'kh?kz gh muds usr`ro es Nike Apche uke dk uugk jkwdsv lqyrkiwozd iz{ksfir fd;k x;ka Hkkjrh; vurfj{k 'kks/k lxbu (ISRO) ds xbu ds lkfk gh dyke Hkkjrh; jkwdsv fodkl dk;zøe ls tqm+ x;sa SLV-3] jksfg.kh lkåfumx jkwdsv (RSR)] jkwdsv,msm Vsd vkwq (RATO) rduhd] QkbZcj fjbuqkslmz IykfLVd (FRP) dk fodkl] bl dky es muds usr`ro es gqbz bljks dh fo'ks"k miyfc/k;k gsa 1982 es ] MkW- ch-,l- v#.kkpye~ us] tks ml le; j{kke=h ds lykgdkj rfkk j{kk 'kks/k,o fodkl lxbu (DRDO) ds v/;{k Fks] Jh dyke dh dk;z,o usr`ro {kerk dks ns[krs gq, mugs gsnkjkckn flfkr j{kk 'kks/k,o fodkl iz;ksx'kkyk dk funs'kd cuk fn;ka ;gk mugks us bfuvxz svsm xkbmsm felkby Moyies V izksxzke (IGMDP) ij /;ku yxk;k vksj i`foh] vkdk'k] f='kwy] ukx,o vfxu uked ikp felkbyks dk fodkl fd;ka Jh dyke us lhkh lonsu'khy ljdkjh rduhdh llfkkuks ds 'kh"kz inks ij jg dj dk;z fd;k ftues rduhdh lwpuk] iwokzuqeku,o ewy; fu/kkzj.k ifj"kn (TIFAC) dk v/;{k in,o Hkkjr ljdkj ds eq[; oskkfud lykgdkj dk in Hkh 'kkfey gsa og tgk Hkh jgs vius ljy vkreh; O;ogkj] vuojr dk;z lk/ kuk,o dq'ky usr`ro {kerk ds dkj.k fohkkx es ubz tku Qw dus vksj fu/kkzfjr le;&lhek ls iwoz y{; izkir djus es lqy gq,a,d Js"B oskkfud] dq'ky fmtkbuj] lefizr mrikn &vfhk;kf=d] lqy iz'kkld] izoh.k rduhdh izc/kd dyke cgqr gh ljy ân; O;fDr gs] tks vius dke es brus Mwc tkrs gs fd dhkh&dhkh vius vki dks vksj vius ifjokj dks Hkh Hkwy tkrs gsa Jh dyke vfookfgr gsa muds cm+s HkkbZ dkfle ejd;kj ds vuqlkj dk;z O;Lrrk ds dkj.k gh mudh 'kknh u gks ldha,sls gh j{kk vuql/kku vksj fodkl iz;ksx'kkyk ds funs'kd ds :i es fnu Hkj O;Lr dk;zøe es os iq=h tslh viuh Hkkth tehyk dh 'kknh dk fnu Hkwy x;s vksj tc ;kn vk;k rks igqpus dk dksbz O;ogkfjd lk/ku muds ikl ugh FkkA yxu ds idds pquksrh feyrs gh Jh dyke ds vunj dh lkjh 'kfdr;k tsls,dtqv gksdj dk;zjr gks tkrh gsa 9

21 Ldwy ds fnuks es b/kj&m/kj csdkj?kwers ns[k xf.kr ds v/;kid Jh jkeñ".k v;~;j us vcnqy dyke dh cs r ls fivkbz dh rks vxyh =Sekfld ijh{kk es 100 izfr'kr vd ykdj mugh Jh v;~;j us izkr% dkyhu lhkk es ;g xokszfdr djus dk volj fn;k fd ftldks mudh cs r im+h ogh lqyrk ds jklrs ij py im+ka enzkl rduhdh llfkku es Hkh,slh gh,d?kvuk?kvha fmtkbfux ds izk/;kid Jh Jhfuokl us gokbz tgkt dh iz.kksnu iz.kkyh] ljpuk] fu;=.k vksj ;= iz.kkyh ds fmtkbu cukus dk izdyi fn;ka vcnqy dyke us tks fmtkbu izlrqr fd;s mugs izksqslj Jhfuokl us fujk'kktud ik;k vksj /kedh nh fd ;fn rhu fnu ds vunj mfpr fmtkbu izlrqr ugh fd;s rks mugs feyus okyh Nk=o`fÙk cun dj nh tk,xha vcnqy dyke us jkr Hkj tkxdj dke fd;k vksj fu/kkzfjr le; lhek ls igys gh u;s fmtkbu izks- Jhfuokl dks is'k fd;sa izks- Jhfuokl us vcnqy dyke dks,d vlhko le; lhek es Js"B dk;z djus ds fy, c/kkbz nha SLV-3 dk igyk iz{ksi.k vlqy gks tkus ij izdyi dk usrk gksus ds ukrs vlqyrk dk lkjk nkf;ro mugk sus vius Åij fy;k vksj vxys iz{ksi.k ds le; vlqyrk dh lkjh lhkkoukvks dks nwj djus ds fodyi rs;kj j[ksa tkfgj gs] nwljk iz{ksi.k lqy gksuk gh FkkA vius izdyiks ls vurjx I;kj Mk- vcnqy dyke vius gj izdyi ds gj pj.k es [kqn Hkkx ysrs gsa bl dkj.k dbz ckj mudks [krjks dk Hkh lkeuk djuk im+k ij viuh xgu lfø;rk ls mugks us lefizr rduhf'k;uks dh,d Vhe [km+h dj nha 1979 es SLV-3 dh ijh{k.k mm+ku ds nksjku,d okyc yhd dj tkus ds dkj.k yky /kzqfer 'kksjs dk vey Mkdyke vksj muds N% lg;ksfx;ks ds Åij fxj x;ka lc yksxks dks rqjur f=osunze esfmdy dkwyst yk;k x;ka ij ogk N% fclrj [kkyh ugh FksA Mk- dyke us vkxzg fd;k fd muds lkffk;ks dk bykt igys fd;k tk;a jksfg.kh jkwdsv ij dk;z djrs le; MkW- dyke vksj muds lkfkh lq/kkdj jko nwj fu;=.k iz.kkyh }kjk lksfm;e vksj FkekZbV fej.k rs;kj dj jgs FksA NVs vkijs'ku ds ckn ;g ns[kus ds fy, fd fej.k Bhd ls Hkj x;k gs ;k ugh] os is&yksm d{k es x;sa FkqEek es mu fnuks cm+h xehz vksj mel FkhA lq/kkdj jko ds psgjs ij vkbz ilhus ds,d cw n fej.k es fxj xbza rqjur,d cm+k folqksv gqvk vksj vkx yx xbza Jh jko us rqjur cqf) ls dke fy;k vksj vius gkfk ls 'kh'kk rksm+dj igys MkW- dyke dks ckgj /kdsyk vksj fqj [kqn ckgj vk x;sa eksr dks ftunxh es cnyus okyh ;g Vhe&Hkkouk mudks vius lg;ksfx;ks ls vksj xgjs ls tksm+rh gsa fouezrk dh ewfrz ns'k dh Lor=rk] fodkl vksj vkrefuhkzjrk ds fy, MkW- dyke ds ;ksxnku dks vusdks leeku nsdj eku; fd;k x;ka 1981 es in~e Hkw"k.k] 1990 es in~e fohkw"k.k vksj tk/koiqj fo'ofo ky; }kjk D.Sc.] 1991 es I.I.T. eqecbz }kjk D.Sc. dh dh ekun mikf/k vksj 1997 es Hkkjr jru }kjk leekfur fd;k x;ka leeku lhkkvks es viuh miyfc/k;ks dk Js; ges'kk mugks us vius lg;ksfx;ks dks fn;ka Mk- foøe lkjkhkkbz] Mk- lrh'k /kou vksj Mk- czã izdk'k dks mugks us ges'kk vius ekxz n'kzdks ds :i es ;kn fd;ka lh[kus dh vhkh Hkh mudks cppks tslh yyd gsa fdlh Hkh u;s ;= dh cukov vksj dk;z fof/k tkuus ds fy, os mls [ksyus&rksm+us ds fy, cspsu jgrs gs vksj fdlh izfø;k dks le>us ds fy, lh/ks ml ij dk;z djus okys fel=h ls ckr djus es ldksp ugh djrsa 10

22 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 SLV-3 ds lqy ijh{k.k ds ckn rrdkyhu iz/kkue=h bfnjkxk/kh us feyus ds fy, fnyyh cqyk;k rks mudks cm+k ldksp gks jgk Fkk fd mudh <hyh&<kyh os"khkw"kk vksj flyilz D;k izksvksdksy ds vuq:i gksxs rc Mk- /kou us mudks izksrlkfgr fd;k fd dyke lkgc vki viuh lqyrk dh os'khkw"kk ls lqlfttr gs] gj O;fDr vkidk leeku djus ds fy, mrlqd gsa vfxu ds mi;ksx ds ckjs es mugks us dgk fd ;g nq'euks ij dgj cjlk ldrh gs vksj nkslrks ij QwyA Hkkjr dks j{kk llk/kuks es vkrefuhkzj cukus ds lkfk gh os /kjrh dks lokjus vksj ekuork dks fodflr djus ds lius ns[krs gsa fokku dh 'kfdr;ks dk mi;ksx ekuork dh HkykbZ ds fy, gh gks ;g mudk liuk gsa nks lks izfr'kr Hkkjrh; Mk- vcnqy dyke iw.kzr% 'kkdkgkjh gsa iku] reckdw] flxjsv] 'kjkc vkfn ls dkslks nwj gsa lkeku; tu dh rjg jgrs gs] lcls vkreh;rk ls feyrs gs] fudv lcf/k;ks dh Hkh flqkfj'k ugh djrs vksj,d ;k nks dejks ds edku es O;oLFkk ls jgrs gsa os,d losnu'khy dfo gs A oh.kk ctkrs gs A fofleyykg [kk dh 'kgukbz lquuk iln djrs gsa O;Lrrk ds chp Hkh lqcg&'kke dh uekt i<+rs gsa xhrk vksj dqjku nksuks i<+s gs vksj vius Hkk"k.kks es muds v'k mn~/k`r djrs gsa og T;ksfr"k es fo'okl ugh djrsa Hkkjr dks 2020 rd fodflr ns'k cukus dh viuh ;kstuk dks mugksus Vision-2020 uked iqlrd es izlrqr fd;k gs] ftldks mugks us viuh ekrk dks lefizr fd;k gsa dq'ky ;kstukdkj iks[kju&2 ijek.kq ijh{k.kks ls igys ftl izdkj Nn~e os'k es uke cnydj folqksvks dh ;kstuk dk lpkyu fd;k vksj fqj vesfjdh tklwlh mixzgks dh fuxkg cpkdj folqksv djk;s ;g muds dq'ky ;kstukdkj gksus dk izek.k gsa Hkkjrh; felkby dk;zøe Mk-,-ih-ts- vcnqy dyke ds usr`ro es 1982 es buvhxz svsm xkbzmsm felkby Moyies V izksxzke dh 'kq:vkr dh xbza bl dk;zøe ds vurxzr fueufyf[kr felkby fodflr dh xb±a 1- i`foh % ;g tehu ls tehu ij izgkj djus okyh de nwjh rd ekjd {kerk okyh felkby gsa ;g 500 fdyksxzke rd ;q)ijd lkexzh ysdj 250&300 fdyksehvj rd izgkj dj ldrh gsa 2- vfxu % ;g tehu ls tehu ij e/;e o yech nwjh rd izgkj djus okyh felkby gsa vhkh rd bl Js.kh dh vfxu&1 o vfxu&2 felkbyks dk lqyrkiwozd ijh{k.k fd;k tk pqdk gsa vfxu&2 e/;e izdkj dh csyflvd felkby gs] ftldks fdlh pyk;eku iz{ksid ls Hkh iz{ksfir fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;g,d Vu otu dh ;q)ijd lkexzh ysdj 2500 fdyksehvj rd ekj dj ldrh gsa vc oskkfud 5000 fdeh rd y{; dks Hksn ldus okyh vfxu&3 felkby fodflr djus es tqvs gsa 3- vkdk'k % ;g tehu ls gok es izgkj djus okyh e/;e nwjh dh felkby gsa 4- f='kwy % ;g gok ls gok es izgkj djus oky de nwjh rd ekjd {kerk okyh felkby gsa 5- ukx % 6 fdyksehvj rd ekj djus okyh rhljh ih<+h dh ;g felkby Vs d Hksnh felkby gsa bls gsyhdkwivj ls jkf= ds le; Hkh iz{ksfir fd;k tk ldrk gsa bldk 20 twu 2002 dks lqyrkiwozd ijh{k.k fd;k x;ka buds vykok nks vksj felkbyks -lkxfjdk vksj vl=& ij Hkh dk;z gks jgk gsa lkxfjdk,d,slh felkby 11

23 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 gksxh ftls leqnz es iumqcch ;k tgkt ls iz{ksfir fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;g 300 fdyksehvj rd ds y{; dks Hksn ldsxha vl= ok;q ls ok;q es vr;f/kd nwjh rd ekj djus okyh felkby gksxha ysfdu budks iwjk gksus es vhkh,d n'kd dk le; yx ldrk gsa VSDuksyksth ls gj lel;k dk gy Mk- dyke dk ekuuk gs fd rduhdh fodkl ds lkfk lkekftd thou dh vusd lel;kvks dk lke/kku vius vki gksrk tk,xka mnkgj.k ds fy, vfxu felkbyks ds ok;qemy es iqu% izos'k ds le;?k"kz.k ds izhkkoks ls cpkus ds fy, dkczu&dkckzu uked,d inkfkz fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA blh ls Mk- dyke vksj muds lkffk;ks us yksj fj,d'ku vkfkkszfll uked dsfyilz cuk;sa vix cppks ds fy, flqz 300 xzke otu ds ;s etcwr dsfyilz ojnku dh rjg gsa bugs igudj os ljyrk ls?kwe fqj ldrs gsa y{; ds vfre pj.k dh vksj Mk- dyke dh eku;rk,s vksj vklfkk,s vhkh Hkh T;ks dh R;ks gsa ljdkjh nkf;ro ls eqdr gksus ds ckotwn ISRO, TIFAC ;k ijek.kq 'kfdr llfkku ds fdlh Hkh ijh{k.k ds nksjku og Lo; miflfkr jgdj ekxzn'kzu nsus ds fy, rrij jgrs gsa finys dqn fnuks ls os fokku dks yksdfiz; cukus vksj cppks dks VSDuksyksth fl[kkus ds izdyiks ij dk;z dj jgs FksA ij] fu;fr us 'kk;n mudks vksj cm+ s mís';ks ds fy, pqu fy;ka 2002 ls 2007 rd ns'k ds X;kjgos jk"vªifr ds :i es mugksus lfø; :i ls ns'k dk izr;sd {ks= es dq'ky ekxzn'kzu fd;ka ns'k,d volj vksj nsrk rks ckjgos jk"vªifr ds :i es 'kk;n os ns'k dks vf/kd rsth ls fodkl ds ifk ij ys tkrs vksj Vision-2020 fu/kkzfjr le;&lhek ls igys lkdkj :i ys ldrka ij in mudh 'kfdr ugh gsa mudh 'kfdr gs lgtrk] leiz.k vksj vfkd dk;za vkt Hkh os ns'k&fons'k es nksm+ jgs gs rkfd mudk fotu 2020 lkdkj gks ldsa fo}ku ns[krk gs fd tks fo k mls vkuun nsrh gs] og llkj dks Hkh vkuunizn gksrh gs vksj blfy, og fo k dks vksj Hkh vf/kd pkgrk gsa &fr#oyyqj ; fi lc tc dk fg&fpuru lc dks vko';d gsa ij izr;sd euqt ij igyk ns'k tkfr dk gd+ gsaa isnk dj ftl ns'k tkfr us rqedks ikyk&ikslka fd, gq, gs og fut fgr dk rqe ls cm+k HkjkslkAA mlls gksuk m_.k izfke gs lrdùkzo; rqegkjka fqj ns ldrs gks olq/kk dks 'ks"k Lothou LkkjkAA jkeujs'k f=ikbh ¼ifFkd] i`"b 34½ 12

24 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 IykfLVd ds tgj ds dgj ls dsls futkr ik;s jkefuokl 'kekz izlrqr ys[k es IykfLVd dh izñfr mlls gksus okyh gkfu;k ] IykfLVd vif'k"v ds fu"iknu ds mfpr rjhds o [krjks ls futkr ikus ds rjhdks ls tulk/kkj.k dks tkx:d djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gsa lel;k lek/kku ds iquhr ;K es vkgwfr gsrq vkxzg gsa fokku us ekuo dh vko';drkvks dks iwjk djus es vrqyuh; ;ksxnku fn;k gsa nwljs fo'o ;q) ds le;,slh olrqvks dh t:jr eglwl dh xbz tks gydh o etcwr gksus ds lkfk-lkfk xjeh ls izhkkfor u gksrh gksa dhm+s-edksm+ s o ikuh dk vlj ftl ij u gksa rstkc tsls jlk;u Hkh csvlj gks A vkt ls yxhkx 125&150 o"kz iwoz lsywyl ukbvs ªV o diwj ls lsyqykbm cuk;k x;k tks orzeku IykfLVd dk tud gsa vko';drk gksus ij ukwbyksu] flfydksu o VsQyku cuk;s x;s tks gyds-qqyds gksus ds lkfk-lkfk etcwr Hkh FksA f}rh; fo'o ;q) rd IykfLVd dk mi;ksx lsuk rd gh lhfer FkkA ;q) lekfir ij lsuk es bldh ekx lekir gks xbza ysfdu rc rd ;g jx ds ;ksx ls vksj Hkh [kwclwjrh /kkj.k dj pqdh FkhA turk ds chp mlus isj tekuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA ns[krs gh ns[krs 50&60 lkyks es gh iwjh nqfu;k ij dkfct gks xbza 1906 es etcwr IykfLVd ^csdsykbv* Hkh cuka Hkkjr Hkh blls vnwrk u jgka 1960 es gekjs ns'k es Hkh ikwyhfkhu us viuk igyk dne j[kka vkt fo'o es izfrfnu 150 fefy;u Vu IykfLVd curk gsa yphykiu] fvdkå o llrk gksus ds dkj.k blus mihkksdrkvks ij f'kdtk dl fy;k gsa vkt Hkkjr es 14 yk[k Vu IykfLVd o ikwyhfkhu dh [kir gsa ;g gekjs thou dh vfhkuu vx cu x;s gsa pkgs nw/k gks ;k dksym fmªdl lhkh IykfLVd isfdx es vkus yxs gsa vkt gj O;fDr eglwl djus yxk gs fd IykfLVd fcu thou dslk\ lu~ 2003 es fd;s x;s losz ds vuqlkj gekjs ns'k es izfrfnu 10]000 esfvªd Vu dpjs dk yxhkx 5 izfr'kr IykfLVd gs ftldk 10 izfr'kr dsoy ikwyhfkhu csxl gs A ^;wt,.m Fkzks* ¼bLrseky djks vksj Qs d nks½ llñfr ds dkj.k IykfLVd ds <sj gj txg fn[kkbz nsus yxs gsa IykfLVd ds vr;f/kd mi;ksx ls thou ukjdh; gks pyk gsa fcuk lksps le>s IykfLVd tsls lk/ku isnk djds i;kzoj.k dks fouk'k ds dxkj ij [km+k dj fn;k gsa finys 5&7 lkyks es blus vksj Hkh rst xfr ls isj ilkjs gsa ikwyhfkhu vif'k"v us LoPNrk o ekuo LokLF; ds fy, Hk;kog flfkfr isnk dj nh gsa Bksl o rjy vif'k"v ds lgh fuivku ds vhkko es vusd chekfj;k QSy jgh gsa IykfLVd vius tue ¼mRiknu½ ls ysdj fmliksty rd i;kzoj.k dks [krjk gsa bldk fuekz.k isvªksfy;e inkfkks± ls gksrk gs tks mriknu ds le; gh ty iznw"k.k dks tue nsrs gsa 50 gtkj ikwyhfkhu csxl cukus ls 17 fdyks lyqj MkbvkDlkbM xsl ok;qe.my es lekfgr gks tkrh gs] tks ism+&iks/kks o ok;qe.my dks uqdlku igqpkrh gsa jkefuokl 'kekz] iz/kkukpk;z] jk-m-ek-fo- fnlukå] ok;k cykjk] lhdj] jktlfkku eks

25 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 mriknu ds ckn rks ;g i;kzoj.k gh ugh] ekuo dks Hkh tkuysok chekfj;k s dh lksxkr Hkh nsrk gsa jlksbz?kj es dke vkus okys jxhu fmccks es elkys ¼gYnh] fepz o ued½ phuh] nkys br;kfn j[ks tkrs gsa ;s IykfLVd es ekstwn jlk;uks dks vius es feykdj vxuk'k; ds jksx o ds lj migkj es nsrs gsa lqfo/kk ds pddj es nw/k] ngh o pk; br;kfn ikwyhfkhu es ykdj ge xfb;k] pez jksx o ân; lc/kh jksxks dks fueu=.k ns jgs gsa IykfLVd dh ckyvh es xje ikuh Hkjdj Luku djus ls,dthek o [kkt-[kqtyh tsls jksxks ds gksus dh lhkkouk cuh jgrh gsa bruk gh ugh ^iksfyflvjhu jsftu* (Polysterene Resin) dk gkfudkjd rro ikuh es feydj o{k] ismw o iztuu vxks es jksx isnk djrk gs ftles izesg] LrutU; jksx izeq[k gsa jlksbz es iqu%pfør IykfLVd ds llxz es vkus ds dkj.k efgyk, mpp jdrpki dh f'kdkj curh gsa IykfLVd f[kyksuks es feys [krjukd inkfkz vklszfud o dsmfe;e cppks dks lnk&lnk ds fy, [kkeks'k dj nsrs gsa bruk gh ugh f[kyksuks dks yphyk cukus es iz;qdr ^FkSfy;e* (Thllium) tgj isv es igqpdj mugs foefnr cuk nsrk gsa ;g Hkh ekuk tkrk gs fd ek ds xhkz es iy jgs f'k'kq Hkh IykfLVd ds izhkko ls uiqld rd gks ldrs gsa ^;wfuoflzvh vkwq fe'ku dksyfec;k fjizksmsfdvo ckw;ykth* ds izks- ÝksM&okse ds eqrkfcd IykfLVd ds mi;ksx ds dkj.k uj i'kqvks es uj gksus ds rdjhcu y{k.k gh cny tkrs gsa lhko gs fd Hkfo"; es iq#"kks es cgqr ls y{k.k efgykvks tsls fn[kkbz nsus yxsa?kj dk dpjk] cph gqbz lfct;k o vu; [kk lkexzh ge IykfLVd dh FkSfy;ks es QSd nsrs gsa [kqys es?kwers gq, i'kq [kk lkexzh ds lkfk IykfLVd dh FkSfy;k Hkh fuxy tkrs gsa ;g muds isv es tek gks tkrh gsa budks ipkus dh nok cukus es dke;kch vhkh rd gkfly ugh gks ldh gsa bl dkj.k izfro"kz 35 yk[k i'kq/ku dky dk xzkl curk gs ftlls gekjh vfkzo;olfkk ij izfrdwy izhkko im+rk gsa IykfLVd FkSfy;k u"v u gksus ds dkj.k lqkbz O;oLFkk es Hkh O;o/kku isnk djrh gsa 10 izfr'kr lhoj ykbuks es #dkov gksus dk ;gh dkj.k gsa 1998 es eqecbz 'kgj es lhoj usvodz ds tke gks tkus ds dkj.k Ñf=e ck<+ rd vk xbz FkhA ;s ikwyhfkhu o"kkz _rq es tehu es /kl tkrh gsa /kjrh dh mozjk 'kfdr detksj gks tkrh gsa flufksfvd dwm+ s dh ek=k izdk'k l'ys"k.k dh fø;k dks izhkkfor djrh gsa bl lel;k ls futkr ¼NqVdkjk½ ikus ds fy,,sls dwm+ s dks tykuk Hkh mi;qdr lek/kku ugh gsa ;g ikwyhfkhu ds iw.kz :i ls u tyus rfkk fo"kkdr xsls mriuu djus ds dkj.k gsa ih-oh-lh- tyus ij dkczu MkbvkDlkbM o ;wjkul (Furons) br;kfn isnk gksrs gs ftlls cqf)ghurk] ck>iu o ds lj gksus dh lhkkouk gksrh gsa i;kzoj.k fo'ks"kk fcv~vw lgxy dk ekuuk gs fd ^^finys 8&10 o"kks± ls ikwyhfkhu leqnz es vkdlhtu dks jksddj enfy;ks o leqnzh tkuojks dks eksr ds?kkv mrkj jgh gsa** xkoks o 'kgjks es tgk tgk dwm+ s&djdv ds <+ sj yxs gksrs gs ogk xjeh ds eksle es bldh fo"kkdrrk vksj Hkh c<+ tkrh gsa iksfyflvjhu tykus ls Dyksjks yksjks dkczu fudyrh gs tks thounk;h vkstksu e.my dks u"v dj /kjrh ij izy; dj ldrh gsa IykfLVd gekjh 15 ls 25 ihf<+;ks rd iw.kz :i ls u"v ugh gksrha u rks IykfLVd dks tyk;k tkuk mfpr gs vksj u gh mls tehu es xkm+k tkuka blls ty] Fky o uhk rhuks gh lqjf{kr ugh gsa IykfLVd ekuks fgj.;d';i dh rjg u lnhz es ] u xjeh es ] u ty es ] u Fky es ejus dk ojnku izkir dj pqdh gs] vkt lkjk llkj IykfLVde; gks x;k 14

26 s s eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 gsa fcuk IykfLVd thou dslk\ fqj Hkh lel;k ds lek/kku ds dqn igyqvks ij fopkj foe'kz dh vko';drk lehphu gsa oklro es IykfLVd mriknu vf/kdk'kr% y?kq m ksxks es gksrk gsa tgk xq.koùkk ls le>ksrk fd;k tkrk gsa mriknu es fu/kkzfjr ekin.mks dk ikyu ugh fd;k tkrk gsa IykfLVd vif'k"v dk eksvkbz ds vk/kkj ij] [kk &v[kk ds vk/kkj ij rfkk iqupzø.k'khy rfkk viqupø.k'khy ds vk/kkj ij i`fkdhdj.k djuk pkfg,a lkeku;r% 3&4 pø.kks ds ckn IykfLVd lozfkk vuqi;qdr gks tkrk gsa ges i;kzoj.k ds vuqdwy IykfLVd izks ksfxdh fodflr djus dh vko';drk gsa vkt djhc 10 yk[k yksx dpjk chuus es yxs gsa yxhkx 3 yk[k Vu IykfLVd dk iqupzø.k gks jgk gsa,slh ifj;kstuk, rs;kj dh tkuh pkfg, ftues IykfLVd dks xje djus dh vko';drk gh u im+ sa ukxiqj es vif'k"v IykfLVd ds fu"iknu ds fy, i;kzoj.k vuqdwy mrizsjd ;kstd izfø;k dk vkfo"dkj fd;k x;k gs ftles gkbmªksdkczu o xsl izkir gksrh gsa b±/ku :i e ifjofrzr djus dh izfø;k es fo'ks"k vfhkdfyir fj,dvj es vkdlhtu dh vuqiflfkfr es 3500 fmxzh lsfyl;l ij js.me vk/kkj ij ^fmiksyhejkbts'ku* (Depolymeristion) fd;k tkrk gsa bles ÅtkZ izkir dh tk ldrh gsa 1 yhvj gkbmªksdkckzu b±/ku ls 6&7 ;wfuv fctyh dk mriknu lhko gsa IykfLVd ds t+gj ls futkr ikus ds fy, mihkksdrk] mriknd o ljdkj rhuk s dks gh tkx:d gksuk gksxka os;fdrd thou es tkx`fr gksuk lef"v tkx`fr dk igyk dne gksxka fut ls loztu dh vksj thuk gs] IykfLVd lcf/kr mùkjnkf;roks ds lkfka jllh] FkSys] rfd;s o 'kks&ihl IykfLVd vif'k"v ls cuk;s tk ldrs gsa IykfLVd vif'k"v dks vydrjk ds lkfk feykdj lm+dks dk fuekz.k o dejk s dh Nrs cukbz tk ldrh gsa bls isvªksy es cnyus dk vfhkuo iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk jgk gsa ty iznwf"kr] uhk iznwf"kr /kjrh cu jgh ck>a IykfLVd ds lkfk thuk lh[kks mùkjnkf;roks ds lkfka rks vkb;s] ge lc,dtqv gksdj IykfLVd vif'k"vks ds mfpr fu"iknu ds fy, ØkfUr dk lw=ikr djs A thou es NksVh&NksVh ckrks ij /;ku ns rks iw.kzrk dks izkir dj ld sxs tks vius vki es NksVh ckr ugh gksxha lel;k ds lek/kku ds dqn bl izdkj ds gy lq>k;s tk ldrs gsa 1- ;Fkk lhko twv ;k dim+ s ds mi;ksx dh vknr Mkys A 2- IykfLVd vif'k"v ;Fkk fu/kkzfjr LFkku ij dpjs&ik= es gh Mkys A 3- llrh o?kfv;k xq.korrk okyh ikwyhfkhu dh FkSfy;ks es [kk inkfkz u Mkys A 4-?kj ls fudkys gq, dpjs es ls IykfLVd vyx dj ys A 5- izr;sd ifjokj izfrfnu,d ;k nks IkkWyhFkhu dh FkSyh de djus dk ldyi djsa 6- gksvy ls pk;] lcth ;k vu; [kk inkfkz ikwyhfkhu dh FkSyh es ykus dh vknr NksMs A 7- ikwyhfkhu dh jxhu FkSfy;ks dk mi;ksx u djs A 8- ikwyhfkhu ls c<+rs gq, [krjks ls tulk/kkj.k dks voxr@tkx:d djk;k tk,a 9-,d gh IykfLVd csx dks ckj&ckj iz;ksx es yk;s A 10- cppks ds f[kyksuks ds IykfLVd dh xq.koùkk ij /;ku ns A ekbøksu ls de eksvkbz dh ikwyhfkhu dh FkSfy;k ij iw.kz izfrc/k yxk;k tk;sa 12- ^QksVksfMxzsMscy* fof/k ls ikwyhfkhu dk fuekz.k fd;k tk,a 13- ljdkj }kjk xq.koùkk;qdr IykfLVd,o mlds fodyi ij djks es NwV nh tk,a 14- ikwyhfkhu mriknd] tks fu/kkzfjr ekin.mks dk ikyu ugh djrs] mugs dm+h ls dm+h ltk dk izko/kku fd;k tk,a 15- IykfLVd vif'k"v dks vydrjk ds lkfk feykdj lm+dks rfkk Hkouks dh Nrks ds fuekz.k es dke es yk;k tk;sa 16- ^LokLF;* dks ekuo dk eksfyd vf/kdkj ekuk tk,a 15

27 Z eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 iks/kks ds }kjk i;kzoj.k 'kqf)dj.k ¼Phytoremedition½ euh"k eksgu xksjs ism+&iks/ks izd`fr vksj thoks dk vusd izdkj ls Hkyk djrs gsa izñfr es bugh ism+&iks/kks ls ges lk l ysus ds fy, vkwdlhtu xsl feyrh gssa iwjh nqfu;k ds tho/kkfj;ks ds Hkj.k&iks"k.k ds fy, ;s ism+&iks/ks fofhkuu izdkj dh mi;ksxh olrq, tsls [kk kuu] Qy] lfct;k] js ks vksj vks"kf/k;k vkfn iznku djrs gsa vkt vk/kqfudrk ds pyrs vusd m ksx&/ku/ks yxk;s tk jgs gs vksj buls fudys vif'k"v inkfkz tsls vks ksfxd dpjk vkfn vkl&ikl ds i;kzoj.k dks iznwf"kr dj jgs gsa ;g Hkh ns[kk x;k gs fd dqn iks/ks iznw"k.k vksj ekuotfur vusd i;kzoj.kh; lel;kvks dk funku djus es lg;ksx djrs gs vksj izkñfrd lrqyu dk;e djrs gsa izñfr es py jgh bl izfø;k dks QkbVksjsesMh,'ku (Phytoremedition) dgrs gsa QkbVksjsesMh,'ku xzhd vksj ysfvu Hkk"kk ls feydj cuk 'kcn gs ¼xzhd 'kcn QkbVks ¼Phyto½&ikni vksj ysfvu 'kcn jsfefm;e ¼Remedium) lrqyu cuk, j[kuk ;k mipkj djuk½a QkbVksjsesfM,'ku dh izfø;k ds vrxzr iks/ks izkd`frd lrqyu cukrs gs vksj i;kzoj.kh; lel;kvks dk funku djrs gsa QkbVksjsesMh,'ku dh izkd`frd {kerk ljlks ],fyiu vksj fifxom vkfn vusd ikni iztkfr;ks es ikbz tkrh gsa ;s iks/ks QkbVksjsesMh,'ku izfø;k ds vurxzr fev~vh] ty vksj ok;q es ekstwn /kkrq] dhvuk'kd] folqksvd] dppk rsy ;k blds O;qRiUu inkfkksz ls gksus okys lnw"k.k dk funku djrs gs vksj,d vofèk ds ckn bu inkfkksz ls ml LFkku dks eqdr djrs gsa izd`fr es ;g izfø;k izkd`frd #i ls /kheh xfr ds lkfk pyrh jgrh gs] ijurq vc m ksxks ds fudvlfk LFkyks ij fo"kkdr jlk;uks ls ogk ds i;kzoj.k dks eqdr djus ds fy, bl izfø;k ds mi;ksx us O;kolkf;d Lo#i xzg.k dj fy;k gsa yxkrkj iznwf"kr gks jgs ;k vr;f/kd iznwf"kr Hkwfe ;k ty&r= dks iznw"kd rroks ls eqdr djus es Hkh QkbVksjsesMh,'ku dk lgkjk fy;k tkus yxk gsa /kkrq ;k dks;yk mr[kuu LFkyks ds vkl&ikl dh Hkwfe ls /kkrq d.kks dks nwj djus ess QkbVksjsesMh,'ku jkeck.k dk dke djrk gsa QkbVksjsesMh,'ku izfø;k dk fp=h; fu:i.k QkbVksjsesMh,'ku,d izkd`frd izfø;k gs ftles i;kzoj.k dks dksbz {kfr ugh igq prha izd`fr es pyus okyh bl izfø;k dk euq"; }kjk vius fgr es finys 20 o"kks ls mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gsa bldh yksdfiz;rk fnu&izfrfnu c<+rh tk jgh gsa lhlk] ;wjsfu;e vksj vklszfud ls lnwf"kr HkwLFkyks dk mipkj bl fof/k }kjk lehko gks ldk gsa QkbVksjsesMh,'ku dh dsoy,d [kkeh ;g gs fd bl izfø;k es cgqr vf/kd le; yxrk gs D;ks fd bles euh"k eksgu xksjs] fokku izlkj],&50] blvhv~;w'kuy,fj;k] lsdvj&62] uks,mk& ¼m-iz-½ 16

28 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 iz;qdr iks/ks dh igys o`f) gksrh gs vksj blds ckn og es ekstwn fo"kkdr rroks dks vius Hkhrj vo'kksf"kr djus dh {kerk fodflr djrk gs vksj vr es ml LFkku dh /khjs& /khjs [kre djrk gsa bl izfø;k dh lcls jkspd vksj egrowi.kz fo'ks"krk ;g gs fd bles vkl&ikl ds i;kzoj.k ds Lo#i es fdlh izdkj dk dksbz cnyko ugh gksrk rfkk ogk ik;s tkus okys lhkh tho ¼LFkyh;] tyh; ;k ok;oh;½ lqjf{kr cus jgrs gs A gk W] lnw"k.kdkjh /kkrqvks ds vo'kks"k.k ds ckn mu iks/kks }kjk /kkfrod rro [kk &Jà[kyk dh vu; dfm+;ks es LFkkukrfjr dj fn;k tkrk gs vksj bles [kk &Jà[kyk vksj bldh lnl; dfm+;k fdl izdkj izhkkfor gksrh gs] bl fo"k; ij oskkfud 'kks/k py jgs gsa fudv Hkfo"; es bl fn'kk es ubz tkudkjh lkeus vk,xha QkbVksjsesfM,'ku izfø;k ds vrxzr fueu pj.k 'kkfey fd;s tkrs gs% 1- Ikkni fu"d"kz.k ¼Phytoextrction½ 2- Ikkni ewy ful;nu ¼Rhizofiltrtion½ 3- Ikkni flfkjhdj.k ¼Phytostbiliztion½ 4- Ikkni #ikrj.k ¼Phytotrnsformtion½ 5- Ikkni izsj.k ¼Phytostimultion½ 6- Ikkni ok"ihdj.k ¼Phytovoltiliztion½ Ikkni fu"d"kz.k ¼izd`fr es ekstwn xnxh dk Hkh iks/ks lqk;k djrs gs½ i;kzoj.kh; ikfjr=ks ess ekstwn vusd lel;kvks ds mipkj ds fy, iks/kks ds mi;ksx }kjk euq"; fofhkuu izdkj ds rjhds viukrk gsa bu rjhdks ds fo"k; es ge ;gk l{ksi es ppkz djs xsa fev~vh] rynv ;k Qlyks ij NksM+s x, ty ess lnwf"kr inkfkksz@rroks dks nwj djus ds fy, dqn iks/kks tsls 'ksoky dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gsa bl izfø;k dks ikni fu"d"kz.k ¼Phytoextrction½ dgrs gsa finys djhc nks n'kdks ls bl fof/k dk izpqj blrseky iwjh nqfu;k es gksus yxk gs vksj ;g dkqh yksdfiz; Hkh gks pyk gsa bl fof/k es dkczfud inkfkks± dh vis{kk Hkkjh rroks dk fu"d"kz.k vr;r lqxerk ls fd;k tkrk gsa bles løked rroks ds fu"d"kz.k ess iz;qdr gksus okys iks/ks løked rroks dks vius vunj cgqr lw{erk ds lkfk lekfgr djus es lefkz gksrs gsa izk;% ;s iks/ks løked rroks dks viuh tm+ks ds }kjk vo'kksf"kr djds ;k fqj tm+ks dh dksf'kdkvks es lfpr djds j[krs gs ;k fqj Åij rus es ifrr;ks es LFkkukrfjr dj nsrs gsa ;s mipkjd iks/ks thoui;zur ;k Lo; ds u"v gksus rd vkl&ikl ekstwn løked rroks ds eǹk ;k ty ls fu"d"kz.k dk dke djrs jgrs gsa vf/kdk'kr% ikni fu"d"kz.k ls tqm+h gqbz ikni&iztkfr;ks dh iwjh [ksrh ml fev~vh es dh tkrh gs tks Hkkjh rroks ds løe.k ls izhkkfor gksrk gs vksj dbz pøks ds ckn ;g ns[kk tkrk gs fd ml fev~vh ls os rro bu iks/kks }kjk iwjh rjg vo'kksf"kr dj fy, x, gsa ml LoPN rfkk løe.kjfgr fev~vh es fu;fer Qly dh cqvkbz dh tk ldrh gsa mijksdr fof/k es lcls cm+k ykhk ;g gksrk gs fd ;g,d i;kzoj.kfe= fof/k gksus ds dkj.k bles fev~vh dh xq.korrk,o ljpuk ij dksbz cqjk izhkko ugh im+rk] tcfd Hkkjh rroks ls løfer fev~vh ds mipkj es iz;ksx dhs tkus okyh ijeijkxr fof/k;ks ds mi;ksx ds QyLo#i fev~vh dh xq.korrk ij cqjk izhkko im+us ls ml LFkku dh mrikndrk de gks tkrh gsa nwljk ykhk ;g gksrk gs fd bl fof/k es vu; fof/k;ks dh rqyuk es ykxr cgqr de vkrh gsa bl fof/k es gkfu flqz ;gh gs fd bl izfø;k es vis{kkd`r le; cgqr vf/kd yxrk gsa oskkfudks us dqn,sls jlk;uks dks iz;ksx'kkyk es fodflr dj fy;k gs] ftugs fev~vh es Mkyus ls Hkkjh rroks dh?kqyu'khyrk c<+ tkrh gs vksj blds ifj.kkelo:i ikni fu"d"kz.k es lyxu iks/kks dks muds uslfxzd dke es vklkuh gks tkrh gsa 17

29 s s eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 lwjteq[kh dk iks/kk vlszfud dks fev~vh ls fu"df"kzr djrk gs lwjteq[kh dk iks/kk vls Zfud] cs r ¼Willow½,o,fYiu ds iks/ks dsmfe;e] ljlks lu rfkk igkm+h ihiy ¼Poplr½ lhlk dks fev~vh ls fu"d"kz.k djus es lgk;d gksrs gsa ikni ewy ful;nu ¼ikS/ks viuh tm+ks ls løked rroks dks vo'kksf"kr djrs gs½ ;g ikni fu"d"kz.k ls feyrh&tqyrh vu;,d izfø;k gksrh gs ftls ikni ewy ful;nu ¼Rhizofiltrtion½ dgrs gsa bu nksuks ds chp ewyhkwr vrj ;g gs fd ikni fu"d"kz.k }kjk fev~vh es ekstwn dk mipkj fd;k tkrk gs] tcfd ikni ewy ful;nu dk blrseky tyh; ikfjr= es ekstwn dk mipkj djus es djrs gsa mdr nksuks gh fof/k;k,d gh ewy fl)kr ij dke djrh gsa bles iks/ks ty ;k fev~vh es miflfkr gkfudkj.k inkfkksz dks viuh tm+ks }kjk vo'kksf"kr djds tm+ ;k Åij rus ;k ifrr;ks es LFkkukrfjr djds mugs lfpr djrs jgrs gsa ;s iks/ks bu inkfkkszs dks rc rd vo'kksf"kr djrs jgrs gs tc rd fd bu Qlyks dh dvkbz ugh gks tkrha fo"kkdr ;k lnwf"kr gks xbz fev~vh ;k tyr= dk mipkj tc d`f=e #i ls bu fof/k;ks }kjk djuk gksrk gs rks mipkjd iks/kks dks ml i;kzoj.k es rc rd mxus nsrs gs tc rd fd ogk ekstwn vf/kdk'k gkfudkjd inkfkz mu iks/kks }kjk vo'kksf"kr u dj fy, tk;s A cs r] igkm+h ihiy vksj lwjteq[kh tsls iks/ks ikni fu"d"kz.k vksj ikni ewy ful;nu es mi;ksxh fl) gq, gsa budh tm+ fev~vh ds d.kks ds vfr lw{e fnnzks es izos'k djds izfrfnu ds fglkc ls 100 yhvj ikuh dk pø.k djus es l{ke gksrh gs A bu o`{kks dh tm+ ii ds leku dk;z djrh gs vksj fev~vh rfkk ikuh es fufgr vif k"v@ot;z rroks dks vo'kksf"kr dj ysrh gsa ikni ewy ful;nu dk iz;ksx bu&lhvw ¼In-situ, iz;ksx'kkyk ;k d`f=e ifjos'k ds Hkhrj½ fof/k ls ljyrk ds lkfk fd;k tk ldrk gsa lnwf"kr ty&r= es,sls iks/kks dks lh/ks mxkdj bl fof/k dk blrseky fd;k tk ldrk gsa ;g vis{kkd`r llrh fof/k gsa vr;f/kd xgjkbz okyh fev~vh es ekstwn iznw"kdks dks ckgj djus es ;g fof/k dkjxj ugh gksrh gsa blds vfrfjdr,sls LFky tgk fofhkuu izdkj ds løked inkfkz miyc/k gksrs gs] mlds mipkj es Hkh ;g fof/k vf/kd ykhknk;d ugh gksrh gsa ikni ewyk ful;nu fof/k es iks ks dh enn ls lnwf"kr ty r= dks 'kq) djrs gs uslfxzd #i ls iks/ks dh vusd iztkfr;k Hkkjh rroks vksj iks"kd rroks dh vfrfjdr ek=k] eǹk ;k ty ls vo'kksf"kr dj ysrh gsa blds vfrfjdr lw[ks ls cpko] vu; iks/kks dk glr{ksi vksj jksxk.kq ls j{kk vkfn tsls vusd fteesnkj dkjd gksrs gs] ijurq bl dkj.k ml ty ;k eǹk&r= es ekstwn Hkkjh rroks rfkk løked inkfkksz dk Hkh lqk;k gks tkrk gsa 18

30 ikni flfkjhdj.k ¼i;kZoj.k es inkfkksz dh xfr'khyrk dks de djrh gs½ iks/kks,o o`{kks dh miflfkfr es ok;q vijnu dh lehkkouk, de gks tkrh gs A iks/kks dh tm+s fev~vh ds d.kks dks vius es ck/kdj bugs cgus ls jksdrh gs rfkk fev~vh es?kqys gq, iznw"kdks dks iks/ks viuh tm+ks es tdms + j[krs gsa iks/kks ds }kjk liuu bl izdkj dh fø;kvks dks lesfdr #i ls ikni flfkjhdj.k ¼Phytostbiliztion½ dgrs gsa ikni fu"d"kz.k ikni flfkjhdj.k ls fhkuu izfø;k gksrh gsa ikni flfkjhdj.k es lyxu iks/ks iznw"kd ;k løked rroks dks viuh tm+ks ds pkjks vksj,d= djds fev~vh es uhps Hkst nsrs gs tcfd ikni fu"d"kz.k es iks/ks viuh tm+ks dh dksf'kdkvks es mu løked rroks dks vo'kksf"kr dj ysrs gsa iknik flfkjhdj.k es iks s dh tm+s fev~vh dh d.kks dks ck/kdj mugs cgus ls jksdrh gs vksj mues O;kIr lnw"k.k dks Hkh lesv ysrh gsa ikni #ikrj.k ¼ikS/ks vks ksfxd jlk;u,o vu; iznw"kdks ds vlj dks en djus es Hkh ennxkj gs½ eǹk ;k ty es dhvuk'kd] folqksvdks ] inkfkks ±] vks ksfxd jlk;u tsls dkczfud iznw"kdks dks dqn iks/ks vius vnj gksus okyh mikip;h fø;kvks }kjk de gkfuizn cuk nsrs gsa ;gk rd fd eǹk es ik, tkus okys vusd lw{etho ¼thok.kq] dod vkfn½] tks iks/kks dh tm+ks es lgthoh ds #i es jgrs gs] os bu iznw"kdks dks vipf;r djds ml fev~vh dks fo'ks"k mi;ksxh cuk nsrs gsa iks/kks ;k lw{ethoks }kjk bl izdkj iznw"kdks dks vi?kfvr djus dh uslfxzd izfø;k dks ikni #ikrj.k ¼Phytotrnsformtion½ dgrs gsa bl izfø;k dks gjk ;d`r ekwmy ¼Green Liver Model½ uke fn;k tkrk gsa ftl izdkj ekuo 'kjhj es ;d`r vusd gkfudkjd inkfkksz dks vi?kfvr djds mugs 'kjhj ls ckgj fudkyus es enn djrk gs mlh izdkj ikni #ikrj.k fø;k es Hkh iks/ks fev~vh es flfkr iznw"kdks dks nwj gvkrs gsa ikni iszj.k ¼lw{e thoks dh izfø;k }kjk eǹk ds mipkj es enn djrs gs½ iks/kks dh tm+ks ls lzfor gksus okys dqn izsjd rro tc eǹk es ekstwn dkczfud ;k løked rroks dks [kfmr djrs gs rks bl izfø;k dks ikni izjs.k ¼Phytostimultion½ dgrs gsa tm+ks ls lzfor gksus okys izsjd rroks es 'kdzjk] dkckszgkbmªsv] vehuks vey vksj,tkbe izeq[k gsa ekbdksjkbtk dod Hkh ikni izsj.k es egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkrs gsa bl izkd`frd izfø;k es iks/kks dh tm+ks ds vkl&ikl lw{ethoh; xfrfof/k;k c<+ tkrh gsa ikni izsj.k izfø;k dks tc d`f=e #i ls fdlh LFkku ds eǹk mipkj es iz;ksx djrs gs rks bl ckr dk /;ku j[krs gs fd ml eǹk es iznw"kd rroks dh fo"kkdrrk dk Lrj fueu gksa ftl fev~vh es ;g Lrj mpp gksrk gs] ogk ;g fof/k vf/kd dkjxj ugh gksrha ikni ok"ihdj.k ¼ty ;k eǹk ls inkfkksz dks fudkydj ok;q es NksM+uk½ iks/ks viuh tm+ks }kjk vo'kksf"kr ty dk vf/kdk'k fgllk ifrr;ks vksj rus es ekstwn vfr lw{e fnnzks ¼j/kz½ ds jklrs ok;qe.my es iqu% folftzr dj nsrs gsa bl izfø;k dks ok"iksrltzu ¼Trnspirtion½ dgrs 19

31 gsa fev~vh es ik, tkus okys vusd gkfuizn rro ty es?kqydj tm+ks es igqprs gs vksj ok"iksrltzu izfø;k ds ekè;e ls ok"ihd`r gks tkrs gsa ok"ihdj.k ds }kjk tc iks/ks fev~vh dks iznw"kdks ls s eqdr djrs gs rks bl izfø;k dks ikni ok"ihdj.k ¼Phytovoltiliztion½ dgrs gsa bles vfèkdrj fev~vh es ekstwn løked dkczfud ;ksfxdks dks iks/ks ok"ihd`r djrs gsa,d vè;;u ls ;g fu"d"kz fudyk gs fd igkm+h ihiy dk o`{k fev~vh es ekstwn Dyksjks,Fkhyhu dh 90 izfr kr ek=k dks viuh tm+ks }kjk vo'kksf"kr djds ok"ihd`r djus es l{ke gksrk gsa lunhkz 1& QMkes VYl vkwq bdksykth] bz- ih- ÅMe] & IykV czhfmx] vkj- ih- flg] & vk/kqfud oulifr fokku],e- ih- dksf'kd] 1996 jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku dks viuh iln cukus ds ik p dkj.k 1- lh[kus dh Lor=rk ^lhkh rd lcds fy,* ds mís'; ds lkfk jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku lh[kus dh Lor=rk ds fl)kr dk ikyu djrk gs] vfkkzr D;k lh[kuk gs] dc lh[kuk gs] dsls lh[kuk gs vksj dc ijh{kk es csbuk gs] vkfn dk fu.kz; vki djs xsa le;] LFkku vksj lh[kus dh xfr ds fy, dksbz c/ku ugh gsa 2- lqfo/kk,uvkbzvks,l fueufyf[kr ekeyks es lqfo/kk nsrk gs% fo"k;ks dk pquko% mùkh.kz gksus ds ekunm dks /;ku es j[krs gq, nh xbz lwph ds vuqlkj vki viuh iln ds fo"k;ks dk pquko dj ldrs gsa izos'k% vki ek/;fed vksj mpprj ek/;fed Lrjks ij fofhkuu izdkjks ds vrxzr vkwu&ykbu izos'k ys ldrs gs vfkok v/;;u dsunzks ij izos'k ys ldrs gsa ijh{kk% lkoztfud ijh{kk, o"kz es nks ckj vk;ksftr gksrh gsa ik p o"kks± e s uks ckj ijh{kk nsus ds volj fn, tkrs gsa bl vof/k ds nksjku tc Hkh vki vpnh rjg rs;kj gks rhkh ijh{kk ns vksj ØsfMV dks,df=r djus dh lqfo/ kk Hkh izkir djs A tc pkgks rc ijh{kk% tc Hkh vki ijh{kk ds fy, rs;kj gks vki uks,mk flfkr eq[;ky; es ek/;fed vksj mpprj ek/;fed Lrj ij,uvkbzvks,l dh tc pkgks rc ijh{kk ¼vksM~l½ es Hkh csb ldrs gsa 3- izklfxdrk,uvkbzvks,l ikb~;øe vksj dk;zøe] dk;z vk/kkfjr] fnu&izfrfnu ds thou es vr;r mi;ksxh gs vksj Hkkoh i<+kbz ds fy, ekxz iz'klr djrs gsa,uvkbzvks,l ds lqy fo kfkhz vkbz-vh-vkbz- fnyyh fo'ofo ky;] tkfe;k gennz] tkfe;k fefyy;k blykfe;k] vyhx<+ eqflye fo'ofo ky;] itkc fo'ofo ky;] bykgkckn fo'ofo ky; vksj cgqr ls vu; izfl) vksj O;kolkf;d llfkkvks es mpp f'k{kk izkir dj jgs gsa 4- ØsfMV LFkkukrj.k,uvkbZvks,l iwoz Kku dks egùo nsrk gs vksj blh ds vrxzr dqn ijh{kk cksmks±@jkt; eqdr fo ky;k s ls mùkh.kz fd, x, vf/kdre nks fo"k;ks ds ØsfMV LFkkukrj.k dh vuqefr nsrk gsa 5- eku;rkizkir xq.kkred f'k{kk,uvkbzvks,l xq.kkred f'k{kk nsus ds fy, iz;ru dj jgk gsa Hkkjr ljdkj us bl LkLFkku dk ek/;fed rfkk mpprj ek/;fed Lrj ij lkoztfud ijh{kk, vk;ksftr djus vksj izek.ki= nsus dk vf/kdkj iznku fd;k gs tks fd vu; cksmks± ds izek.ki=ks ds leku gsa lhch,lbz vksj lhvkbz,llhbz cksmks± ds leku,uvkbzvks,l,d jk"vªh; cksmz gsa 20

32 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011?kkrd /ofu iznw"k.k fotu dqekj ik.ms; orzeku le; es ge 'kksj Hkjh nqfu;k es th jgs gsa pkjks rjq 'kksj gh 'kksj gsa ^uhjork dqn xkrh gs* & fdlh dfo dh bl ifdr dk Hkko gs fd uhjork dk Hkh viuk,d lxhr gksrk gs tks eu&izk.kks dks,d vn~hkqr 'kkfur iznku djrk gsa vk/kqfud ;qx es ;g uhjork fu%'kcnrk ;k 'kkfur vr;ur nqyzhk gsa vxz sth es ftls ge ^fiumªki lkbysul* dgrs gs],slh 'kkfur dgh ugh gsa /ofu isnk djuk ekuo vksj thoturqvks dk izkñfrd xq.k gsa izñfr es Hkh iùkks dh eezj] lkxj dh xtzuk o >juk s&ufn;ks dh dy&dy LokHkkfod /ofu;k gs tks eu dks lqdwu nsrh gsa tgk rd /ofu;ks dk iz'u gs os fujfkzd vksj lkfkzd nks izdkj dh gksrh gsa lkfkzd /ofu;ks ds }kjk ge fopkjks dk vknku&iznku djrs gsa 'kcn ;k LQksV dks Hkkjrh; n'kzu es v{kj ¼ftldk {kj.k ugh gksrk½ ekuk x;k gsa blhfy, gekjs ;gk dko; es Hkh ^'kcn&'kfdr* dh ckr dgh tkrh gsa ^uknczã* 'kcn dk iz;ksx Hkh blh Hkkouk dks n'kkzrk gsa,d vk/kqfud l`f"v lecu/kh fl)kur ds vuqlkj ;g czãk.m ^fcxcs x* ¼egkLQksV½ ls vflrro es vk;k gsa ckbfcy es Hkh dgk x;k gs fd izkjehk es dsoy 'kcn FkkA oskkfud fl)kur gks ;k jktusfrd fopkj/kkjk dk fuekz.k vfkok vk/;kfred jgl; lcdks ekuo us 'kcnks ds ek/;e ls le>k&le>k;k gsa vokfnr /ofu dks 'kksj dgk tkrk gsa /ofu dk oskkfud vk/kkj /ofu,d izdkj dh rjx gs] diu gsa tc Hkh dksbz ok ;= >Ñr gksrs gs rks ;s pkjks vksj dh ok;q dks igys ldqfpr djrs gs fqj mls folrkfjr dj nsrs gsa blls tks /ofu ygjs mriuu gksrh gs os 300 ehvj izfr lsds.m dh nj ls vkxs c<+rh gsa rjxks ds :i es vkus okyh /ofu gekjs dku ds insz ls Vdjkrh gsa ogk ls dqn lw{e ljpukvks ls gksrh gqbz Jo.krf=dk rd igqprh gsa ;g rf=dk bls eflr"d ds Jo.k dsunz rd igqpkrh gsa rc ges vkokt lqukbz nsrh gsa d.kzdqgjks ds Hkhrj dh lw{e ljpukvks es vr;ur ckjhd js'ks gksrs gs tks vr;f/kd rst vkokt ds dkj.k u"v gks tkrs gsa gekjs dku vf/kd ls vf/kd 80 Mslhcy rd dh /ofu rhozrk lgu dj ldrs gsa blls vf/kd rhoz /ofu euq"; ds LokLF; ij fofo/k vk;keh dqizhkko Mkyrh gsa vfiz; i;kzoj.k 'kksj ekuo rfkk i'kq thou ds lrqyu dks fcxkm+ jgk gsa 'kksj ds dqn eq[; lzksr 'kksj vk/kqfud thou dh nsu gsa eksvj ckbd] dkj] cl] Vªd] jsy] ok;q;ku] e'khu vkfn blds dqn eq[; dkjd gsa vkokxeu ds ftrus Hkh lkeku; lk/ku gs bues vurnzgu btu gksrs gs ftues b±/ku tyus ij rst vkokt gksrh gsa rjg rjg dh ddz'k /ofu;ks fotu dqekj ik.ms;] cm+h ckx ydk esnku] ¼etkj ds ikl½] xkthiqj& ¼m-ziz-½ eksckby% ] fizfliy] ts-ts- buvj dkwyst] xqjek] ¼lksuHknzk½ 21

33 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 okys gkuks± dk rks vkt cgqr QS'ku gsa /ofu ds osx ls rst pyus okys ok;q;ku] vurfj{k;ku rfkk Ñf=e mixzgks dks NksM+us ds fy, ftu jksdsvks dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gs] os Hkh /ofuiznw"k.k c<+krs gsa egkuxjks es HkoufuekZ.k ;k lm+d fuekz.k dk;z pyrs gh jgrs gs] bues dke vkus okys jksyj Hkh [kwc 'kksj djrs gsa m ksxks es iz;ksx gksus okyh e'khuks] dkj[kkuks es rjg&rjg ds ;= rfkk xyheqgyyks es Qsjh yxkus okys yksx dksykgy es o`f) djrs gs A folqksvd gffk;kjks rfkk ceks vkfn ls mriuu gksus okyh /ofu;k cgqr rhoz gksrh gsa gekjs?kj Hkh vktdy /ofuiznw"k.k eqdr ugh jg x;s gsa jsfm;ks] Vh-oh-] oh-lh-vkj- tsls euksjtu ds lk/ku Hkh de 'kksj ugh djrsa jgh lgh dlj dscy Vh-oh- us iwjh dj nh gs ftlls fnu&jkr dk;zøe pyrs gh jgrs gsa fedlj] xzkbumj] osd;wedyhuj],;jdumh'kuj] dwyj tsls?kjsyw midj.k Hkh 'kksj isnk djrs gsa fdruk?kkrd gs 'kksj vfiz; i;kzoj.k 'kksj ekuo rfkk i'kq thou ds lrqyu dks fcxkm+ jgk gsa uotkr f'k'kqvks ds LokLF; ij Hkh bldk cqjk izhkko im+rk gsa f'k'kqvks es vusd 'kkjhfjd foñfr;k blh ds ifj.kkelo:i gksrh gsa euq";ks es c<+rh vfunzk] cf/kjrk] fljnnz] mpp jdrpki] ruko vksj fpm+fpm+kiu tsls vusd jksxks ds ewy es /ofu iznw"k.k dk gh dqizhkko gksrk gsa euq"; dh lkeku; uhn ij Hkh 'kksj ds nq"izhkko ds lrr~ vksj Li"V dkj.k gsa uhn ykus okyh nokb;ks dk vf/kdkf/kd iz;ksx blhfy, c<+ jgk gsa dksykgy dk ruko ls lh/kk lc/k gsa vr;f/kd rst 'kksj ls euq"; dh /kefu;k fldqm+ tkrh gsa 'kksj ls ân; dh /km+du c<+ tkrh gs] vk[kks dh iqrfy;k pksm+h gks tkrh gs rfkk isv es fodkj isnk gksrs gsa isv es vylj] nkrks dk detksj gksuk] nek gksuk Hkh 'kksj ds dkj.k ik;k x;k gsa vk/ kqfudre [kkstks dk fu"d"kz gs fd 'kksj dh fujrj vf/ kdrk ls euq"; ds 'kjhj es dslj tsls egkjksx iuirs tk jgs gsa gky gh es fd;s x;s 'kks/k ls izkir fu"d"kz pksdkus okys gsa LohMu es 18&20 o"kz dh vk;q ds fd'kkjks es ls 80 izfr'kr dh Jo.k'kfDr 'kksj ls izhkkfor ikbz xbza tezuh es lk<+ s N% djksm+ dh vkcknh es ls djhc 30 yk[k yksx,slh txg jgrs gs tgk 'kksjxqy dk Lrj cgqr vf/kd gsa ;g ik;k x;k gs fd Hkkjr es Hkh nl izfr'kr 'kgjh yksx vksj vkb izfr'kr xzkeh.k yksx Jo.k fodkjks ls ihfm+r gsa dbz egkuxj Hkh /ofu iznwf"kr gsa fnyyh vksj enzkl es /ofu dk Lrj 89 Mslhcy] dksydkrk dk 88 Mslhcy vksj eqecbz dk 86 Mslhcy gsa ^fj;s Mh ftusfj;ks* fo'o dk lokzf/kd /ofu iznwf"kr 'kgj gs] tgk /ofu dk Lrj 120 Mslhcy gsa euq"; gh ugh i'kq&if{k;ks] ism+s&iks/kks rfkk ;gk rd fd tm+ inkfkks± ij Hkh /ofu iznw"k.k dk izhkko gksrk gsa 'kcn 'kfdr dk izhkko oskkfudks dk dfku gs fd 'kcn&'kfdr ls bysdvªksesxusfvd ¼fo qrpqecdh;½ ygjs mriuu gksrh gsa ;s rjxs Luk;qrU= ij okfnr izhkko Mkydj mudh lfø;rk c<+krh gs vksj euksfodkjks dks fevkrh gsa oklro es ok.kh ugh] ÅtkZ fø;k'khy gksrh gsa ÅtkZfoghu ok.kh izhkkoghu gksrh gsa ÅtkZ ds L=ksr ls tqm+h ok.kh ¼'kCn½ dh fø;k'khyrk Rofjr gksrh gsa bldk izhkko Hkh O;kid,o xgjk gksrk gsa dqn Hkh vksj dslk Hkh cksyk tk,] bldk izhkko vpwd gksrk gsa ;fn ok.kh es ÅtkZ dk HkMkj gs rks bldh fø;k'khyrk dks dksbz jksd ugh ldrka blhfy, rks dgk tkrk gs fd riloh dh ok.kh vkxus;kl=] czãkl= ds leku dk;z djrh gs vksj mlds iz;ksx ls izñfr es ifjorzu gksus yxrs gsa vr% 'kcn 'kfä dk nq#i;ksx ugh djuk pkfg,a 'kksj ij fu;=.k t:jh vkt gekjs thou es 'kksj bl lhek rd O;kIr gks x;k gs fd mls iw.kz:i ls nwj dj ikuk gekjs fu;u=.k e s 22

34 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 ugh jgka bddhloh lnh es 'kksj dh ek=k c<+rh gh tk,xha mlds fy, mik; [kkstk tkuk t:jh gsa vko';d gs fd dqn fu;e&dkuwu cukdj rfkk mudk fuf'pr :i ls ikyu djokdj 'kksj ds nkuo dks its QSykus ls jksdk tk;sa,d vpns vksj tkx:d ukxfjd ds :i es gekjk drzo; gs fd ge jsfm;ks rfkk Vsyhfotu dh vkokt dks fu;f=r j[ks A xkfm+;ks ds gkuz fcuk t:jr ds u ctk,a lm+d ds okguks es /ofulrj de djus ds fy, vpnh izdkj ds lkbysulj yxk, tk,a 'kksj okys dkj[kkuks es bulqysfvx rduhd dk iz;ksx fd;k tk,a 'kksj tsls iznw"k.k dks vksj Hkh gkfudkjd cukus es nwljs iznw"k.kks dk Hkh de gkfk ugh gksrka rkieku dh o`f)] gok dk 'kq) u gksuk] izkñfrd lksun;z dk vhkko Hkh 'kksj dk vglkl vf/kd djokrs gsa ge vf/kd ism+ iks/ks yxkdj i`foh dks gjkhkjk j[ks D;ks fd o`{k] oulifr;k vksj ou Hkh dksykgy dks vo'kksf"kr djrs gsa fodkl'khy vksj fodflr nksuks gh rjg ds ns'k vkt /ofuiznw"k.k ds [krjk s ls f?kjs gq, gsa cgqr ls fodflr ns'kks es /ofu&iznw"k.k ds fy, ckdk;nk dkuwu cus gq, gsa Hkkjr es Hkh ge O;fDrxr] lkekftd rfkk iz'kklfud Lrj ij tkx:d jgdj / ofu iznw"k.k ds?kkrd izhkkoks ls cp ldrs gsa jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku dh orzeku flfkfr ¼lnHkZ&,uvkbZvks,l izkslisdv~l 2010&11½ fo'o dh lcls cm+h eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk iz.kkyha o"kz 1990 ls ek/;fed rfkk mpprj ekf/;fed vksj O;kolkf;d Lrj ij 21]08]973 f'k{kkffkz;ks dks izek.ki= fn, x,a izr;sd o"kz 4]00]000 ls vf/kd f'k{kkfkhz izos'k ysrs gsa ns'khkj es rfkk fons'kks es QSys yxhkx 5911 v/;;u dsunzks ¼,vkbZ@,ohvkbZ@,,,l½ ds usvodz ds ek/;e ls lhkh rd igq pus dh dksf'k'ka Lo&v/;;u eqfnzr lkexzh] vkwfm;ks] ohfm;ks] Vhoh rfkk lhmh jkse vksj,vkbz ij O;fDrxr lidz dk;zøe dk lg;ksx ysdj nwjlfk f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk iznku djuka lkfk gh jsfm;ks izlkj.kks vksj Vh-oh- dk;zøeks dk Hkh lg;ksx ysuka 23

35 s eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 mihkksdrkoknh llñfr dk i;kz;&bysdvªkwfud dpjk MkW- jhfr Fkkij diwj ge yksx vkinkvks ds nksj es th jgs gsa fodkl'khy ns'kks es izkd`frd vksj ekuo&fufezr vkinkvks dh l[;k fujurj c<+rh tk jgh gs] ftlds dkj.k tgk,d vksj gtkjks yksx vdky e`r;q dk f'kdkj gks tkrs gs] ogh nwljh vksj leifrr vksj vk/kkjhkwr ljpukvks dk gzkl gksrk gsa izkd`frd vkinkvks ds vurxzr ck<+] HkwdEi] lqukeh vksj Tokykeq[kh folqksv vkfn vkrs gsa ogh bysdvªkwfud dpjs ¼bZ- &dpjs½ dks ekuo fufezr vkink dh lkk nh tk ldrh gsa ;fn le; jgrs bldk izc/ku u fd;k x;k] rks Hkfo"; es ;g,d cm+h Ik;kZoj.kh; =klnh ds :Ik es lkeus vk,xha izd`fr ds lkfk euq"; dk lh/kk lc/k gsa lh;rk ds vkjehk es euq"; dk izd`fr ds lkfk vkreh;rk dk lc/k FkkA ysfdu vkt fokku vksj izks ksfxdh ds bl ;qx es euq"; bruk cny x;k gs fd vc og izd`fr dks ek= nksgu dk lzksr le>us yxk gsa mihkksdrkoknh lld`fr dks viukrs gq, ekuo izd`fr ds llk/kuks dk bruk vf/kd nksgu djus yxk gs] fd vkt ;s izkd`frd llk/ku lekir gksrs tk jgs gs vksj gekjk i;kzoj.k iznwf"kr gks jgk gsa Lor=rk izkfir ds i'pkr~ Hkkjrh; vfkzo;olfkk fodkl ds u, ekxz ij vxzlj gqbz gs] ysfdu c<+rh tul[;k] uxjhdj.k vksj vks ksfxdhdj.k us vusd izdkj dh ubz i;kzoj.kh; lel;kvks dks tue fn;k gs ftles tyok;q ifjorzu vksj vusd nqyzhk iks/kks vksj turqvks dk yqir gksuk vkfn?kvuk, izeq[k gsa finys dqn o"kksz es ekuo thou&'ksyh es cgqr ifjorzu vk;k gsa dqn o"kz igys ekuo dh vko';drk, lhfer Fkh vksj mldk thou lrqfyr FkkA ysfdu vkt fodkl ds uke ij ekuo vf/kd leiuu thou O;rhr djuk pkgrk gsa euq"; dh vko';drk, fujurj c<+rh tk jgh gs vksj og vf/kd lk/kuks dk ykhk mbkuk pkgrk gsa vk/kqfudrk dh blh nksm+ us euq"; ds le{k bysdvªkwfud&dpjs dh ubz lel;k dks [km+k dj fn;k gsa gekjs pkjks vksj bysdvªkwfud midj.kks dk gh cksyckyk gs vksj thou ds izr;sd {ks= es bysdvªkwfud lkeuks dk mi;ksx gks jgk gsa lpkj&økfr ds QyLo#i bysdvªkwfud lkekuks ds mi;ksx ls ges vius thou dks lq[ke; cukus es fu%lnsg Hkjiwj enn feyh gs] fdurq vkt euq"; bu olrqvks ds mi;ksx ls mu ij bruk vf/kd fuhkzj gks x;k gs fd ;s gekjh thou 'ksyh dk vfhkuu vx curh tk jgh gs] vksj ekuo dks buds fcuk {k.k Hkj Hkh thou fcrkuk dfbu yxrk gsa rsth ls c<+rh gqbz bysdvªkwfud lkeuks dh [kir us ns'k dks bz&dpjs dh pisv es <dsy fn;k gs] ftlls fqygky futkr ikuk dfbu yxrk gsa D;k gs bz&dpjk\ finys dqn o"kksz es fctyh ls pyus okys midj.kks ds mriknu vksj mi;ksx es cgqr vf/kd o`f) gqbz gsa bz&dpjk ;kfu oslv bysdvªkwfud,.m bysfdvªdy MkW- jhfr Fkkij diwj] izodrk],fevh ck;ksvsduksykwth llfkku],fevh fo'ofo ky;] uks,mk&201303] mrrj izns'k vkokl% 24

36 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 ysivkwi dh fcøh if'pe Hkkjr es 37 izfr'kr] nf{k.k Hkkjr es 23 izfr'kr] iwoz Hkkjr es 22 izfr'kr] vksj mrrj Hkkjr es yxhkx 18 izfr'kr gsa gekjs ns'k dk yxhkx 80 izfr'kr bz&dpjk ns'k ds eq[;r% nl jkt;ks ls vkrk gsa lcls T;knk bz&dpjk isnk djus okys jkt; egkjk"vª] fnyyh] rfeyukmq] vk/kz izn's k vksj itkc gs vksj lcls vf/kd bz&dpjk isnk djus okys 'kgj eq[;r% eqecbz] fnyyh] cxyq#] psuubz] dksydkrk] vgenkckn] gsnjkckn] iq.ks] lwjr vksj ukxiqj gsa bfdoiesv dk vfhkizk; mu iqjkus csdkj im+s gq, fctyh ds midj.kks ls gs ftugs mi;ksx djus ds i'pkr~ Qsd fn;k tkrk gsa buds vurxzr os lkjs fo qrh; midj.k vkrs gs ftudk mi;ksx?kj ;k n rj es fd;k tkrk gsa bz&dpjs dh lwph es midj.kks dks fofhkuu Jsf.k;ks es ckvk x;k gs% cm+s?kjsyw midj.k tsls dei;wvj] Vsyhfotu] lh-mh-@mh-oh-mh- Iys;jA NksVs?kjsyw midj.k tsls bysdvªkfw ud jsfýtjsvlz] ysivkwi] bysdvªkfw ud dsejk] QksVksdkWih e'khu( vkbz-vh- vksj nwjlpkj midj.k tsls eksckby Qksu( izdk'k mriuu djus okys midj.k tsls lh-,q-,y-] buovzj] csvjh euksjt u vksj fpfdrlk lc/ kh midj.k vkfna bu bysdvªkwfud midj.kks dk blrseky iwjh nqfu;k es gks jgk gssa fur u, 'kks/k dk;ksz vksj difu;ks }kjk cktkj es u, mriknks dh fcøh ds dkj.k 'kh?kz gh u, bysdvªkwfud midj.k cktkj es vke turk ds fy, miyc/k gks tkrs gs] ftlls fd iqjkus bysdvªkwfud midj.k cgqr de le; es cktkj ls ckgj gks tkrs gs vksj budk LFkku u, u, mrikn ys ysrs gsa bl dkj.k bysdvªkwfud midj.kks dh vk;q fujurj?kvrh tk jgh gsa,d losz{k.k ds vuqlkj dhkh&dhkh bysdvªkwfud midj.kks dh vk;q nks o"kz ls Hkh de gksrh gsa gky gh es fd, x, 'kks/k ds vuqlkj Hkkjro"kZ es lu~ 2008&2009 es yxhkx 68 yk[k MsLdVkWi vksj ysivkwi dh fcøh gqbz ogh vxys gh o"kz lu~ 2009&2010 es ;g fcøh nqxquh ls Hkh vf/kd gqbza vkdm+ks ds vuqlkj Hkkjro"kZ es MsLdVkWi vksj bz&dpjs dk lxbu bz&dpjs es yxhkx,d gtkj ls vf/kd vo;o ik, tkrs gsa ftues ls vf/kdk'k vo;o gkfudkjd gksrs gsa bysdvªkwfud dpjs es yxhkx 30 izfr'kr IykfLVd vksj 60 izfr'kr Hkkjh /kkrq, rfkk 10 izfr'kr vu; gkfudkjd rro ik, tkrs gsa bz&dpjs es vusd izdkj ds fo"kkdr rro tsls lhlk] ikjk] Øksfe;e] dsmfe;e] vlszfud rfkk lsyfs u;e vkfn ik, tkrs gsa blds vykok dqn ek=k es dherh rro tsls lksuk] pk nh] IysfVue] rkck vksj,y;qfefu;e vkfn Hkh miflfkr jgrs gsa ns'k es bysdvªkwfud dpjs dk c<+rk gqvk [krjk csly,d'ku usvodz ¼ch-,-,u-½ dh fjiksvz ds vuqlkj fodkl'khy ns'kks es bz&dpjs dh c<+rh gqbz lel;k 25

37 s eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 dk eq[; dkj.k fodflr ns'k gsa fodflr ns'kks es ubz rduhdks vksj lk/kuks ds fodkl ds dkj.k 'kh?kz gh u, vksj vf/kd l{ke mrikn cktkj es miyc/k gks tkrs gs] ftlls iqjkus midj.kks dk iz;ksx?kv tkrk gsa fodflr ns'kks es fjlkbdfyx dh O;oLFkk vf/kd egxh gksus ds dkj.k ;s ns'k vu; fodkl'khy ns'kks dks nku ds uke ij iqjkus bysdvªkwfud midj.k miyc/k djkrs gsa blds dkj.k tgk,d vksj fodkl'khy ns'kks es vius ns'k es mriuu bz&dpjs dh lel;k dk gy ugh gks ik jgk] ogh fodflr ns'kks }kjk Hkstk x;k bz&dpjk fodkl'khy ns'kks es i;kzoj.k iznw"k.k dh lel;k dks vksj vf/kd tfvy cuk nsrk gsa gky gh es vesfjdk }kjk 50&70 izfr'kr bz&dpjs dks vusd fodkl'khy ns'kks tsls Hkkjr] ukbzthfj;k] pkbzuk] rkbzoku vksj výhdk vkfn es Hkstus dh [kcj izdk'k es vkbz gsa bysdvªkwfud dpjs ds iznw"k.k dk ekuo thou ij izhkko gekjs ns'k es bz&dpjs ds funku vksj iqu% mi;ksx dh fn'kk es i;kzir lqfo/kk, miyc/k ugh gsa bysdvªkwfud dpjs es vf/kdk'k rro cgqr gkfudkjd gksrs gsa ;fn budk fucvku lgh rjhds ls u fd;k tk, rks ;s euq"; ds LokLF; vksj i;kzoj.k ij izfrdwy izhkko Mkyrs gsa bz&dpjs es miflfkr Hkkjh /kkrq, euq";ks es vusd izdkj ds jksx mriuu djrh gs tsls ftd ls cq[kkj] dq cuuk] rkck o ysm ls ekufld detksjh],y;qfefu;e ls ;knnk'r detksj gksuk] ikjk ls uiqldrk vksj ekufld lrqyu [kjkc gksuk rfkk dsmfe;e ls yhoj o QsQM+ks ds jksx gks ldrs gsa dksckyv vksj csjhfy;e ls dslj tsls?kkrd jksx gks tkrs gsa gekjs ns'k es bz&dpjs dks vc rd lkeku; dpjs dh rjg gh fucvk;k tk jgk gsa vf/kdk'k bz&dpjs dks vu;?kjsyw dpjs ds lkfk tehu ds uhps nck fn;k tkrk gs ;k fqj tyk fn;k tkrk gsa ysmfqfyx es fucvk;k x;k bz&dpjk ogk dh fev~vh es vusd izdkj dh?kkrqvks dk fjlko djrk gs] ftlls ml LFkku dh fev~vh es Hkkjh /kkrqvks dh ek=k cgqr vf/kd gks tkrh gs vksj /khjs&/khjs,slh Hkwfe Ñf"k ;ksx; u jgus ds dkj.k ctj Hkwfe es ifjofrzr gks tkrh gsa ogh nwljh vksj bz&dpjs dks mpp rki ij tyk fn;k tkrk gs] ftlls Hkkjh /kkrqvks ds tyus ij vusd izdkj dh [krjukd xsls tsls MkbZ vkwfdlu vksj ;wjkwu vkfn isnk gks tkrh gs] tks leiw.kz i;kzoj.k dks iznwf"kr dj nsrh gsa tyus ds i'pkr~ Hkh bz&dpjs es miflfkr Hkkjh /kkrq, u"v ugh gks ikrh vksj ;s rro yecs le; rd okrkoj.k es miflfkr jgrs gsa,d losz{k.k ds vuqlkj orzeku le; es dqy xzhu gkml xslks ds mrltzu dk yxhkx 2 izfr'kr Hkkx bysdvªkwfud midj.kks ds mi;ksx }kjk mrlftzr gks jgk gs tks Hkfo"; es Xykscy okfezx dh lel;k dks vf/kd tfvy cuk ldrk gsa bysdvªkwfud dpjs dk izcu/ku Hkkjr ljdkj us bz&dpjs ds lqjf{kr izc/ku ds fy, vusd izdkj ds fu;e cuk, gsa bu fu;eks es bysdvªkwfud midj.kks dh fjlkbfdfyx ij cy nsus dh ckr dgh xbz gsa bu fu;eks ds vuqlkj fctyh ls pyus okys midj.kks dh fjlkbfdfyx djus okyh bzdkb;ks dks dsunzh; iznw"k.k fu;=.k cksmz es ithdj.k djkuk gksxka i;kzoj.k e=ky; us Hkh bz&dpjs ds lqjf{kr fucvku ds fy, fo'ks"k fn'kk&funsz k tkjh fd, gs] tks i;kzoj.k e=ky; 26

38 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 vksj dsunzh; iznw"k.k fu;=.k cksmz dh osclkbv vksj w.cpcb.nic.in ij miyc/k gs A vkt gekjs ns'k es vusd xsj&ljdkjh vksj LoSfPNd lxbu ¼,u-th-vks-½ Hkh bz&dpjs ls fucvus dh fn'kk es egroiw.kz dk;z dj jgs gsa i;kzoj.k ds fo"k; es vkt turk es tkx#drk mriuu djus ds fy, VkWfDld fyd] Dyhu bfm;k] bfm;u,uok;jesuvy lkslk;vh vksj us'kuy lkwfym oslv,lksf'k,'ku vkwq bfm;k dk uke fo'ks"k #i ls myys[kuh; gsa xkslokeh rqylhnkl }kjk jfpr ^jkepfjr ekul* es Hkh ;g dgk x;k gs fd i;kzoj.k dks lrqfyr,o lqjf{kr j[kus dk nkf;ro jktk,o iztk nksuks dk gsa vr% dsoy ljdkj,o vu; LoSfPNd lxbuks dk gh ;g nkf;ro ugh gs fd os okrkoj.k dks LoPN j[ks cfyd ;g vke ukxfjdk s dk Hkh nkf;ro gs fd os vius i;kzoj.k ls izse djs vksj mls lqjf{kr j[kus es viuh Hkwfedk fuhkk,a xzhuihl uked,d xsj ljdkjh lxbu us dgk gs fd bysdvªkwfud,o bysfdvªdy mriknks ls tqm+h difu;ks dks fo'o Lrj ij vius lhkh xzkgdks dks iqjkuk ;k [kjkc lkeku okil ysdj mls fjlkbfdfyx dh izfø;k es Hkstus dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,a vhkh dsoy uksfd;k deiuh vius iqjkus bysdvªkwfud lkeku ¼tSls&eksckby vksj blds vu; Hkkx½ okil ysdj mldh fjlkbfdfyx djus ds iz;kl dj jgh gsa ysfdu uksfd;k deiuh ds vuqlkj Hkkjr es dsoy 17 izfr'kr vksj ;w-ds- es 80 izfr'kr yksxks dks ;g tkudkjh gs fd [kjkc eksckby Qksu dh fjlkbfdfyx djds bles yxs gq, vko';d Hkkxks dks fqj ls dke es yk;k tk ldrk gsa bysdvªkwfud dpjs dks fu;f=r djus ds mik; fujurj c<+rh gqbz bz&dpjs dh lel;k vksj blds nq"izhkko ds ckjs es vkt vke turk es tkx#drk QSykus dh vko';drk gsa blds fy, ;g vko';d gs fd bysdvªkwfud midj.kks dks cukus okyh mriknd deifu;k vius midj.kks dh funsz'k iqflrdk,o fmccks ds Åij bz&dpjs ls lcf/kr tkudkjh ns A blds lkfk gh ;g Hkh vko';d gs] fd bysdvªkwfud midj.kks dks cukus ds fy, ckw;ksiykflvd vksj vu; xzhu@i;kzoj.k vuqdwy rduhdks dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,a blds lkfk gh bysdvªkwfud midj.kks ds fuekz.k vksj fjlkbfdfyx es yxs gq, dezpkfj;ks dks Hkh bz&dpjs ds gkfudkjd izhkkoks vksj lqj{kk ds fu;eks dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,a bz&dpjs dh fjlkbfdfyx djus okyh bzdkb;ks dks ftyk o rglhy Lrj ij dqn lkoztfud LFkkuks ij bz&dpjk fcu dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg,a ehfm;k }kjk vkt turk es bz&dpjs ls gksus okyh gkfu vksj ekuo LokLF; ij im+us okys nq"izhkko ls lecf/kr tkx#drk mriuu dh tk ldrh gs] ftles Vsyhfotu] jsfm;ks] lekpkj&i= vksj if=dk, viuh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk ldrs gsa fo'o Lrj ij bz&dpjs dh tkudkjh dks lwpuk&ivy ij miyc/k djkuk pkfg,a ljdkj }kjk bz&dpjs dh fjlkbfdfyx ds fy, dm+ s fu;e cukus pkfg,] vksj mugs iw.kz #i ls ykxw djuk pkfg,a ;fn vke turk }kjk ;k fqj bysdvªkwfud mrikndks }kjk bz&dpjs ds fy, cuk, x, fu;eks dh vogsyuk dh tkrh gs] rks,slh flfkfr es dm+ s nm dh Hkh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,a vr% vur es ge dg ldrs gs fd vke turk] bysdvªkwfud lkekuks ds mriknd vksj mihkksdrk,o ljdkj dks feytqy dj dk;z djuk gksxk] rhkh ge vius i;kzoj.k dks bz&dpjs ls eqdr dj ik,xs A vrjkrek dks u rks esus ns[kk gs u tkuk gsa llkj dh bz'oj ij tks J)k gs esus viuh cuk yh gsa ;g J)k,slh ugh gs tks fdlh izdkj fevkbz tk ldsa blfy, og vc esjs utnhd J)k ugh] cfyd vuqhko gks x;k gsa fqj Hkh vuqhko ds :i es mldk ifjp; djkuk,d izdkj ds lr; ij izgkj djuk gs] blfy, ;gh dguk 'kk;n vf/kd mfpr gksxk fd mlds 'kq) :i dk ifjp; nsus okyk 'kcn esjs ikl ugh gsa &egkrek xk/kh ¼vkRedFkk] i`"b 308] 309½ 27

39 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 i`foh ij uhyk lksuk&ikuh MkW- nhid dksgyh i`foh dk ^uhyk lksuk* (Blue Gold) vfkkzrk ikuh ;k ty thou dk ewyhkwr vk/kkj gsa ^ikuh gs rks izk.k gs* dh mfdr lozfofnr gsa gkbmªkstu ds nks rfkk vkdlhtu ds,d ijek.kq ls cuk ty (H 2 O),d lk/kkj.k ;ksfxd gsa bls ftl ik= es j[ks ] ;g oslk gh vkdkj xzg.k dj ysrk gsa vusd ek;uks es blds xq.kks es gh fojks/kkhkkl gsa tgk,d vksj ty ds fcuk gekjk thou vlhko gs ogh nwljh vksj ty dk vkf/kd; Hkh gekjs Åij e`r;q dk dgj <k nsrk gsa dgh ty dh deh ls =kfg&=kfg rks dgh ck<+ vksj vfro`f"v dk izdksia gs u fofp= ckra ijurq tu&thou vksj thfodk ds fy, ty vfuok;z :i ls vko';d gsa ekuo lh;rk ds fodkl ds lkfk&lkfk tul[;k vksj ty&llk/kuks ds ikjlifjd lc/kks es ifjorzu gksrk jgk gsa fo'o ds fofhkuu LFkkuks es izkjfhkd ekuo lh;rk, izeq[k ufn;ks ds fdukjs gh fodflr gqbz rkfd ty dh fujrj vkiwfrz lqfuf'pr jgsa vkfne leqnk;ks es ikuh dsoy thus ds fy, t:jh FkkA ysfdu] vc rks vkffkzd fodkl ds fy, Hkh ikuh egroiw.kz gks x;k gsa i`foh ij dqy ikuh dh ek=k,d vjc pkyhl djksm+?ku fdyksehvj vkdh xbz gsa /kjrh ij ftruk ikuh miyc/k gs] mles ls yxhkx 2-8 izfr'kr gh ehbk ikuh gs vksj euq"; dh [kir ds ;ksx; gsa ckdh 97-2 izfr'kr ty [kkjk gsa vksj leqnzks es Hkjk gsa /kjrh ds ehbs ikuh ds llk/ku Hkh vf/kdrj cqhzyh pksfv;ks ] fgeunks vksj Hkw&ty ds :i es gsa i`foh dh ehbs ikuh dh dqy ty&link dk cgqr FkksM+k fgllk gh ufn;ks] >hyks vksj vu; ty&lzksrks es feyrk gsa unh dh /kkjkvks dk ikuh uohuhdj.k ty&llk/ku gs vksj ;gh fo'o dh [kir dk lcls cm+k fgllk gsa izfr o"kz dqy 43]000?ku fdyksehvj gksrk gs] tks fd /kjkry dh dqnjrh >hyks ds ikuh dk yxhkx vk/kk vksj lhkh ekuo&fufezr tyk'k;ks ds vk;ru dk yxhkx nl xquk gsa ty dh izfr O;fDr miyc/krk ty&hkmkj.k dh {kerk ij fuhkzj gsa fodkl'khy ns'kks dh rqyuk es fodflr ns'kks es ty&hkmkj.k dh {kerk dkqh T;knk gsa mnkgj.k ds fy, Hkkjr dh ty&hkmkj.k {kerk 213?ku ehvj gs] tcfd blds eqdkcys vklvª sfy;k dh 4]733?ku ehvj vksj vesfjdk dh 1]964?ku ehvj gsa Hkkjr es,d o"kz ds dqy 8760?kVks es 100?kVs o"kkz gksrh gsa tks yxhkx 40 djksm+ gsdvs;j ehvj gsa bles ls izfro"kz yxhkx 15 djksm+ gsdvs;j ehvj ty dk fulinu gksrk gsa ftles ls 4 djksm+ gsdvs;j ehvj Hkwfexr ty es izfro"kz igqprk jgrk gsa yxhkx 7 djksm+ gsdvs;j ehvj ty dk ok"iu gksrk gsa i`"bh; cgko ds }kjk izfrok"kz yxhkx 18 djksm+ gsdvs;j ty iks[kjks] tyk'k;ks] ufn;ks] ukyks ls gksrk gqvk lkxj es tkrk jgrk gsa dqy i`"bh; cgko ds ty dk YkxHkx,d djksm+ nl yk[k gsdvs;j ehvj tyk'k;ks es jgrk gsa bldk 4 ls 5 izfr'kr rkykcks es Hkjk jgrk gsa bu vkdm+ks ls ;g Li"V gs fd dqy i`"bh; cgko dk yxhkx nl izfr'kr ls de ty gh ljf{kr jgrk gsa yxhkx,d djksm+ nl yk[k gsdvs;j ehvj ty eǹk&ty ds :i es ifjpnsfndk (Soil Profile) es jgrk gsa nwljs 'kcnks es dgs rks 40 djksm+ gsdvs;j ehvj okf"kzd o"kkz dk yxhkx 45 izfr'kr i`"bh; cgko] 27-5 izfr'kr Hkwfe ifjpnsfndk es ] 17-5 izfr'kr ok"ihdj.k ds }kjk ok;qemy es rfkk ek= 10 izfr'kr Hkwfexr ty es tk feyrk gsa MkW- nhid dksgyh] 5@104] foiqy [km] xkserh uxj] y[kuå& ¼m-iz-½ Qksu% 0522& ]

40 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 i`foh ds ty pø dks nks Hkkxks es fohkkftr djds nks ukeks ls tkuk tk ldrk gs% igyk] gfjr ty (Green wter) o"kkz dk ty Hkwfe es izos'k djrk gs rfkk oulifr;ks es jgrk gs rfkk ok"iksrltzu (Trnspirtion) ls iqu% ok;qemy es tk feyrk gsa nwljk] o"kkz ty dk og Hkkx tks Hkwfe ls gksrk gqvk rkykcks] ufn;ks] ukyks rfkk lkxj es tk feyrk gs vfkok Hkwfexr ty es feyrk gsa bls uhyk ty (Blue wter) dgk tk ldrk gsa nksuks izdkj ds ty dk lgh izc/ku djds ty vlrqyu ls cpk tk ldrk gsa ikuh dh eq[; :i ls rhu {ks=ks es Hkkjh ekx jgrh gs& Ñf"k] m ksx vksj?kjsyw ekxa fo'o dh tul[;k c<+us ds lkfk&lkfk ikuh dh ekx Hkh cjkcj c<+rh jgh gsa lu~ 1999 es fo'o dh tul[;k 6 vjc ds ikj igqp xbz vksj lu~ 2050 rd 10 vjc gks tk,xha ekuo ds dk;z&dykiks es c<+rh gqbz fofo/krk ds dkj.k Hkh ikuh dh ekx c<+ xbz gsa bl le; ekuork ds lkeus osf'od ty&ldv lcls cm+h lel;k gsa fo'o csd] ;w0,u0] rfkk vkbz-,e-,q- ds vuqlkj fo'o dk 1@6 Hkkx ty jfgr gks pqdk gsa 31 ns'kks es?kksj ty ldv gsa 2025 rd gkykr Hk;kog gks xsa 2050 rd nqfu;k ds 50 ns'kks es ;g ldv vksj xgjk;sxka fvdkå vksj lqjf{kr is; ty dh vkiwfrz dk fodkl nqfu;k ds fy,,d cm+h pquksrh gsa nqhkkzx;o'k fo'o ds vusd Hkkxks es yksx fcuk 'kq) is; ty ds vksj fcuk LoPNrk ds lkfk thou fcrkus dks etcwj gsa fo'o es ty fodkl lc/kh l;qdr jk"vª dh rhljh fjiksvz ds vuqlkj,sls yksxks dh l[;k 66 djksm+ gsa ;fn bu yksxks dks Qyuk&Qwyuk gs] rks vf/kd lqjf{kr ikuh dh vkiwfrz muds fy, llrs es djuh gksxha l;qdr jk"vª dh ty fodkl lc/kh osf'od fjiksvz gj rhu lky ckn nqfu;k es ehbs ikuh ds llk/kuks ds ckjs es vf/kñr lok±xh.k ewy;kdu iznku djrh gsa ehbs ikuh ds forj.k es ufn;ks ds i'pkr lcls cm+k ;ksxnku ^Hkw&ty* dk gsa ;g vkdyu fd;k x;k gs fd /kjrh ds Hkw&ty llk/ku yxhkx 100 yk[k?ku fdyksehvj gs ] tks Ok"kkZ ls feyus okys okf"kzd uohdj.kh; ty&llk/kuks ls 200 xqus vf/kd gs A Hkw&ty ds fu"d"kz.k ls Ñf"k dk folrkj djuk lhko gqvk gs] ftlus fqj xzkeh.k fodkl vksj xjhch?kvkus dks lhko cuk;ka ysfdu ;g folrkj ges'kk tkjh ugh jgsxka vc,slh flfkfr vk xbz gs fd vkffkzd n`f"v ls mi;qdr mit ds lkfk Hkw&ty ds fu"d"kz.k dh vko';drkvks dks lrqfyr djuk gksxka ysfdu] ;g Hkh lp gs fd Hkw&ty dk vr;f/kd nksgu i;kzoj.k dks uqdlku igqpk jgk gsa leiw.kz fo'o es Ñf"k {ks= es ikuh dh [kir cgqr vfèkd gsa fodflr ns'kks dh rqyuk es fodkl'khy ns'kks dh Ñf"k vf/kd ikuh ihrh gsa fodkl'khy ns'kks es ehbs ikuh dh dqy [kir dk yxhkx 85 izfr'kr Ñf"k&{ks= es [ki tkrk gsa Ñf"k&{ks= es ikuh dh ekx vksj Hkh c<+sxh] D;ksfd vxys 50 lkyks es [kk kuu dh ekx yxhkx nqxuh gks tk,xha [kk kuu dh c<+rh t:jrks dks iwjk djus ds fy, vfrfjdr ty dh vkiwfrz ty dh mrikndrk c<+k, cxsj iwjh ugh dh tk ldrha ;g rhkh gks ldrk gs tc [ksrh ds lq/kjs rjhds viuk, tk,] izks ksfxdh dks vf/kd muur cuk;k tk, vksj lcls Åij ty&izc/ku dh mfpr rduhds iz;ksx es ykbz tk,a fo'o es vks ksfxd {ks= ehbs ikuh ds yxhkx 22 izfr'kr dh [kir djrk gsa Hkkjr tsls fodkl'khy ns'kks es Hkh vks ksfxd {ks= es ikuh dh ekx es dkqh c<+ksrjh gksxha vusd jk"vªh; vksj vrjkz"vªh; epks ij ikuh ds fy, c<+rh fprk O;Dr dh tk jgh gsa bl izdkj dh fprk fo'o Lrj ij igyh ckj LVkWdgkse es 1972 es liuu gq, ekuo fodkl vksj i;kzoj.k ij l;qdr jk"vª us lu~ 2003 dks ehbs ikuh dk vrjkz"vªh; o"kz?kksf"kr fd;k 29

41 s eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 FkkA l;qdr jk"vª dh egklhkk ds 58os vf/kos'ku es 2005 ls 2015 rd dh vof/k ^thou ds fy, ty dk vrjkz"vªh; n'kd*?kksf"kr dh xbz FkhA gkykfd Hkkjr dks lcls ty&ckgqy; ns'kks es 'kqekj fd;k tkrk gs] fqj Hkh ;g ikuh dh xhkhj lel;k ls f?kjk gqvk gsa tul[;k dk vf/kd?kuro] o"kkzdky es ifjorzu'khyrk] lrg ij ds ikuh vksj Hkwty dk rsth ls?kvrs tkuk vksj mldk lnw"k.k Hkkjr ds ty ldv ds izeq[k dkj.k gsa blds vykok tyok;q ifjorzu ty&pø dks Hkh cny jgk gsa lcls cm+k eqn~nk ;g gs fd ty&izc/ku dks fqj ls ifjhkkf"kr fd;k tk,a blds fy, llfkkxr lq/kkjks dh vko';drk gsa csgrj ty&izc/ku,o ty&lj{k.k ds fy, turk dks tkx:d cukuk vksj mls bl vksj f'kf{kr djuk rfkk Hkkxhnkjh ds fy, izfjr djuk vr;ur vko';d gsa ekuo ek= ds fy, luns'k gs fd& ^^ty lj{k.k dhft,] ty thou dk lkj] ty u jgs ;fn txr es] thou gs csdkja**,uvkbzvks,l%,d vuks[kh fo ky;h f'k{kk iz.kkyh jk"vªh; eqdr fo ky;h f'k{kk llfkku ¼,uvkbZvks,l½ dh LFkkiuk lu~ 1989 es,d Lok;Ùk llfkk ds :i es Hkkjr ljdkj ds ekuo llk/ku fodkl e=ky; }kjk dh xbza ;g vki tsls i<+us ds bpnqd yksxks ds csgrj Hkfo"; cukus ds fy, f'k{kk dk volj iznku djrk gsa,uvkbzvks,l dk fe'ku lcds fy, f'k{kk gs rfkk ckfydkvks vksj efgykvks ] xzkeh.k ;qokvks ] dk;zjr iq#"kks,o efgykvk s] vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr v{ke O;fDr;ks vksj vu; lqfo/kk ofpr oxks± dks f'kf{kr djuk gh bldh fo'ks"k izkfkfedrk gs] tks fdlh u fdlh dkj.k ls vksipkfjd f'k{kk iz.kkyh }kjk i<+ ugh ik, gsa,uvkbzvks,l pksng {ks=h; dsunzks vksj Hkkjr] usiky rfkk e/; iwoz es yxhkx rhu gtkj izr;kf;r llfkkvks rfkk izr;kf;r O;kolkf;d llfkkvks] ftugs lkeku;r% v/;;u dsunz ds :i es tkuk tkrk gs] ds,d usvodz ds ek/;e ls dk;z djrk gsa 'ksf{kd ikb~;øeks e s izos'k dsoy vkwu&ykbu ds ek/;e ls fd;k tk jgk gsa f'k{kkffkz;ks dh fteesokjh%,d ut+j es foojf.kdk es fn, x, funsz'kks dks Bhd ls i<+ s fcuk vkosnu&i= ugh Hkjs A vkosnu&i= e s dksbz Hkh dkwye [kkyh u NksM+ A lcf/kr dkxtkrks ds fcuk vkosnu&i= tek u djs A,slh >wbh,ts fl;ks ds cgdkos es ugh vk, tks mùkh.kz djkus dk oknk djrh gsa tslk fd izso'k ds fy, vkosnu QkWEkZ es Hkh fy[kk x;k gs izos'k rfkk ijh{kk ds fy, fu/kkzfjr 'kqyd ls T;knk fdlh dks u ns A vius v/;;u dsunz es vk;ksftr gksus okys izr;sd fo"k; es O;fDrxr leidz d{kkvks e s vo'; Hkkx ys ftugs lhkh,vkbz dks vfuok;z rksj ij vk;ksftr djkuk gksrk gsa udy djus] vius LFkku ij nwljs O;fDr ls ijh{kk fnykus tsls vuqfpr lk/kuks ds mi;ksx es fyir u gksa,l,e,l vyv~lz ds fy, viuh dk;z dj jgh bz&esy vkbz Mh vksj eksckby ucj ns A 30

42 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 thou dk vk/kkj% egklkxj uouhr dqekj xqirk ;g rks ge lhkh tkurs gh gs fd lelr czãkm es vhkh rd i`foh gh,d,slk Kkr xzg gs tgk thou fofo/k :iks es jpk&clk gsa i`foh xzg ij thou dk vflrro ;gk miflfkr fofhkuuk tfvy o uktqd iz.kkfy;ks ;k ikfjr=ks ds vkilh leuo; o lrqyu dk ifj.kke gsa osls ns[kk tk, rks i`foh ij thou eq[;r% rhu r=ks LFkyeMy] ok;qemy vksj egklkxjks dh lghkkfxrk ds dkj.k gh lhko gqvk gsa bl ys[k es ge i`foh xzg dks thfor xzg cuk, j[kus es egklkxjks dh Hkwfedk vksj ekuoh; xfrfofèk;ks ls bl fof'k"v ikfjr= ij emjkus okys [krjks ds lkfk muds thounk;h Lo:i dks cuk, j[kus es gekjh Hkwfedk ij ppkz djs xsa leqnzh ty dk izr;sd d.k gedks,d dgkuh lqukus dh ps"vk djrk gsa bu ty d.kks dk bfrgkl vukfn vksj vur gks ldrk gsa ;s cw ns dhkh mùkjh ;k nf{k.kh /kqzo es teh cqz ds :i es jgh gks ;k m".kdfvc/kh; {ks= es Hkki ds :i es miflfkr jgh gk sa egklkxj i`foh ij thou dk izrhd gsa i`foh ij thou dk vkjhk egklkxjks ls ekuk tkrk gsa egklkxjh; ty es gh igyh ckj thou dk vdqj QwVk FkkA vkt egklkxj vlhe tsofofo/krk ds HkMkj gsa thou vksj egklkxjks ds rkyesy dks tkuus ls igys ge egklkxjks dh mrifrr dks le>us dh dksf'k'k djrs gsa i`foh ij ty vksj ty ls Hkjs fo'kky egklkxjks dk vflrro Hkh djksm+ks o"kks± rd pyh fø;kvks dk ifj.kke gsa i`foh ds tue ds le; ;kfu djhc lk<s + pkj vjc o"kz igys ;gk u rks egklkxj Fks vksj u gh thoua vkjfhkd le; e s rks i`foh dk rkieku bruk vf/kd Fkk fd ckfj'k dk ikuh rqjr gh Hkki cu tkrk FkkA tsls&tsls i`foh dk rkieku de gksrk x;k] ok;qemy es QSyh gqbz ueh ty es cny dj vuojr o"kkz ds :i es i`foh ij fxjus yxha bl izdkj o"kkz dk ty i`foh es cus fo'kkydk; xm~<ks es bdv~bk gksus yxka bl izfø;k ds djksm+ks o"kks± rd tkjh jgus ds mijkr egklkxjks dk tue gqvka bl izdkj gekjh i`foh dk yxhkx,d frgkbz Hkkx ikuh ls f?kj x;k vksj 'ks"k Hkkx Å pkbz ij flfkr gksus ds dkj.k }hiks ds :i es vflrro es vk;ka gekjh i`foh dk yxhkx 71% Hkkx egklkxjks ls f?kjk gsa egklkxjks es i`foh ij miyc/k lelr ty dk yxhkx 97 izfr'kr ty lek;k gqvk gsa egklkxjks dh fo'kkyrk dk vnktk bl ckr ls yxk;k tk ldrk gs fd ;fn i`foh ds lhkh egklkxjks dks,d fo'kky egklkxj eku fy;k tk, rks mldh rqyuk es i`foh ds lhkh egk}hi,d NksVs ls }hi ls lkfcr gksxsa eq[;r;k i`foh ij ik p egklkxj gs ftuds uke bl izdkj gs& iz'kkr egklkxj] fgun egklkxj] vvykfvd egklkxj] mrrjh /kzqo egklkxj vksj nf{k.kh /kzqo egklkxja egklkxjks ds uhps Hkh /kjrh gsa ftl izdkj /kjrh ij vl[; iozr,o [kkbz;k gs] osls gh egklkxjks es Hkh fofhkuu LFkykÑfr;k ekstwn gsa leqnz dk ry vusd izdkj dk gksrk gsa mles igkfm+;k ] }hi] lery esnku] lkxj dh mbku] fuekxu }hi ;k x;ksv 'kkfey gksrs gsa egklkxjks ds ry dks eq[; :i ls rhu Hkkxks-egk}hih; 'ksyq] egk}hih; <ky vksj fory es ck Vk tkrk gsa egk}hih; 'ksyq rv ls yxk {ks= gksrk gs ftl ij Hkwfe dk izhkko im+rk gsa ufn;ks ds ty ds lkfk vkus okys rroks ls ;g {ks= iksf"vd rroks ls le`) jgrk gsa lw;z ds izdk'k vksj iksf"vd rroks dh uouhr dqekj xqirk, ifj;kstuk vf/kdkjh ¼,MwlsV½, lh&24] fokku izlkj, dqrqc llfkkfud {ks=, ubz fnyyh&16 31

43 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 i;kzirk ds dkj.k bl {ks= es thoks vksj oulifr;ks dh izpqjrk gksrh gsa ijrq euq"; ds fø;kdykiks dk lcls vf/kd izhkko Hkh blh {ks= ij im+rk gsa vkt egklkxjks ds rvh; {ks= leqnz ds lcls vf/kd iznfw "kr {ks= gsa egklkxjh; ygjks dk jkt ge tkurs gh gs fd ikuh dh cwn &cwn ls thou iksf"kr gksrk gsa egklkxjks dk uke vkrs gh gekjs fnekx es ikuh dh cm+h&cm+h ygjks dk n`'; vkrk gsa ty dh bl gypy dk dkj.k lw;z gsa Hkwfe dh rjg egklkxjks dh Å"ek dk vkèkkj Hkh lw;z gh gsa leqnz dh Åijh irz lw;z dh xehz ls xez gksrh jgrh gs vksj gokvks }kjk mldk efku gksrk jgrk gsa ftlds ifj.kkelo:i fdukjks ij ygjks dk tue gksrk gsa oklro es ikuh dh ygjs egklkxjks dh xfr'khyrk dks vfhko;drk djrh gsa egklkxjks es ygjs mudh lrg ij pyus okyh gokvks ds dkj.k curh gs A ys f du ygjks ds ek/;e ls ty,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd ugh tkrk tslk fd /kkjkvks ds ek/;e ls gksrk gsa ygj rks ty dh Åij&uhps gksus okyh xfr ek= gsa gok dh xfr lkeku; gksus ij ygjks dh ÅpkbZ 2 ls 5 ehvj rd gksrh gs ysfdu ok;q dk osx vfèkd gksus ij 10 ls 12 ehvj rd Åph ygjs mbrh gsa ygjs ok;qem y vksj egklkxj ds vkilh leuo; dk ifj.kke gksrh gsa vius vkjfhkd dky ls vkt rd egklkxj thou ds fofo/k :iks dks ltks, gq, gsa i`foh ds fo'kky {ks= es QSys vfkkg ty dk HkMkj gksus ds lkfk egklkxj vius vnj o vklikl vusd NksV& s NksVs uktqd ikfjr=ks dks iukg nsrs gs ftlls mu LFkkuks ij fofhkuu izdkj ds tho o oulifr;k iuirh gsa leqnz es izoky fhkfùk {ks=,sls gh,d ikfjr= dk mnkgj.k gs tks vlhe tsofofo/krk dk izrhd gsa blh izdkj rvh; {ks=ks es flfkr esuxzkos tslh oulifr;ks ls liuu ou {ks= leqnz ds vusd thoks ds fy, ulzjh dk dke djrs gq, mugs vkj; iznku djrs gsa egklkxjks es lcls vf/kd Å"ek m".kdfvc/kh; {ks=ks es gksrh gs vksj lcls de m"ek /kzqoh; {ks=ks esa egklkxjks es rkieku dk izhkko leqnhz ty dh yo.krk] mles?kqyh gqbz xslks vksj mlds vu; jklk;fud xq.kks ij n`f"vxkspj gksrk gsa rkieku ds vf/kd gksus ij leqnzh ty es?kqyh gqbz xslks dh ek=k de gks tkrh gsa orzeku es osf'od xekzgv ;kfu Xykscy okfez±x ds pyrs /kqzoh; cqz ds fi?kyus ds dkj.k leqnzks ds tylrj es o`f) ntz dh xbz gsa leqnz dh lrg ij tks ty ok"i cu dj mm+ tkrk gs mlds nks ykhk gksrs gsa,d rks ;g fd tc og ok"i ok;qem y es QSyrh gs rks Å"ek leqnz ls nwj gv tkrh gs vksj nwljk ;g fd ok;qem y es ;g Hkki Å"ek dks bdv~bk djrh gsa ;g rks ge tkurs gh gs fd ok"i ds :i es ty lkeku; ty dh rqyuk es vf/kd xfr'khy gksrk gsa bl izdkj tks Å"ek,d LFkku ij ty es lek tkrh gs og ok;q ds osx ls nwj&nwj ds LFkkuks rd lqnj vksj thounk;h egklkxj 32

44 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 igq p tkrh gs vksj bl izdkj /kjrh ij rki dk forj.k gksrk jgrk gsa gkykfd dhkh&dhkkj leqnzks es Hkwdi vkus ;k leqnzks es flfkr Tokykeq[kh; gypyks ds dkj.k vkus okyh lqukeh ygjs izy;dkjh lkfcr gks ldrh gs ftlds dkj.k Hkkjh rckgh gks ldrh gsa 11 ekpz] 2011 dks tkiku es vkbz lqukeh us cgqr cm+ s Hkkx dks rgl&ugl dj fn;ka blls igys Hkh tc 2004 ds fnlecj eghus es nf{k.k iwoz,f'k;k es izy;dkjh lqukeh ds dkj.k yk[kks yksxks dh eksr gksus ds lkfk,d cm+s {ks= dks bl ldv dk lkeuk djuk im+k FkkA ygjs Fkeh rks Fke tk,xk thou vxj fdlh dkj.k ls leqnzks es thou #d tk, rks gekjs ok;qe.my es dkczuk MkbvkWDlkbM dh ek=k frxquh gks tk,xha leqnz ds vl[; tho vius 'kjhj dh ljpuk es dkczu dk mi;ksx djrs gs] ftlds ifj.kkelo:i leqnz ds Åijh ty o ok;qe.my es dkczuk MkbvkWDlkbM dk lrqyu cuk jgrk gsa leqnz es ok;qe.my dh vis{kk yxhkx 45 xquk dkczu lek;k gqvk gsa i`foh dk 70% fgllk leqnz gh gs ysfdu vhkh blds dbz jgl;ks ls inkz mbuk ckdh gsa leqnz vksj eksle /kjrh dk eksle fu/kkzfjr djus okys dkjdks es egklkxj izeq[k gsa leqnzh ty dh yo.krk vksj fof'k"v Å"ek/kkfjrk dk xq.k i`foh ds eksle dks izhkkfor djrk gsa ;g rks ge tkurs gh gs fd i`foh dh lelr Å"ek es ty dh Å"ek dk fo'ks"k egro gsa ftruh Å"ek,d xzke ty ds rkieku es,d fmxzh lsfyl;l dh o`f) djsxh] mlls,d xzke yksgs dk rkieku nl fmxzh lsfyl;l c<+k;k tk ldrk gsa vf/kd fof'k"v Å"ek ds dkj.k leqnzh ty fnu es lw;z dh ÅtkZ dk cgqr cm+k Hkkx vius es lek ysrk gsa bl izdkj vf/kd fof'k"v Å"ek ds dkj.k leqnz Å"ek dk Hk.Mkjd cu tkrk gs ftlds dkj.k fo'o Hkj es eksle lrqfyr cuk jgrk gsa ;k ;w dgs fd thou ds fy, vko';d vkslr rkieku cuk jgrk gsa eksle ds lrqyu es leqnzh ty dh yo.krk thou ds fy,,d ojnku gsa i`foh ij tyok;q ds cnyus dh?kvuk vksj leqnzh ty dk [kkjkiu vkil es vr%lcf/kr gsa ;g rks ge tkurs gh gs fd BMk ty] xez ty dh rqyuk es vf/ kd?kuro okyk gksrk gsa bl rf; ds vk/kkj ij ge leqnzks ds fofhkuu {ks=ks dh yo.krk es ns[ks tkus okys vrj dks le> ldrs gsa vly es leqnz es fdlh LFkku ij lw;z ds rki ds dkj.k ty ds okf"ir gksus ls ml {ks= ds ty ds rkieku es ifjorzu gksrk gs ftlds ifj.kkelo:i LFkku fo'ks k ds leqnzh ty dh yo.krk vksj vklikl ds {ks= dh yo.krk es vrj mriuuk gks tkrk gsa ;gh dkj.k gs fd xez ty dh /kkjk, BMs {ks=ks dh vksj py nsrh gs vksj BMk ty m".k vksj de m".k izns'kks es vkrk gsa leqnz es ;s /kkjk, dsoy bl dkj.k mriuuk gksrh gs fd leqnz dk ty [kkjk gsa D;ks fd ;fn lkjs leqnzks dk ty ehbk gksrk rks yo.krk es fhkuurk dhkh u gksrh vksj ty dks,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij ys tkus okyh /kkjk, lfø; u gksrha ifj.kkelo:i BMs izns'k cgqr BMs jgrs vksj xez izns'k cgqr xeza egklkxjks dh vkslr yo.krk 35 Hkkx izfr gtkj gsa i`foh ij thou ds brus jx u fc[kjs gksrs D;ksfd i`foh dh vlhe tsofofoèkrk dk,d izeq[k dkj.k ;g gs fd ;gk vusd izdkj dh tyok;q ekstwn gs vksj tyok;q ds fu/kkzj.k es egklkxjks dk egroiw.kz ;ksxnku udkjk ugh tk ldrk gsa ygjks ls xfre; gksrk thoupø egklkxjks es thou dh fofo/krk es egklkxjh; èkkjkvks dk ;ksxnku vge~ gsa ty ds Åij ;k uhps mbus ds dkj.k fofhkuu iks"kd rro,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd forfjr gksrs jgrs gs ftlds ifj.kkelo:i leqnz es thou pyrk jgrk gsa leqnz dh Åijh ijr thou ds fy, lcls mriknd {ks= gsa blh {ks= es lw;z dh jks'kuh ds lg;ksx ls 33

45 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 thou ds jx&fcjxs :iks ls Hkjiwj egklkxj ikuh ds [kfutks ls ikni Iyodks }kjk dkczfud inkfkks± dk fuekz.k gksrk gs tks [kk Ükà[kyk dh igyh dm+h gksrs gsa eksvs rksj ij egklkxjks dk ty nks irks± es ck Vk tk ldrk gsa egklkxj dh Åijh irz dk vk;ru lelr egklkxjh; ty dk yxhkx nks izfr'kr gksrk gsa lw;z ds rki vksj gokvks ds izhkko okyh ;g irz fofhkuuk egklkxjh; xfrfof/k;ks es egroiw.kz Hkwfedk j[krh gsa Åijh irz ls ikuh Hkki cu dj iwjh i`foh ij ehbs ikuh ds :i es cjlrk gsa ;s ikuh tehu ij thou dk iks"k.k djrs gq, ufn;ks &ukyks ds :i es iqu% egklkxjks es vk feyrk gs vksj vius lkfk ykrk gs dbz izdkj ds [kfut o yo.ka egklkxjks dh yo.krk yk[kks o"kks± dh blh izfø;k dk gh ifj.kke gsa oslks leqnzh Tokykeq[kh tslh xfrfof/k;k Hkh leqnzh yo.krk es viuk ;ksxnku nsrh gsa vr% leqnz es vkil es vr%lcf/kr dbz izfø;kvks ds ifj.kkelo:i ued o vu; [kfutks dk lurqyu cuk jgrk gs vksj ftlls leqnz es thou fujurj pyrk jgrk gsa bl irz dh rqyuk es fupyh irz tks vf/kdrj egklkxjh; ty dks j[krh gs] mles izk;% rkieku fu;r cuk jgrk gsa fupyh irz dk rkieku & 1 ¼'kwU; ls,d fmxzh uhps½ ls ysdj 5 fmxzh lsfyl;l ds vklikl gksrk gsa,d vuqeku ds vuqlkj fupyh irz ds ikuh ds,d ijek.kq dks Åijh irz rd igq pus ds fy, yxhkx 1000 lky dk brtkj djuk im+rk gsa bl ikuh dk mn~xe /kqzoh; izns'kks es miflfkr Åijh irz dk ikuh gs tks de rkieku ds dkj.k vf/kd?kuro dk gksrk gsa bl ikuh dh yo.krk Hkh flfkj gksrh gsa leqnz dh Åijh irz o fupyh irz ds chpks &chp,d vksj {ks= gksrk gs tks Åijh {ks= vksj fupys {ks= ds ikuh ds fy,,d vojks/kd dk dk;z dj mugs vkil es feyus ls jksdrk gsa bl e/; {ks= es rkieku xgjkbz dh vksj cgqr rsth ls de gksrk tkrk gs vksj ge tkurs gs fd BMs ikuh dk?kuro xez ikuh dh vis{kk vf/kd gksrk gsa ifj.kkelo:i chp dk ;g {ks= Åijh irz ds xez ikuh o fupyh irz ds BMs ikuh dks vkil es feyus ls jksdrk gsa leqnzks es iuirk thou fof'k"v LFkykÑfr o leqnzh ty ds fo'ks"k xq.kks ds dkj.k leqnz es i`foh dh vis{kk vf/kd l[;k es tho&turq feyrs gs vfkkzr leqnz Hkh tsofofo/krk dk vfkkg HkMkj gsa leqnz es ; fi thoks dk?kuro i`foh dh rqyuk es vyx gks ldrk gs ysfdu leqnz ds ry vksj lrg ;kfu lhkh LFkkuks ij tho&turq ik, tkrs gsa blds vykok leqnz es thoks dh fo'ks"krk, i`foh dh rqyuk es cgqr vf/kd gsa leqnz es thou dks rhu 34

46 s eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 fofhkuu ck;kse {ks=ks es ck Vk tk ldrk gsa leqnz es Åijh irz ;kfu lrg ls 200 ehvj rd lw;z ds rki vksj gokvks ds izhkko ds dkj.k thou vf/kd ik;k tk ldrk gsa ;g {ks= dkczu dks lw;z dh jks'kuh es tsfod inkfkks± es cnyus ds fglkc ls lcls vfèkd mriknd {ks= gsa bl {ks= ds tho lw;z ds izdk'k dk mi;ksx dj vius fy, Hkkstu Lo; cuk ysrs gsa dbz yksx leqnz ds bl {ks= dh rqyuk mriknu ds Lrj ij tehuh o"kkzouks ls djrs gsa 200 ehvj ls vfèkd xgjkbz okys {ks= es thou dh ek=k Åijh irz dh rqyuk es de gksrh gsa leqnzh {ks= es thou dk lcls fnypli igyw egklkxjks dh xgjkbz es flfkr thou ls tqm+k gsa oklro es ;g vk'p;z dk fo"k; gs fd bruh xgjkbz es Hkh thou fofo/k :iks es feyrk gsa bl {ks= ds thoks ds iks"k.k es Åijh {ks= es jgus okys thoks dk ;ksxnku gksrk gsa leqnz dh Åijh irz es jgus okys thoks ds e`r vo'ks"k xgjkbz es flfkr thoks ds fy, iks"kd rroks dh o"kkz ds :i es fxjrs jgrs gs ftlds ifj.kkelo:i xgjkbz es jgus okys thoks dk thou pø fujurj pyrk jgrk gsa ;gk u rks lw;z dk izdk'k igqprk gs vksj ;gk ikni Iyod tsls izkfkfed mriknd tho Hkh vuqiflfkr gksrs gsa ;kfu ;gk,d iw.kz ikfjflfkfrdh r= dk vhkko gs ijurq fqj Hkh ;gk thou ik;k tkrk gsa leqnz dh vfkkg xgjkbz es thou dks Qyrs&Qwyrs ns[kuk gsjkuh dh ckr gsa ijurq ;gk [kk Ükà[kyk dh 'kq#vkr,sls thok.kqvks ls gksrh gs tks ikuh es?kqys jlk;uks ls ÅtkZ izkir dj izkfkfed mriknd dh Hkwfedk fuhkkrs gsa ;gk V;wc okez o fjei tsls tho&turq ik, tkrs gsa leqnz dh xgjkbz es tgk izdk'k ugh igqprk ogk thou pykus ds fy, dqn thoks }kjk,d osdfyid iz.kkyh fodflr dj yh xbz gs ftlds dkj.k ;g {ks= thou ds cgqjxh jxks ls ljksckj gksrk gsa leqnz es tho u dsoy vkxs vksj ihns oju~ Åij vksj uhps Hkh xfr dj ldrs gsa leqnz es rhu izdkj ds tho feyrs gs &,d rks oks tks rsjrs jgrs gs vksj nwljs oks tks ikuh es Mksyrs jgrs gsa rsjus okys thoks dks rj.kd vksj ty es Mksyus okys thoks dks Iyod ;k IySDVu,o leqnz ds ry ij ;k mlds ikl jgus okys thoks dks furyh; tho dgrs gsa rj.kd vksj Iyod thoks es fohksn djuk vklku ugh gsa mnkgj.k ds fy, enfy;ks ds cppks Iyod gksrs gs vksj cm+ s gksdj rj.kd cu tkrs gsa izk;% rj.kd vksj Iyod tho [kqys leqnz es jgrs gsa furyh; vksj rj.kd tho vis{kkñr cm+ vkdkj ds gksrs gsa leqnzh thoks es Iyod Js.kh ds thoks dh cgqyrk gksrh gsa gk ] fodkl ds Øe es igys tho leqnz ls /kjrh ij vk, vksj iqu% leqnz es gh yksv x,a lhy] Ogsy] vksj okyjl tsls Lru/kkjh tho blh dk mnkgj.k gs ijurq leqnzh tho gksus ds ckn Hkh vkt Hkh thou dh dqn izfø;kvks dks iwjk djus ds fy, bu thoks dks leqnz ds fdukjks ij gh yksvuk im+rk gsa i`foh xzg dks vu; xzgks ls tks inkfkz vyx djrk gs og gs leqnzks dk ikuh] ftlus mldh 70 izfr'kr lrg dks <d j[kk gsa ;fn i`foh dh lrg gj txg lery gksrh rks iwjh i`foh ij leqnz dh xgjkbz 2500 ehvj gksrha leqnz i`foh ij thou ds izrhd gsa leqnz es gh thou dh 'kq#vkr gqbz vksj vkt Hkh ogk tsofofo/krk dh vf/kdrk gsa leqnz lw{e tho ls ysdj fo'kkydk; tho Cyw Ogsy dk fuokl LFkku gsa thou dh fofoèkrk dks ltks, gq, leqnz i`foh ds eksle dks izhkkfor djus okyk egroiw.kz r= gsa i`foh ij ÅtkZ dk lpj.k,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd djus es leqnzks dh vge~ Hkwfedk gsa leqnz dks i`foh dk Å"ekx`g vksj dkczu MkbvkWDlkbM xsl dk HkMkjx`g Hkh dgk tkrk gsa leqnz vksj izkñfrd llkèku leqnz es miyc/k llk/kuks dks eq[; :i ls pkj Hkkxks es j[kk tkrk gsa igys oxz es os [kk inkfkz gs tks ekuoks dks [kkus ;k i'kqvks ds pkjs ds :i es leqnz ls miyc/k gks ldrs gsa nwljs oxz es ued lfgr dbz vu; jlk;u gsa rhljs oxz es leqnzh ty ls izkir gksus 35

47 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 okys inkfkz vksj isvªksfy;e o dbz vu; jlk;u 'kkfey gsa pksfks oxz es leqnz es mbus okys Tokj&HkkVs o ygjks ls izkir Tokjh; ÅtkZ,o leqnz es yo.krk ds vurj ls izkir gksus okyh ÅtkZ 'kkfey gsa leqnz izksvhu ;qdr [kk inkfkks± dk vlhe lzksr gsa leqnz es miycèk 'ksoky ¼dkbZ½ Hkh,d egroiw.kz [kk lzksr gsa dqn izdkj ds 'ksokyks es vk;ksfmu miflfkr gksrk gsa dqn 'ksokyks dk mi;ksx m ksxks es Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gsa leqnzh ty vr;r le`) llk/kuks es ls,d gsa leqnzh ty ls vks ksfxd mi;ksx ds lsdm+ks rro fudkys tk ldrs gsa dk p] lkcqu vksj dkxt cukus ds dke es vkus okys xwns ds fy, lksfm;e lyqsv dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gs] ftls cgqr vf/kd ek=k es leqnz ds ty ls fudkyk tkrk gsa izfro"kz Hkkjr es leqnzh ty ls ued fudkyus ds ckn cps gq, Hkkx es ls yxhkx gtkjk s Vu esxuhf'k;e lyqsv,o iksvsf'k;e lyqsv vksj czksehu fudkyk tk ldrk gsa rkri;z ;g fd leqnzh ty ds lcèk es ^^vke ds vke vksj xqbfy;ks ds Hkh nke** okyh dgkor lvhd csbrh gsa leqnz ds ry ij NksV&NksVs xksys ds :i es esxuht] yksgk] rkck] dksckyv o fudy tsls vu; [kfut im+ s gksrs gsa orzeku es fo'o ds dqn ns'k leqnz dh vfkkg [kfut link ds nksgu ds fy, ljy o lqfoèkktud rduhd ds fodkl es dk;zjr gsa egklkxj ued dk fo'kky lzksr gsa ued ds vykok egklkxjks ls lsdm+ks rro feyrs gsa leqnzh ty es feyus okys dqn izeq[k inkfkks± es esxuhf'k;e] lyqj] iksvsf'k;e] czksekbm o dkczu gs vksj leqnzh ty es lksuk Hkh feyrk gs ysfdu cgqr gh ux.; ek=k es A leqnzh ty es?kqys gq, ;k mles rsjrs gq, rroks ds vfrfjdr dbz xsls Hkh ikbz tkrh gsa ty es?kqyh gqbz xslks es lokzf/kd egroiw.kz xsl vkwdlhtu gsa bl vkwdlkhtu dk iz;ksx ty es jgus okys vjcks iks/ks vksj tho lk l ysus ds fy, djrs gsa vkwdlhtu ds vykok ukbvªkstu vksj dkczu MkbvkWDlkbM xsls Hkh leqnzh ty es?kqyh jgrh g SA ikuh es?kqyh dkczu MkbvkWDlkbM xsl leqnzh thoks ds dke vkrh gsa ikni oxz izdk'k l'ys"k.k dh izfø;k es dkczu MkbvkWDlkbM dk mi;ksx dj Lo; ds fy, o vu; thoks ds fy, Hkkstu dk fuekz.k djrk gsa Hkfo"; ds ÅtkZ lzksr [kfut link ds vykok leqnz ls vlhfer ÅtkZ izkir dh tk ldrh gsa leqnz ls ÅtkZ izkir djus ds dbz lzksr gsa leqnz uohdj.kh; ;k xsj ijijkxr ÅtkZ dk vpnk lzksr lkfcr gks ldrk gsa Tokj&HkkVs vksj ygjks es fnih ÅtkZ dks fdlh izdkj ls ;fn mi;ksx es yk;k tk, rks fo'o dh lelr ÅtkZ vko';drk iwjh gks ldrh gsa Ýkl o :l tsls dqn ns'kks es Tokj&HkkVs ls fctyh isnk dh tk jgh gsa leqnz es pyus okyh gok vksj mlds ty dh èkkjkvks dh ÅtkZ dk iz;ksx Hkh VckZbu pykus vksj fctyh isnk djus ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gsa dqn o"kz iwoz ls leqnzh ty es yo.krk dh fofhkuukrk ds vk/kkj ij fctyh izkfir dh rduhd fodflr dh tk jgh gsa blds vykok ty dh fofhkuuk ijrks es rkieku dh fhkuurk ds dkj.k lekfgr ÅtkZ Hkfo"; es ÅtkZ dk vpnk lzksr lkfcr gks ldrh gsa Hkkjr vksj leqnz Hkkjr,d egroiw.kz leqnzh; jk"vª gsa ; fi gekjs ns'k dk {ks=qy i`foh ds {ks=qy dh rqyuk es dsoy <kbz izfr'kr gs ysfdu llkj dh dqy vkcknh dk yxhkx inzg izfr'kr Hkkjr es jgrk gsa bl dkj.k Hkkjr ds fy, leqnz dk vf/kd egro gksuk pkfg,a Hkkjr fo'kky leqnzh rvjs[kk j[krk gs ftldk vkffkzd o tsofofo/krk dh /kjksgj ds :i es mfpr mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gsa esuxzkso tsls yo.klg oulifr {ks= vksj izoky fhkfrr tsls le`) tsofofoèkrk okys {ks= Hkkjrh; leqnzh; {ks= dh fo'ks"krk gsa Hkkjrh; leqnzh {ks= [kfut link vksj tsofofo/krk ls le`) gksus ds vykok Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ vko';drk dks Hkh iwjk dj 36

48 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 ldrk gsa egklkxjks dks c<+rk [krjk orzeku es ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ks dk izhkko leqnzks ij Hkh fn[kkbz nsus yxk gsa egklkxjks ds rvh; {ks=ks es fnuksfnu iznw"k.k dk Lrj c<+ jgk gsa tgk igys rvh; {ks= fo'ks"k dj ufn;ks ds eqgkuks ij lw;z ds izdk'k dh i;kzirk ds dkj.k vfèkd tsofofo/krk okys {ks=ks ds :i es igpkus tkrs Fks] ogh vc bu {ks=ks ds leqnzh ty es Hkkjh ek=k es iznw"k.kdkjh rroks ds feyus ls ogk iuius okyk thou ldv es gsa rsyokgd tgktks ls rsy ds fjlko ds dkj.k,o leqnzh ty ds evesyk gksus ij mles lw;z dk izdk'k xgjkbz rd ugh igq p ikrk] ftlls ogk thou dks iuius es ijs'kkuh gksrh gs vksj mu LFkkuks ij tsofofoèkrk Hkh izhkkfor gksrh gsa rsy ds fjlko ls leqnzh {ks= es thounk;h xslks dh miflfkfr de gks tkrh gsa ftlls ogk miflfkr thou ds fofhkuu :iks ij ldv dk lk;k emjkus yxrk gsa rsy iznw"k.k,d xhkhj lel;k ;fn fdlh dkj.ko'k i`foh dk rkieku c<+rk gs rks egklkxjks dh dkczu MkbvkWDlkbM dks vo'kksf"kr djus dh {kerk es deh vk,xh ftlls ok;qe.my es xslks dh vkuqikfrd ek=k es ifjorzu gksxk vksj rc thou ds fy, vko';d ifjflfkfr;ks es vlrqyu gksus ls i`foh ij thou ldv es im+ ldrk gsa leqnzks ls rsy o [kfut ds vfu;f=r o vo;oflfkr [kuu,o vu; vks ksfxd dk;ks± ls leqnzh ikfjr= ij udkjkred izhkko im+k gsa i;kzoj.k lj{k.k ds fy, izfrc) llfkk vrj&ljdkjh isuy ¼bVj xouzesvy isuy vkwu DykbesV ps t] vkbzihlhlh½ }kjk dqn o kz iwoz tkjh fjiksvz ds vuqlkj ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ks ls Xykscy okfe±x ds dkj.k leqnzh ty Lrj es o`f) gks jgh gs vksj ftlds ifj.kkelo:i fo'o Hkj ds eksle es cnyko gks ldrs gsa vkvks lokjs egklkxjks dks i`foh ij thou dh mrifrr egklkxjks es gh gqbz vksj vkt Hkh egklkxj thou ds fy, vko';d ifjflfkfr;ks dks cuk, j[kus es lgk;d gsa egklkxj i`foh ds frgkbz ls vf/kd {ks= es QSys gs blfy, egklkxjh; ikfjr= es FkksM+k lk ifjorzu i`foh ds lewps r= dks vo;oflfkr djus dh lkef;z j[krk gsa ges ;g Hkh /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd fo'o dh yxhkx 21 izfr'kr vkcknh egklkxjks ls yxs 30 fdyksehvj ds rvh; {ks= es fuokl djrh gs blfy, vu; thoks ds lkfk&lkfk ekuo lekt ds fy, Hkh iznw"k.k eqdr egklkxj dy;k.kdkjh lkfcr gks xsa blds vykok i`foh ij thou dks cuk, j[kus okys ikfjr=ks es leqnz dh mi;ksfxrk dks ns[krs gq, ;g vko';d gs fd ge leqnzh ikfjr= ds lrqyu dks cuk, j[ks rkfd i`foh ij thou dh T;ksr tyrh jgsa lnhkz% 1 i`foh xzg,d >jks[kk] fceku clq] fokku izlkj 2- foiusv if=dk] vd ekpz 2008] fokku izlkj 3- i;kzoj.k if=dk] tso fofo/krk fo'ks kkd] Hkkjr 2010] izdk'ku fohkkx 37

49 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 vk/kqfud Hkkjr es yksg,o blikr m ksx MkW lqjs'k pnz HkkfV;k,slk ekuk tkrk gs fd vk/kqfud yksg,o blikr mriknu izfø;k dk fodkl] vusd if'peh fodflr ns'kks es] vks ksfxd Økfr ds lkfk-lkfk] chloh lnh ds vkjhk ls gh gqvk FkkA ijurq Hkkjr dks 19oh lnh ls Hkh cgqr igys fo'o dk lozizfke yksg,o blikr mriknd ns'k gksus dk xksjo izkir gsa vk/kqfud ;qx es yksg,o blikr dk u dsoy mriknu] cfyd mldh [kir dks Hkh] fdlh jk"vª dh vkffkzd le`f) vksj jk"vªh; izxfr dk ewy;kdu djus gsrq lokzsùke ekinm ekuk tk ldrk gsa yksg,o blikr ds mriknu us jk"vª ds fofhkuu {ks=ks es fuekz.k m ksx] mriknu o`f)] vks ksxhdj.k] Ñf"k midj.k fuekz.k] Hkou fuekz.k] ewy ljpukred fuekz.k] O;olk;] vkfn dks,d,slk etcwr vk/kkj iznku fd;k] ftlls jk"vªh; ifjiszs{; es] izxfr ds fofhkuu {ks=ks es] es#n.m ds leku lqn`<+rk izkir dh tk ldha vkt gekjs nsfud thou es izr;sd {ks= es yksgk,o blikr,d vr;r egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkk jgs gsa,d vksj tgk NksVh ls NksVh lqbz cukus ds fy, fof'k"v dksfv ds blikr dh vko';drk im+rh gs] ogh nwljh vksj cm+h ls cm+h e'khuks,o ewy-ljpukred fuekz.k dk;ks± vkfn lhkh es yksgs o blikr dk cgqrk;r ls iz;ksx gks jgk gsa l`tu ds lkfk-lkfk vk;q/k lkexzh ds fuekz.k es Hkh yksgk,o blikr mruh gh egroiw.kz Hkwfedk fuhkkus es l{ke gsa vkfndky ls vkt rd] izkxsfrgkfld dky ls vk/kqfud dky rd] fofhkuu vl=&'kl=ks ds fuekz.k es ] yksgs o blikr dk vr;r egroiw.kz ;ksxnku jgk gsa izkphu dky es <ky] ryokj] xnk] dop] Qjls vkfn cukus ds fy, vksj vk/kqfud dky es cunwd] filrksy] e'khuxu] rksi] VSd] ce vkfn vusd vk;q/k vl=ks ds fuekz.k vksj mudh lfø;rk es yksgs o blikr dk mi;ksx cgqrk;r ls fd;k tkrk gsa lhkor% Hkkjr es ckgj ls vkus okys fonsf'k;ks }kjk lcls igys lu~ 1830 es rfeyukmq es iksvz uksoks es yksgs dh xykbz dk dke vkjhk fd;k x;k FkkA blds ckn mùkj Hkkjr es dqek;w {ks= es] e/; izns'k es bunksj es rfkk lu~ 1874 es if'pe cxky es cjkdj es yksg,o /kkrqdez ds NksVs&NksVs m ksx LFkkfir fd;s x;sa bues ls vc dsoy lu~ 1874 e s if'pe cxky es cjkdj es LFkkfir blikr dkj[kkuk gh le; dh ekj ls thfor cpk jgk] ftls lu~ 1889 es cxky vk;ju,.m LVhy deiuh es feykdj bldk folrkj fd;k x;ka bl dkj[kkus es dsoy rhu NksVh&NksVh cgqr de {kerk okyh /keu HkfV~V;ks dh LFkkiuk dh xbza ftues dsoy dpps yksgs-fix vk;ju dk okf"kzd mriknu dsoy 25]000 Vu izfro"kz rd gh lhfer FkkA Hkkjr es lu~ 1870 es cxky vk;ju odlz }kjk cxky&fcgkj lhek ij dqyvh es lozizfke ^^vksiu VkWi /keu HkV~Vh** dh LFkkiuk dh xbz] tgk rrdkyhu muur rduhdh dk iz;ksx djds lu~ 1875 ls dpps yksgs dk mriknu vkjhk gqvka blikr mriknu ds fy, Hkh dqyvh es gh lozizfke NksVs vkdkj dh ^^vksiu gfkz QusZl** dh LFkkiuk dh xbz] tgk lu~ 1905 es blikr mriknu vkjhk gqvka yksg,o blikr mriknu dh bu NksVh&NksVh bdkb;ks dks ckn e s cuziqj es LFkkfir bfm;u vk;ju b.m LVhy deiuh es foy; fd;k lqjs'k pnz HkkfV;k] 284] lsdvj&1] fpjtho fogkj] xkft;kckn& lsokfuo`r eq[; vfhk;rk& lsy] iwoz v/;{k] bthfu;fjx fokku] 89oh bfm;u lkbl dkxzsl&

50 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 x;ka tgk lu~ 1922 ls fu;fer :i ls blikr mriknu vkjhk gqvka lu~ 1922 es cjkdj ds bl dkj[kkus dks lfeefyr djds vklulksy es bfm;u vk;ju,.m LVhy deiuh ^bldks* dh LFkkiuk dh xbza ftlus fudv gh ghjkiqj es fix vk;ju dk mriknu vkjhk fd;ka bldks ds bl dkj[kkus dks ckn es cuziqj vk;ju,.m LVhy odlz ds uke ls tkuk x;ka ;gk lu~ 1936 es blikr mriknu izfø;k vkjhk dh xbz vksj lu~ 1939 es blikr buxkwv dh jksfyx vkjhk gqbza bldks Hkh ckn es Hkkjr ljdkj ds funsz'kkuqlkj LVhy vfkkwfjvh vkwq bfm;k ^lsy* ds vurxzr vk x;k vksj blus lsy dh fu;fer bdkbz ds :i es blikr mriknu vkjhk fd;ka vhkh gky gh es lsy dh egrokdk{kh blikr mriknu folrkj ifj;kstuk ds vurxzr] bl dkj[kkus dh lhkh iqjkuh bdkb;ks dks iw.kzr;k /olr djds] muds LFkku ij uohure rduhdh iz;ksx djds] 2-5 fefy;u Vu izfr o"kz blikr mriknu gsrq,d vr;k/kqfud blikr dkj[kkus dh LFkkiuk djus dk dk;z vkjhk fd;k x;ka vk/kqfud yksg,o blikr m ksx Hkkjr es vk/kqfud yksg,o blikr m ksx dk lw=ikr djus dk Js; fu%lnsg te'ksnth VkVk dks tkrk gs] ftugksus lu~ 1907 es fcgkj es te'ksniqj es VkVk vk;ju,.m LVhy deiuh ^^fvldks** dh LFkkiuk dha te'ksniqj es Hkkjr ds f}rh;,dhñr blikr dkj[kkus fvldks es 200 Vu {kerk dh 2 /keu HkfV~V;k] 180 Vu {kerk dh dksd vksou csvjh] 40 Vu {kerk dh 4 vksiu gfkz QusZl] Hkki ls ifjpkfyr Cywfex fey],d NksVh ckj fey rfkk vu; rs;kj blikr mrikn Jsf.k;ks ds fy,,d jsy o LVªDpjy fey dh LFkkiuk dh xbza bl,dhñr blikr dkj[kkus es dsoy 1]20]000 Vu dpps yksgs dk mriknu djds mls 80]000 Vu blikr e s ifjofrzr djus dh {kerk FkhA fvldks blikr l;= es ifjpkyu izfø;k izkjhk gksus ij] lcls igyk Vu rir rjy blikr lu~ 1911 es mrikfnr fd;k x;k] ftlds ckn lu~ 1912 ls ;gk fu;fer :i ls blikr mriknu vkjhk gqvka blds ckn lu~ 1923 es Hkkjr es rhljk,dhñr blikr dkj[kkuk nf{k.k Hkkjr es Hknzkorh es Hkkjr jru lj eks{kxq.me~ fo'os'ojs;k ds vfkd iz;ruks ds QyLo:i,d vr;ur NksVh bdkbz ^^eslwj vk;ju LVhy,.M oqmodlz** dh LFkkiuk dh xbza blds fy, Hknzkorh ds vkl&ikl ds?kus txyks ls ydm+h,df=r dh tkus yxha bl izdkj,df=r dh xbz ydm+h dks oqm fmflvys'ku IykUV es vkx ds HkHkds ls tykdj mls dpps dks;ys] pkjdksy es ifjofrzr fd;k x;ka ftls yksg v;ld [kfut ds LkkFk HkV~Vh es Mkydj blikr mriknu fd;k tkus yxka lu~ 1936 es bldk folrkj djds bles blikr mriknu gsrq blikr xyu'kkyk rfkk jksfyx fey dh LFkkiuk dh xbza lj fo'os'ojs;k us Hknzkorh ds ikl miyc/k yksg v;ld ds vikj HkMkj vksj vkl&ikl ds?kus txyks ls ydm+h izkir djds] mlls dppk dks;yk cukdj,o LFkkuh; yksxks dks dkj[kkus es dke ij yxkdj] cgqr de ykxr ij blikr mriknu djus es lqyrk izkir dha nqhkkzx;o'k mugh fnuks vurjkz"vªjh; cktkj es yksgs dh dher 100 #i;s izfr Vu ls?kvdj dsoy 45 #i;s izfr Vu jg xbza Hkkjrh; blikr m ksx ds fy, ;g lpeqp,d vk'p;ztud miyfc/k dgh tk ldrh gs fd ml le; lj fo'o'ojs;k us Hkkjr es cgqr gh de ykxr ij blikr mriknu djds] jsy o LVhej ls mls Hkkjr ls vesfjdk tsls fodflr ns'k es ys tkdj] ogk ds rvorhz {ks=ks es ] ogk dh mriknu ykxr ls Hkh de dher ij blikr cspus es lqyrk izkir dha bl izdkj lu~ 1947 es Hkkjrh; Lor=rk dh iwoz l/;k ij Hkkjr es fueufyf[kr rhu,dhñr blikr 39

51 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 dkj[kkus ifjpkfyr Fks% 1- te'ksiqj es VkVk vk;ju,.m LVhy deiuh ^^fvldks** 2- cuziqj es bfm;u vk;ju,.m LVhy deiuh ^^bldks** 3- Hknzkorh es **eslwj vk;ju&lvhy,.m oqmodlz** ; fi ml le; Hkkjr es ifjpkfyr bu rhuks,dhñr blikr dkj[kkuks dh ldy okf"kzd blikr {kerk cgqr de dsoy 1-3 fefy;u Vu izfro"kz rd gh lhfer Fkh] rfkkfi ml le; dh ifjflfkfr;ks ds vuqlkj bls,d cm+h miyfc/k ekuk tk ldrk gsa blikr mriknu,o vks ksfxd uhfr f}rh; ipo"khz; ;kstuk es yksg,o blikr {ks= ds egro ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k x;ka Hkkjh vks ksxhdj.k ds vurxzr blikr m ksx ds folrkj dks loks ZPp izkfkfedrk nh xbz] D;ks fd fdlh Hkh vu; vks ksfxd mriknu dh vis{kk blikr mriknu gh vks ksfxd fodkl dh xfr fuf'pr djrk gsa blds vfrfjdr lu~ 1956 ds vks ksfxd uhfr ldyi ds vuqlkj blikr m ksx ds lok±xh.k fodkl dk nkf;ro Hkkjr ljdkj dks lksik x;ka mriknu ds vko';d midj.kks,o e'khuks ds fuekz.k gsrq Hkh vkrefuhkzjrk izkir djus ds fy, NBs o lkros n'kd es vusd izeq[k uhfrxr fu.kz; fd;s x;sa fu;kzr dh n`f"v ls fujk'kkoknh izo`fr ds ml okrkoj.k es izkfkfed,o ewy m ksxks es rsth ls fuos'k djus dk gh,dek=,slk fodyi Fkk tks fodkl dk ekxz iz'klr djus ds fy, vr;ur gh vko';d FkkA Hkkjh fuos'k ;kstukvks ij iwth yxkus ds fy,?kjsyw iw thxr cktkj dh vuqiflfkfr rfkk m ksxk s es futh {ks= es,dn= jkt ij jksd vkfn dqn,sls dkj.k Fks ftuls Hkkjr ljdkj us blikr {ks= ij viuk dm+k fu;=.k cuk;s j[kk] tks finyh lnh ds nlos n'kd es mnkjhdj.k dh izfø;k vkjhk gksus rd tkjh jgka,dhñr blikr mriknu bdkb;k NBs n'kd ds vkjhk es blikr dh ekx es o`f) ds lkfk&lkfk Hkkjr es flfkr bdkb;ks dh {kerk es folrkj ds vfrfjdr vksj vf/kd mriknu ds fy,] lkoztfud {ks= es u;s&u;s blikr l;= yxkus dh vko';drk Hkh eglwl dh xbza mm+hlk es jkmjdsyk es likv blikr ^ ysv LVhy* mriknu ds fy, 1-0 fefy;u Vu izfro"kz {kerk ds l;= dh LFkkiuk gsrq lu~ 1953 es tezuh ds dq#i&msekx ls] e/; izns'k ds fhkykbz es jsy o LVªDpjy blikr mriknu ds fy, 1-0 fefy;u Vu izfro"kz {kerk ds l;= dh LFkkiuk gsrq rrdkyhu lksfo;r l?k ls rfkk if'pe cxky es nqxkziqj es fof'k"v,ykw; LVhy rfkk jsyos yksdks Oghy,.M,Dly mriknu ds fy, 1-0 fefy;u Vu izfro"kz {kerk ds l;= dh LFkkiuk gsrq fczvsu ls le>ksrk fd;k x;ka mi;qzdr le>ksrks ds QyLo:i lkros n'kd ds vkjhk es jkmjdsyk] fhkykbz,o nqxkziqj es,d&,d fefy;u Vu okf"kzd mriknu {kerk ds rhu blikr l;=,d lkfk vflrro es vk;sa ml le;,d lkfk rhu&rhu l;=ks dh LFkkiuk fdlh vfodflr jk"vª] ;gk rd fd fdlh fodflr jk"vª] ds fy, Hkh,d fof'k"v miyfc/k dk ksrd dgk tk ldrk gsa orzeku le; es Hkkjr es dqy feykdj 104 yk[k Vu okf"kzd blikr mriknu {kerk fo qr vkdz QusZl {ks= es gsa ijurq budh ldy {kerk mi;ksx ij c<+h gqbz fuos'k ykxr] c<+h gqbz fctyh njs,o iqjkuh rduhdh dk izfrdwy izhkko im+rk gsa fo qr vkdz QusZl iz.kkyh ds vurxzr] yk;m~l] ftny,o,llkj }kjk vk/kqfud rduhdh okyh ubz feys LFkkfir dh xbz vksj vkdkj dh n`f"v ls bues fdqk;rh mriknu djus dh LkHkkouk Hkh gsa ijeijkxr :i ls,dhd`r blikr {ks= ds,dn= jkt es ubz bdkb;ks ds izos'k ls lkjs cktkj v'k e s ifjorkzu vk;k gsa 40

52 s eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 jh&jksfyx bdkb;k lu ~ 1946 es 1]46]000 Vu okf"kzd {kerk ds lkfk ns'k es dqy 32 ithd`r jh&jksfyx bdkb;k FkhA NBs n'kd ds vur es ckj,o jkwm dh fdyyr ls foo'k gksdj Hkkjr ljdkj us jh&jksfyx bdkb;ks dk fodkl fd;ka lu~ 1966 es ns'k es 47 yk[k Vu okf"kzd {kerk ds lkfk dqy 431 ithñr jh &jksfyx bdkb;k FkhA bl le; ns'k es 210 yk[k Vu okf"kzd {kerk ds lkfk 1018 ithñr jh&jksfyx bdkb;k dk;zjr gsa blikr {ks= dk vfojy fodkl blikr {ks= es f}rh; o r`rh; ipo"khz; ;kstukvks es mpp fodkl nj dk;e jgha NBs o lkros n'kd e ;g fodkl nj Øe'k% 9,o 6 izfr'kr jgha ijurq vkbos,o uos n'kd es ;g fodkl nj fxjdj Øe'k% 4&5 izfr'kr gh jg xbza vfkzo;olfkk ds mnkjhdj.k ds ckn fodkl nj es iqu% Hkkjh o`f) vkbz vksj lu~ 1990&91 ls 1995&96 ds e/; vkslru fodkl nj 7-6 izfr'kr jgha Hkkjrh; blikr m ksx us chloh lnh es lu~ 1907 ls rfkk Lor= Hkkjr es lu~ 1947 ls] viuh ekewyh lh flfkfr ls 'kq:vkr djds] vkt Lor=rk ds ckn 60 o"kks± es Hkkjr dh vfkzo;olfkk es,d cgqr gh egroiw.kz LFkku vftzr dj fy;k gsa bvjus'kuy vk;ju,.m LVhy bflvv~;wv ds vuqlkj] Hkkjr lu~ 2006 es vius fefy;u Vu ldy blikr mriknu ds cy ij nf{k.k dksfj;k dks ihns NksM+dj fo'o es ikpok lcls cm+k blikr mriknd ns'k cu x;ka vc lu~ 2008&09 es vius 66-4 fefy;u Vu rfkk lu~ 2009&10 es 72-8 fefy;u Vu ldy blikr mriknu ds cy ij vesfjdk o :l dks ihns NksM+dj phu ¼izFke½ o tkiku ¼f}rh;½ ds ckn fo'o es rhljk lcls cm+k blikr mriknd ns'k cu x;k gsa blh o"kz lewps fo'o es 1350 fefy;u Vu blikr dk mriknu fd;k x;ka foùkh; o"kz 2006&07 es Hkkjr es fefy;u Vu Lit dk mriknu Hkh fd;k x;k tks finys o"kz dh rqyuk es 24 izfr'kr vf/kd jgka bl o"kz Hkh Hkkjr fo'o es Lit vk;ju dk lcls cm+k mriknu ns'k cuk jgka Hkkjr es tgk lu~ 1948 es rs;kj blikr dh vkiwfrz yxhkx 8-60 yk[k Vu gh Fkh] ogh lu~ 1997 es c<+dj yxhkx 23 fefy;u Vu] lu~ 2006 es c<+dj fefy;u Vu rfkk lu~ 2010 es c<+dj 66-4 fefy;u Vu ds Lrj ij igqp xbza Hkkjr ds ldy?kjsyw mrikn& xzkwl MksesfLVd izksmdv& es blikr mriknu dh Hkkxhnkjh dk v'k yxhkx 2 izfr'kr rfkk fofuekzrk {ks= ds dqy mriknu dk yxhkx 12 izfr'kr gsa Fkksd ewy; lwpdkd es blikr dk ;ksxnku 4-0 izfr'kr gsa dpps eky vksj rs;kj blikr dh <qykbz ds cy ij Hkkjrh; jsyos ds fy, jktlo vtzu djus es blikr m ksx dk lcls cm+k ;ksxnku vr;ur gh egroiw.kz gsa Hkkjrh; vks ksfxd fodkl es vk'kk ds vuq:i izxfr gksus ij rs;kj xq.koùkk;qä blikr dh oklrfod vurfuzfgr cktkj ekx vlk/kkj.k :i ls cgqr vf/kd gks ldrh gsa lu~ 1955 ls 1990 ds e/; Hkkjr es blikr dh [kir nj 5 fdyksxzke izfr O;fä izfro"kz] lu~ 2006 es 30 fdyksxzke izfr O;fä izfro"kz rd igq p dj ;g lu~ 2009 es 40 fdyksxzke izfr O;fä izfro"kz ds Lrj ij igqph gsa blikr m ksx ds {ks= es mriknu o`f) ds lkfk&lkfk ;g Hkh vko';d gksxk fd blikr dh [kir nj dks orzeku 40 fdyksxzke izfr O;fä izfro"kz ls c<+dkj de ls de 75&90 fdyksxzke izfr O;fä izfro"kz djus ds rhoz iz;kl fd;s tk;s A ; fi Hkkjr es rs;kj blikr dh orzeku [kir nj 40 fdyksxzke izfro;fä izfro"kz gks xbz gs rfkkfi ;g fo'o dh orzeku vkslr [kir nj 198 fdyksxzke izfr O;fDr izfro"kz ls cgqr de gsa bldh rqyuk es czkthy es izfr O;fDr izfro"kz [kir 100 fdyksxzke vksj phu es izfr O;fDr izfro"kz [kir 250 fdyksxzke ds Lrj rd igqp pqdh gsa 41

53 Hkkjr es bl le; rs;kj blikr dh izr;{k,o vizr;{k 90 izfr'kr [kir dsoy 15 izfr'kr O;fä;ks }kjk gh dh tk jgh gsa Hkkjr ds xzkeh.k {ks=ks es rks blikr dh orzeku [kir nj dsoy 2 izfr'kr gh vkdh xbz gsa ckdh cps yxhkx 85 izfr'kr O;fä;ks ds,d Hkkx dks blikr [kir ds vfrfjä nk;js es ykus ls gh blikr dh [kir nj es vk'kktud o`f) gksus dh lhkkouk gsa blikr dh?kjsyw [kir nj es o`f) ds mik; djus ds lkfk&lkfk rs;kj blikr ds fu;kzr es o`f) dh Hkh vlhe lhkkouk, gsa blds fy, ;g vr;ur vko';d gs fd ge uohu rduhdh iz;ksx djds vurjkz"vªh; ekud Lrj dh mpp xq.koùkk;qdr Jsf.k;ks dk mriknu lqfuf'pr djsa uohu mriknu rduhdh ds mi;ksx,o vuql/kku vksj fodkl ds QyLo:i Hkkjrh; blikr m ksx }kjk fof'k"v Jsf.k;ks ds blikr mriknu es ;FkklHko vkrefuhkzjrk izkir dh tk ldrh gs% rkfydk 1 Hkkjr es orzeku izeq[k blikr mriknu bdkb;k Ø-l- blikr mriknu bdkb;k orzeku mriknu {kerk fefy;u Vu izfro"kz 1- lsy&cksdkjks blikr l;= lsy&fhkykbz blikr l;= lsy&jkmjdsyk blikr l;= lsy&nqxkziqj blikr l;= lsy&cuziqj blikr l;= & 6- lsy&,ykw; blikr l;= lsy&lsye blikr l;= lsy&fo'os'ojs;k blikr l;=] Hknzkorh lsy&egkjk"vª bysdvªkslesyv] punziqj lsy&ekyfodk LVhy] txnh'kiqj VkVk LVhy] te'ksniqj jk"vªh; blikr fuxe] fo'kk[kkiv~v.ke ftuny LVhy odlz& blikr LVhy ftuny LVhy,.M ikoj ,Llkj LVhy YkkW;M LVhy Hkw"k.k ikoj,.m LVhy Hkw"k.k LVhy] xkft;kckn vu;,o lsd.mjh bdkb;k 31-0 orzeku ldy blikr mriknu

54 rkfydk 2 Hkkjr es fnlecj 2012 rd blikr es izlrkfor fuos'k,o mriknu {kerk dpps blikr dh mriknu {kerk ¼fefy;u Vu izfro"kz½ Ø-l fuos'k llfkk orzeku blikr fnlecj 2012 rd blikr mriknu {kerk mriknu {kerk czkmuqhym folrkj xzhuqhym folrkj ldy vuqekfur 1- LVhy vfkkwfjvh & jk"vªh; blikr & VkVk LVhy ,Llkj LVhy ts,lmcyw blikr & ts,lih,y ikwldks bfm;k & & & & 8- vklszyj feùky & & & & 9- us'kuy feujy & & & & 10- Hkw"k.k ikoj,.m LVhy & Hkw"k.k LVhy & vu; o lsdmjh & 34-2 ldy mriknu rkfydk 3 Hkkjr,o fo'o es rqyukred blikr mriknu ds vk dm+ ¼fefy;u Vu½ o"kz Hkkjr fo'o ¼vxLr rd½ lzksr% worldsteel.com 43

55 eqdr f'k{kk tuojh&twu 2011 s rkfydk 4 Hkkjr es blikr mriknu dh fodflr dh xb± fof'k"v Jsf.k;k Øe l- blikr mriknu dh fodflr dh xbz fof'k"v Js.kh 1- gkwv jksym usjks IysV,o 'khv 2- dksym jksyv 'khv 3- xsyosukbtm,o dkw#zxsvsm 'khv 4- fvu fey CySd IysV 5- vf/kd yech jsy ikwrs 6- gsoh LVªDpjy blikr 7- epszuv blikr 8- rsy o xsl ifjogu gsrq blikr ikbi 9- Likbjy osymsm ikbi 10- vkezmz IysV& fot;ur] vtqzu o vt; VSdks ds fy, 11- LiSM IysV& eq[; ;q)d VSd fuekz.k ds fy, 12- tsdky IysV& lgk;d ;q)d VSd fuekz.k ds fy, 13- lsy dop LVhy& lqj{kk dop] lqj{kk okgu] Hkkjh VSDVj VªkWyh gsrq 14- VktsZV LVhy& xksyk ck:n dh {kerk ekius ds fy, 15- dkvszt dsl LVhy& eq[; ;q)d VSdks ds cqysv fuekz.k ds fy, 16- lsy lkxj& usoh] ym+kdw ;q) iksv] tyiksr] iumqcch ds fy, 17-,Mfejy IysV&,l,y oh ifj;kstuk ds fy, 18- esjkftx IysV& fy,.mj fýxsv] ;q)iksr fuekz.k ds fy, 19- vkbz,llhmhoh 6 IysV& th,l,yoh ifj;kstuk ds fy, 20- fof'k"v blikr& QkLV czhm,vkwfed fj,dvj ds fy, 21- bysdvªksfud fvu IysV 22- flfydkwu LVhy 'khv& fo qr midj.k fuekz.k gsrq 23- LVhy Lyhij] fq'k IysV& jsyos ykbzuk ds fy, 24- Oghy,.M,Dly& jsyos yksdkseksfvo es iz;ksx djus gsrq 25-,ykW; dulvªd'ku LVhy 26- dkczu dulvªd'ku LVhy 27- flizx LVhy& mpp {kerk flizx fuekz.k ds fy, 28- ckwy fc;fjx LVhy& vf/kd xfr'khy e'khu ifjpkyu ds fy, 29- LVsuysl LVhy&?kjsyw,o vu; vusd fof'k"v mi;ksx 30- lftzdy LVhy& 'ky;fø;k,o vu; mipkj midj.kks ds fy, 44

56 fp= 1% Hkkjr es izeq[k,dhñr blikr l;=& mriknu,o forj.k r= 45

57 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Your Responsibility s n NIOS Lerner Dr. Rjesh Kumr You re now student of the Ntionl Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) nd we welcome you in your pursuit of lerning. We would like to discuss with you few things so tht you re not bewildered nd re ble to tke mximum benefit of your sitution. I hope by now you know something bout the NIOS, or n open school, or open lerning. If you do not know nything bout it, plese red the Prospectus you received t the time of your dmission which is lso vilble on the NIOS website ( The Prospectus lso gives you informtion bout rules nd regultions which will guide your study in NIOS. So, this is n importnt document tht you should preserve for time to time reference. You my briefly understnd tht the eduction system in which you were studying or hd studied erlier ws one system (normlly clled forml educiton system) nd this system tht you hve now selected for your study is open system of eduction. In tht sense, you re n open lerner s you re in n open system of eduction. And this puts you in very different sitution thn the one in which you hve studied erlier, when you were ttending regulr or forml school. It is better to understnd the difference between n open lerner nd forml lerner s these concepts would give you n insight bout your responsibility in this system of lerning. Let us hve look t these: Tble 1: Differences between forml school lerner nd n open school lerner The forml school lerner hs to go to school on regulr bsis hs support of regulr techer hs support of peer group is full time student receives feedbck through unit tests/other exmintions hs to study set of subjects or strem hs to study ll the subjects simultneously hs to tke exmintion simultneously in ll the subjects hs to finish course in the yer cn pursue co-curriculr ctivities hs others to tke decision for him/her The open school lerner is free to mnge his/her time most of the time lerns through self lerning mteril cn seek support from prents, collegues, etc. my be ttending to other responsibilities receives feedbck through lerning mteril etc. is free to choose subjects of his/her choice cn study s mny subjects he/she wishes to, nd s per his/her speed nd pce cn choose to tke exmintion in s mny subjects s he/she wishes to, nd even skip n exmintion hs one to five yers to finish course hs limited opportunities for such ctivities hs to tke his/her own decisions Dr. Rjesh Kumr, Regionl Director, Ntionl Institute of Open Schooling, Regionl Centre, YMCA Complex, Sector-11 C, Chndigrh , Emil: rdchndigrh@nios.c.in 46

58 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Cn you now identity the bsic difference between forml lerner nd n open lerner, i.e., YOU? Yes, you re right. An open lerner is much more independent compred to forml lerner. This suggests tht you, s n open lerner, hve much more responsibility for your lerning nd its rrngement compred to forml lerner. There is no need to get frightened of your sitution. Becoming independent is very good thing in life, nd in every sphere of our society of ntion. The reson is tht when you re independent, you re in full knowledge nd commnd of your ffirs, nd lso under no circumstnce no one will stop you to seek help from possible sources. NIOS lso rrnges systemtic help in your lerning. Thus, s n open lerner you would be doing most of the things on your own or yourself, nd in tht wy you re lso self lerner. In the following lines, we shll be spelling out wht is expected from you during your study in the NIOS so tht you my rep mximum benefits of the system. Tools nd commitment you require Before we proceed further, I would like to discuss with you wht tools you should be equipped with. Some of these re: 1. You should be hving n ctive emil ID, s mny times you will find tht you re not ble to get to the NIOS, or your study centre over the phone. At tht time, you my use emil effectively. 2. You should spre time for your study nd go to your study centre. 3. You should understnd tht only orgnized study will help you in chieving your gols in NIOS, nd no ssurnce from nyone, even fter pying for it, will get you through your course of study. Now we shll discuss the points you should tke cre of. Check your Admission NIOS would be posting informtion on the emil ID you hve provided bout sttus of your dmission. If there is ny shortcoming, rectify tht promptly so tht your dmission is not cncelled for ny lxity on your prt. If you re not getting confirmtion for your dmission in bout two months time, it should rise lrm nd you should get ctive to cler things. Check your dt A soon s you receive your Identity Crd, lerning mteril etc., plese check crefully tht everything is in order. If you find ny mistke in your dt, e.g., wrong nme, wrong subject, or you receive wrong mterils or less mteril, then immeditely get the things corrected, otherwise it will crete problem t lter stge. Dtes to Remember You must know nd remember dtes regrding vrious ctivities in NIOS. For exmple, submission of exmintion form nd fee, chnge of subject, dditionl subject, etc. If you fil to ct in time, you my miss your exmintion. All these dtes re given t the bck of your Prospectus, nd t the NIOS website ( You my pste it on the wll of your room where you study for esy reference. The Lerning Mteril Since you re self lerner, the NIOS provides you self lerning mteril which you need to follow for your course of study. These re not just ny other books you hve seen in your schools etc. These re clled techer in print, mening s if ll those things hve been printed for you which 47

59 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 techer does in clssroom. There re number of chrcteristics of this lerning mteril which will help you lern your subjects. For exmple: 1. The lerning mterils re developed by highly qulified tem of experts in the re. 2. These follow progrmme of lerning which is bsed on proven theories of lerning nd tkes cre of needs of self lerner like you. 3. You will find tht the content in the mteril hs been presented in very smll steps so tht you my lern it esily. 4. Every step is followed by n objective type question, clled Intext Question s it ppers between the texts. This will help to know if you hve lernt the step or section properly. 5. A lot of mrgin or white spce hs been left on ech pge where you would be ble to write notes. 6. There re other components to help you with your lerning, e.g., use of numbers, bullets, tbles, boxes, grphics, mps, drwing, summry of the lesson, exercise, nd suggestions for further lerning. 7. You would lso find support mteril in mny subjects, such s glossries nd prcticl guides in subjects involving prcticl work. Thus, n importnt spect of your lerning is tht you will be lerning on your own nd will lso be primrily lerning through printed self lerning mteril, lthough udio-video progrmmes will lso be vilble in mny subject res to help you with your lerning. So, you should study thoroughly with the help of your lerning mteril nd mke notes in the spce provided on ech pge bout the problems you hve fced while lerning nd questions you hve in your mind. You my lso use this spce to mke notes which shll help you remember your lerning t the time of exmintion etc. Attend Personl Contct Progrmmes NIOS orgnizes Personl Contct Progrmme (or clsses s normlly referred) to help you in your studies. However, you should note tht these re not clsses s you re normlly fmilir with nd tht is why we hve nmed tht Personl Contct Progrmmes (PCP). In the PCP, the techer my not be ble to tech you in wy it is done in forml school. Rther, PCP's re ment for: 1. Helping you with your problems, questions, nd queries. 2. Guide you for your studies. 3. Doing prcticls in the subjects involving prcticl work. So, the first nd foremost dvice to you is to ttend the Personl Contct Progrmme. For tht you should mke notes of queries etc., nd sk questions to your tutors (or techers), nd seek their dvice to orgnize nd further your studies. There re some others benefits too for going to your study centres, such s: 1. You would meet your peer group, nd my like to form study group with your neighbourhood students. 2. This will help you to hve discipline in your studies. 3. We hve requested the study centres to provide you study room on dily bsis nd you my utilize it. 4. You would hve opportunity to lern from udio-video progrmmes. 5. You would not miss ny importnt dte to 48

60 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 deposit your exm fee etc., s the notices on the notice bord t the study centre will remind you for this. 6. You my tke prt in co-curriculr ctivities orgnized by the study centre. Tutor Mrked Assignments Prctice mkes person perfect, s the sying goes. You would be getting opportunities to prctice your lerning in your lerning mteril nd prt from tht you would lso be given three Tutor Mrked Assignments (TMAs) to work with. The difference between your other prctice nd TMA is tht your tutor (or techer) t the study centre will be mrking these to provide you feedbck on your progress. This wy both you nd your tutor will be ble to know your progress, your wek res nd your strengths. So, you must complete your ssignments nd submit them to your tutor t the study centre s per the schedule of dtes for submission of TMA. Remember, submitting t lest one ssignment is mndtory to complete your course. Don t Get Cheted I would lso like to give you n lert of cution. You should not py nything to the study centre for ny of the services provided by it to you, s the NIOS hs lredy pid them for this. You need to py for your dmission fee only once t the time of dmission, the exmintion fee, fee for chnge of subject, dditionl subject, duplicte certificte etc., s per the rtes nd schedule given in the Prospectus. All other things, like your lerning mteril, I-Crd, PCPs, TMAs nd certificte re provided free of cost. We wish you good luck for your successful studies, nd plese feel free to sk ny query you hve on the points disused in this rticle, or even otherwise. Lerner s Responsibilities : At Glnce Do not fill up the Appliction Form for Admission without creful reding of the instructions. Do not leve ny column blnk in the Appliction Form for Admission. Do not submit Appliction Form for Admission without the supporting documents. Do not get influenced by unuthorized gencies who flsely gurntee your success. Do not py extr mount for dmission nd exmintion over nd bove the prescribed fee s mentioned in the Appliction Form for Admission to nyone. Do not miss out the Personl Contct Progrmmes (PCPs) in ech subject which ll AIs hve to provide on compulsory bsis. Do not indulge in ny unfir mens such s copying, impersontion etc. Provide your vlid E-mil ID nd the mobile number for SMS lerts. Most of the informtion bout NIOS tht you my need during the course of your studies is vilble on NIOS website. Plese log on t Whenever you communicte with NIOS Study Centre or concerned Regionl Centre, plese do not forget to mention your reference number, nme, enrolment number nd complete ddress. 49

61 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 An Endevour to Sve Biodiversity Dr. P.K. Mukherjee The United Ntions in its 83rd plenry meeting held on 20 December 2006 declred the yer (2010) s the Interntionl Yer of Biodiversity (IYB). This proclmtion ws mde by the United Ntions relising the economic, socil, culturl nd environmentl importnce of biodiversity. However, the min im of the United Ntions behind this proclmtion ws to underline the dnger lurking on biodiversity so tht by creting wreness in people, they my be motivted towrds conservtion of biodiversity. Therefore, the min purpose of the United Ntions is to look for effective mesures towrds biodiversity conservtion by populrising nd promoting biodiversity t locl, regionl, ntionl nd interntionl levels. Mny ctivities re being crried out the world over on the eve of IYB so tht importnce of biodiversity nd its conservtion cn be brought home to common msses. Wht is biodiversity? As soon s someone mentions biodiversity, the question tht immeditely comes to the mind is wht is biodiversity? In fct, vrious life forms e.g., nimls, plnts, microbes etc., re responsible for throbing of life on our plnet Erth. These vrious life forms my collectively be clled biodiversity. Wlter G. Rosen ws the first to use the term biodiversity in Some conservtive scientists like Thoms Lovejoy hd dvocted the use of the term' biologicl diversity'. Much before tht the term 'nturl diversity' ws in use. However, somehow the term biodiversity seems to hve universl ppel nd is, therefore, more pproprite. All the nimls, plnts, microbes etc., present on the Erth re prt of biodiversity. Biodiversity cn be seen everywhere-be it wter, lnd, ocen, desert or mountin. All these different bodies or systems my collectively be clled ecosystems. Generlly, identifiction (or clssifiction) of biodiversity is done t three levels. Besides identifiction bsed on diverse ecosystems, identifiction within species nd between species is lso done. Different species of nimls re found in different ecosystems. For exmple, the nimls found in deserts re different from those found in snowcld mountins. Likewise, the nimls found in ses nd ocens re distinct from those found in jungles. Thus, depending on the ecosystem vrition of biodiversity cn be seen. This is clled ecosystem biodiversity. The identifiction of biodiversity mong species is esy to understnd. We hve different nimls belonging to different species, such s, elephnt, lion or fox nd different species of trees like tek, sndlwood or bnyn tree or distinct fruitbering trees e.g., mngo, bnn or blue berry. All these re but exmples of biodiversity between different species. This my be clled species biodiversity. Dr. P.K. Mukherjee, Associte Professor of Physics, Res. 43, Deshbndhu Society, 15 Ptprgnj, Delhi

62 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Even within the sme species vrition my be there due to the difference in DNA. For instnce, nimls nd plnts belonging to the sme species my look similr. However, they my be different geneticlly. Bnns or mngoes of different vrieties provide pt exmples of genetic biodiversity. Within humns lso there my be gret genetic vrition. Therefore, humns lso furnish exmples of genetic biodiversity. The clssifiction of biodiversity enbles us to formulte brod definition of biodiversity. As per this definition, the diversity found in lnd, wter nd ll ecosystems my be collectively clled biodiversity. This definition includes diversity within species, between species s lso of ecosystems. So fr only some million biologicl species hve been identified on the Erth. The insects outnumber ll other species. We hve gthered informtion bout million insects on the erth while it is estimted tht their number my be between 10 million nd 30 million. Scientists hve estimted tht the totl number of ll biologicl species on Erth my be bout hundred million. The scientists re busy looking for new nd hitherto unknown species of nimls nd plnts. However, some of the present niml nd plnt species re getting extinct or re now rre, thus endngering biodiversity. There is no denying tht conservtion of biodiversity on the Erth is essentil, for the foundtion of life on the Erth is biodiversity. This hs lso been echoed by the United Ntions in its slogn for IYB: Biodiversity is life Biodiversity is our life Aprt from this meningful slogn the logo relesed by the United Ntions on the occssion of IYB hs, within boldly printed digits 2010, sketches of iconogrphic elements symbolising biodiversity. These include fish, wves, felmingo, n dult nd child, nd tree. A host of symbolic iconogrphic elements re included within this design to depict the scope of biodiversity, which includes mrine, flor nd fun spects. Together, they demonstrte how biodiversity is life nd how we, s humns, re relising our plce within this journey. The Biodiversity of Indi Indi is country of rich biodiversity. It finds plce mongst 17 megdiverse ntions of the world. The totl geogrphicl re of our country is 32,87,263 squre kilometres which is only bout 2.4 per cent of the totl globl lnd re. Despite this, seven to eight per cent of the totl globl biodiversity is found in Indi. A survey of round 70 per cent of our geogrphicl re from the point of view of identifiction of biodiversity hs been crried out. On the bsis of this survey, we hve been ble to identify some 45,500 plnt species nd 91,000 niml species. Included mongst the niml species re 59,333 species of insects, 2,546 species of fish, 1,232 species of birds, 460 species of reptiles, 397 species of mmmls nd 240 species of mphibins. Amongst these, some species re ntive to Indi. They re clled endemic species. Indi is home to bout 18.4 per cent of endemic niml species. So fr s endemic plnts species re concerned, ccording to specilists, Indi is next only to Austrli in hving the highest number of endemic plnt species. According to the dt vilble till Mrch 2009, the totl protected re of Indi is 1,56,745 squre kilometres which is 4.83 per cent of its totl geogrphicl re. Situted within this protected (reserved) re re 99 ntionl prks, 523 wild 51

63 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 life sncturies, 15 biosphere reserves nd mny reserved forests. There re two min centres of biodiversity in our country which re bundnt in endemic species. They re clled biodiversity hot spots. Twenty hot spots of the world hve been reported so fr. The Estern Himlys nd Western Ghts re the two hot spots of biodiversity in Indi. There is no ginsying the fct tht biodiversity hs its direct or indirect role in fulfilling the needs of humns on the Erth. It provides us, mong other things, food, energy, phrmceuticls, rw mterils, nd industril chemicls. However, over exploittion of nturl resources, indiscriminte humn ctivities, hunting nd poching, pollution nd globl wrming hve ll contributed to dwindling biodiversity cusing potentil thret to it. In 2007, the IUCN (Interntionl Union for the Conservtion of Nture nd Nturl Resources) fter mking survey of round 13,88,137 species belonging to eight min biologicl groups (mmmls, birds, reptiles, mphibins, fish, insects, mollusks nd plnts) found tht of these, round 15,790 biologicl species re endngered. There is red dt book with IUCN tht keeps record of ll endngered niml nd plnt species. As fr s Indi is concerned, it is estimted tht round 659 species re endngered. The list includes 96 species of mmmls, 76 species of birds, 65 species of mphibins, 40 species of fish, 25 species of reptiles, 2 species of mollusks, 109 species of other life forms nd 246 species of plnts. The cheeth, which ws found in Indi, hs lredy suffered extinciton. Seven plnt species of Indi hve lso undergone extinction. The dnger of extinciton is looming lrge on mny more niml nd plnt species too. Vulture, tiger, sprrow, txol ( plnt from which medicine for tretment of cncer is obtined) etc., form but only prt of the whole list. Efforts to Conserve Biodiversity Efforts re on in the country to sve biodiversity by dopting vrious mens nd mesures. Besides ntionl prks, wild life sncturies nd biosphere reserves, some specil projects for protection of select nimls hve lso been strted. These include Project Tiger, Project Elephnt, Hngul Project, Crocodile Breeding Project, Himlyn Musk Deer Project nd Mnipur's Thmin (Browntlered deer- cervus eldi eldi) project. Efforts re lso being mde to conserve biodiversity through legl mesures. The Government of Indi implemented the Wild life (Protection) Act with effect from Amendment to this Act ws mde in 2003 (the mended Act is effective from 1 April 2003). The provisions for fine nd punishment hve been mde more stringent in the mended Act. Efforts re lso on to sve biodiversity under the Ntionl Biodiversity Tsk Force set up by the Government of Indi in For conservtion of biodiversity, the Biodiversity Act (2002) is lso in opertion. For protection of costl biodiversity, prticulrly costl plnts, the Costl Mngement Zone Drft Modificiton (2008) is lso n importnt step forwrd. Efforts re lso being mde under the Ntionl Forest Policy (1988) nd the Ntionl Environment Policy (2006) to conserve biodiversity. Indeed biodiversity constitutes n importnt prt of the nturl beuty of the plnet Erth. Therefore, the effort to conseve biodiversity is not only n effort to sve nimls nd plnts but lso n endevour to sfegurd life nd nture in the holistic sense of the term. This hs to be tken s mission. The role of every single indivisul is importnt in this mission. People need to be educted with view to creting wreness in them so tht they understnd nd pprecite the importnce of biodiversity conservtion. 52

64 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 E-lerning: Pedgogicl Prdigm Shift in Fvour of Open nd Distnce Lerning Dr. Devendr Singh Introduction We re living in n electronic ge. In 70 s fter the emergence of personl computer, computer ided instruction (CAI) nd computer bsed trining (CBT) hd gined wide cceptnce. But it ws internet which brought revolutionry chnges in lerning style. Tody, e-lerning encompsses the use of CD-ROM, mobile phone nd personl digitl ssistnce. E-lerning uses network of delivery, interction or felicittion. It is lso known s technology beyond boundries to bring courses to nyone with computer nd n internet connection nywhere in the world. E- Lerning is nturlly suited to distnce nd flexible lerning but cn lso be used in conjunction with fce to fce teching which is clled blended lerning. As mtter of fct, E- Lerning is mking eduction more personlised. With dvncement of Informtion nd communiction Technology (ICT), people require chnge in the teching - lerning process from the trditionl one-size-fits ll to differentited teching. Eduction in the digitl world of tody, cn ctully mke tht meningful shift by ensuring tht if students do not lern the wy they re tught, they cn be tught the wy they lern. This pedgogicl shift, when integrted into eductionl softwre nd pproprite technology, cn mke lerning exciting nd enjoyble while securing successful lerning outcomes in shorter time frmes. While eductionl institutions globlly lend to use synchronous or delyed technologies with n instructor s the bsis of e- lerning nd thereby include tools like online discussion forums, electronic books, online exmintions nd grding, online mentoring, web linked shred tools, student profiling nd course mteril, synchronous presenttion tools which include ppliction shring, web browsing, udio nd video streming, cht rooms, surveying nd polling re ll gining ground s emerging nd enhnced pedgogy. (Murhri 2008) E-Lerning E-lerning (electronic lerning) is not esy to define. Hirumi (2002) defines e-lerning s Lerning tht is stimulted primrily through the use of telecommuniction technologies, such s electronic mil, bulletin bord systems, electronic white bords, inter-rely cht, desktop video conferencing nd world wide web". Electronic lerning incorportes ll forms of online instruction using personl computers. To-dte, e- lerning hs now moved beyond the dys of CAI nd CBT vi CD-ROM on the desktop to web bsed instructionl trining nytime, nywhere on the internet. Pedgogy in E-Lerning Pedgogy is defined s the rt or science of teching students. Pedgogy is lso sometime referred to s the correct use of teching strtegies. The min focus of teching is to fcilitte Dr. Devendr Singh, Reder, Fculty of Eduction, Stish Chndr PG College, Blli, Uttr Prdesh 53

65 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 lerning. Lerning is often defined s reltively permnent chnge in behviour. N. L. Gge (1969) considers tht process of teching nd lerning must be dopted to ech other so s to py off the best. It is possible to use vrious pedgogicl pproches for e-lerning which include : 1. The trditionl pedgogy of instruction which is curriculum focused nd is developed by centrlized educting group or single techer. 2. Socil constructivist: This pedgogy is prticulrly well fforded by the use of discussion forums, blogs, wild nd online collbortive ctivities. It is collbortive pproch tht opens eductionl contents cretion to wider group including the students themselves. 3. Lurillrd s Converstionl Model is lso prticulrly relevnt to e-lerning nd Gilly Slmon s Five Stge Model is pedgogicl pproch to the use of discussion bords. (Kumr-2009) 4. Cognitive perspective focuses on the cognitive processes involved in lerning s well s how the brin works. 5. Emotionl perspective focuses on the skills nd behviourl outcomes of the lerning processes. 6. Contextul perspective focuses on the environmentl nd socil spects which cn stimulte lerning. Interction with other people, collbortive discovery nd the importnce of peer support s well s pressure. While developing e-lerning mterils in the constructivist prdigm, n effective lerning environment needs to be creted. An effective lerning environment should be lerner centred, ssessment centred, knowledge centred nd community centred. (Mishr, S-2008) Prdigm Shift in Teching Methodology Trditionl Methodology Modern Methodology (Electronic bsed) 1. Chlk nd Tlk Method 1. Prticiptive nd Interctive Method 2. Techer-Centric pproch 2. Lerner-Centric pproch 3. Conditioned environment 3. Flexibility in the setting 4. Pssive nd less interctive lerner 4. Active nd more interctive lerner 5. More theoreticl oriented 5. More of ppliction oriented 6. Spoon feeding 6. Self pced lerning 7. Feedbck over period of time 7. Immedite feedbck 8. Logico-scientific mode of knowledge 8. Nrrtive 9. Reductionist, fcts nd memoriztion 9. Constructivist, inquiry nd invention E-Lerning (electronic bsed methodology of teching nd lerning) hs mde the open nd distnce lerning work of eduction ccessible t nytime nd nywhere nd from eduction for the few who could fford it to every one. 54

66 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Advntges of E-lerning 1. It is less expensive thn instructor-led clssroom trining. Some of the course svings, plus trvel costs, could mount to thousnds of dollrs over trditionl clssroom lerning. 2. It provides convenient nd flexible mens for students to upgrde their skills t their own time nd schedule. This becomes importnt when motivtion for lerning comes directly from the student nd he/she does not wnt to scrifice pek hours for other work. 3. Students cn get individulized ttention nd feedbck from the online instructor. They could choose to ctively prticipte in online discussion forums or sk questions nd receiving nswers in the privcy of e-mil 24 hours dy, subject to the vilbility of the instructor. 4. Students cn hve networking ccess to fellow clssmtes tking the sme course. The ccess could provide dditionl knowledge shring nd lerning, even fter the course hs ended. 5. It is most suitble for promotion of open nd distnce lerning mode of eduction nd tking eduction to the door steps of those who hve been deprived of the opportunity so fr. 6. It signls n orgniztion s commitment to trining s core vlue becuse it promotes technologicl innovtion in trining. With cost-effective online lerning tools, the orgniztion will be ble to mintin competitive workforce, mximize intellectul cpitl, ttrct new students or retin employees in the workforce. It provides the mens for life-long lerning since it ddresses the needs of students who require constnt eduction, especilly those working in the technology field. Disdvntges of E-lerning 1. It is not pnce for everything. In certin res of online instruction (e.g., psycho-motor procedurl lerning), it is not n bsolute solution since observtory nd hnds-on skills re required under specilized workshop conditions. Under such circumstnces, e- lerning could only serve to complement other core lerning ctivities. 2. Socil interction is reduced nd students do not hve mple opportunities for group project work, presenttions or personl interction s prt of overll personl development. 3. In the corporte workplce, lerning is sometimes moved out of the workdy into the employees own uncompensted time under the disguised motivtion of the employer. 4. Students need to be extremely focused nd disciplined in order to complete the coursewre. With interruptions t the workplce or home, getting bck on trck requires effort in following the online course. 5. Trcking student s performnce becomes difficult since e-lerning is not normlly ssocited with mngement systems for feedbck nd nlysis. 6. E-lerning courses will get quickly outdted, posing updting nd mintennce difficulties to keep up with dynmic knowledge. Conclusion From the bove discussion, it my be concluded tht E-Lerning is the need of hour. We hve mde progress in this re but implementtion in desired direction is lso essentil becuse Indi 55

67 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 is online but most Indins re not. Therefore, the course of e-lerning should be bsed on lerner s objectives nd entry level knowledge, skills nd preferences. The qulity nd relevnt eduction hs become the importnt key fctor for every lerner. E-lerning hs opened up new vists in the wy of eduction. ICT bsed dvncement nd lerners demnds hve chnged the prdigm from chlk nd tlk environment to click nd lern ren, hence, the birth of new eductionl tool-e-content. The concept of techer s primry source of knowledge in the clssroom hs gone. E-lerning trnsforms the lerner from pssive recipient of informtion to n ctive prticipnt in the teching-lerning process. REFERENCES: 1. Kumr, Ush (2009): Reform in Pedgogy Through TQM, University News, Assocition of Indin Universities, New Delhi, Vol. 47, No. 13, Mrch 30- April 05, Mishr, S. (2008): Developing E-Lerning Mterils: Some Pedgogicl Concerns, Indin Journl of Open Lerning, volume 17, No.-2, My 2008, IGNOU, New Delhi. 3. Murhri, B. (2008): Teching Tody for Tomorrow University News, AIU, New Delhi, Vol. 46, No.-15, April 14-20, Sgr, Krishn (2005): Dictionry of Digitl Eduction. New Delhi, Authors Press. 56

68 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Spices in Our Diet: A Role Beyond Food Flvouring Dr. K. Srinivsn Spices re consumed ll over the world s food djuncts to enhnce sensory qulity of foods, the quntity nd vriety consumed in tropicl countries being prticulrly extensive. The primry function of spices in food is to improve the sensory qulity of our otherwise insipid food preprtion in terms of flvour, colour nd rom. Mny spices like corinder, cumin, cinnmon, sfoetid, clove, crdmom, grlic, onion, etc., imprt typicl chrcteristic rom or flvour to different foods. Red pepper or blck pepper gives the desired pungency; Spices such s turmeric imprt ttrctive colour to food enhncing eye ppel, while fenugreek cn lter the texturl property of food. Besides enhncing flvour nd rom of food, spices hve lso been long recognized to possess physiologicl effects supposed to be beneficil to humn helth. They ct s stimulus to the digestive system, relieve digestive disorders, nd some spices hve some ntiseptic vlue. Their ttributes such s tonic, crmintive, stomchic, diuretic, nti-spsmodic lrgely empiricl nevertheless efficcious hve erned them phrmcologicl pplictions in the indigenous system of medicine in Indi nd other countries. With the long history of the use of spices nd herbs dting bck to 5000 yers BC, nd spices significntly contributing to humn helth by providing bioctives, they my be considered to be one of the first ever recorded functionl foods. Spices my ct synergisticlly to enhnce the helth-relted properties of other foods. Spices mke foods pltble without slt nd hence my ssist to meet the recommended reduced dily intke of sodium. Similrly, they mke foods pltble without ft, thus ssisting to meet guidelines for helthy ft intke. The use of spices my encourge vriety in food intke. Use of spices supports nutrient diversity by encourging number of food choices. Dr. K.Srinivsn, Senior Scientist, Deprtment of Biochemistry & Nutrition, Centrl Food Technologicl Reserch Institute, Mysore

69 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Tble 1: Medicinl properties of spices recognized for long time Spice Turmeric (Curcum long) Red pepper (Cpsicum nnuum) Grlic (Allium stivum) Onion (Allium cep) Fenugreek (Trigonell foenumgrecum) Cumin (Cuminum cymminum) Corinder (Corindrum stivum) Medicinl Properties Anti-inflmmtory, diuretic, lxtive, good for fflictions of the liver, jundice, diseses of blood Anti-inflmmtory, for pin relief (Rheumtism neurlgi), useful in indigestion, rubefcient Anti-dyspeptic, nti-fltulent, for er infection, duodenl ulcers, s rubefcient in skin diseses Diuretic, emmengogue, expectornt, for bleeding piles Diuretic, emmengogue, emollient, useful in hert diesees Antispsmodic, crmintive, digestive, stimulnt Anti-dyspeptic, The spice trde, probbly, is the most ncient trde prcticed by mn. The ffluence generted by the spice trde hs been responsible for severl historic voyges nd discoveries of new lnds. Tody, the nnul globl spice trde is estimted to be over $2000 million involving quntity of 500,000 tons. Incidentlly, Indi is not only the lrgest producer of spices but lso the biggest exporter nd the lrgest consumer of spices in different forms. Over 60 vrieties of spices re grown in Indi which include the pungent spices, romtic fruits, umbelliferous fruits, romtic brks, phenolic spices nd colour spices. Spices re not only used individully but lso in the form of spice mixtures known s curry powders to suit different tstes nd dishes. Nutrient mke up of spices Although spices hve never been considered to be contributing nything to humn nutrition, this group of food djuncts is in use in humn diets for centuries s flvour modifiers to mke food more pltble. Interestingly, the protein content in spices vries from 4.5 % in rosemry leves to 31.5% in mustrd, ft level vries from 0.6 % in grlic to 42.6 % in mustrd. The sh content cn be nywhere from 2.3 % in mrjorm to 16.7% in bsil leves reflecting high minerl levels in them. Some of them contin significnt levels of vitmins nd minerls, which cnnot be ignored. A few spices re lso rich sources of dietry fibre. Amongst common spices consumed, the dietry fibre is highest in chilli, s high s 43.3% while 58

70 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 blck pepper (27.8%), corinder (36.2%), cumin (23.0%), fennel (28.7%) nd fenugreek (33.5%) lso re rich sources of dietry fibre, both soluble s well s insoluble. However, due to low levels of consumption of spices, their impct on nutrient mke up my not be s drmtic vis--vis other food ingredients. Nutrceuticl ttributes of spices In the lst three decdes, mny beneficil physiologicl effects of spices hve been experimentlly documented which suggest tht the use of these food djuncts extend beyond tste nd flvour. The components of spices responsible for the qulity ttributes hve been designted s ctive principles, nd in mny instnces they re lso responsible for beneficil physiologicl effects of spices. Thus, curcumin of turmeric, cpsicin of red pepper, piperine of blck pepper, nd eugenol of cloves re responsible for the beneficil effects of the respective spices. The slient fetures of multifceous beneficil physiologicl effects of spices so fr documented re summrized below: Digestive stimulnt ction: The digestive stimulnt ction of spices is probbly the most common experience. Spices like ginger, mint, jown nd grlic re used s ingredients of phrmcologicl preprtions for digestive disorders. Extensive niml studies hve reveled tht mny spices (curcumin, cpsicin, ginger, fenugreek, mustrd, cumin, corinder, jown, tmrind nd onion) stimulte bile cid production by the liver nd its secretion into bile. Bile cids ply mjor role in ft digestion nd bsorption. Severl spices re lso evidenced to stimulte the ctivity of digestive enzymes of pncres, prticulrly lipse nd terminl digestive enzymes of smll intestinl mucosl upon continuous intke. Antidibetic potentil: In serch for novel dietry ntidibetic gents, spices hve lso been exmined. Fenugreek, grlic nd onion, nd their sulfur compounds, turmeric nd its colouring principle - curcumin hve been found to be effective in improving the glycemic sttus nd glucose tolernce in dibetic nimls / NIDDM ptients. Animl studies nd clinicl trils on ntidibetic properties of fenugreek nd onion hve been prticulrly extensive, while humn studies re limited in the cse of grlic nd turmeric. Addition of fenugreek seeds to the diets of dibetic ptients or nimls results in fll in blood glucose nd improvement in glucose tolernce. The hypoglycemic effect is ttributed to the fibre nd gum, which constitute s much s 52% of the seeds. The fibre-rich fenugreek is believed to dely gstric emptying by direct interference with glucose bsorption. The hypoglycemic potency of grlic nd onion is ttributed to the disulfide compounds present in them, which cuse direct or indirect stimultion of insulin secretion by the pncres. In ddition, they my lso hve insulin-spring ction by protecting from sulfhydryl inctivtion. Nephropthy is common compliction in chronic dibetes. Dietry curcumin nd onion hve been shown to meliorte kidney lesions in streptozotocin dibetic rts. Hypocholesterolemic effects s lso their bility to lower the extent of lipid peroxidtion under dibetic condition re implicted in the meliortion of renl lesions. Cpsicin, the pungent principle of red chilies hs been shown to be useful in dibetic neuropthy. Anti-therogenic nd Crdioprotective effect: The importnce of blood cholesterol levels in reltion to therosclerosis nd coronry hert diseses is well known. Severl common spices hve been evluted for possible cholesterol lowering effect in vriety of experimentl situtions in both nimls nd humns. 59

71 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Fenugreek, grlic, onion, turmeric nd red pepper re found to be effective s hypocholesterolemics under vrious conditions of experimentlly induced hypercholesterolemi / hyperlipidemi. Further, fenugreek, onion nd grlic re effective in humns with hyperlipidemic condition. Consumption of grlic or grlic oil hs been ssocited with reduction in totl cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, nd triglyceride levels. In ddition, grlic exhibits ntithrombotic nd hypertensive properties, which lso contribute to crdiovsculr protection besides the hypolipidemic properties. Anti-lithogenic effect: Persistent lithogenic diet leds to cholesterol sturtion in bile resulting in formtion of cholesterol crystls, i.e., gllstones in gll bldder. Studies on experimentl induction of cholesterol gllstones in mice nd hmsters by feeding lithogenic diet hve reveled tht the incidence of gllstones is 40-50% lower when the nimls re mintined on 0.5% curcumin or 0.015% cpsicin contining diets. Animl studies hve lso reveled significnt regression of preformed cholesterol gllstones by these spice principles in 10-week feeding tril. The ntilithogenic potentil of other known hypocholesterolemic spices grlic, onion nd fenugreek seeds hve lso been recently evidenced in niml studies. The ntilithogenicity of these spices is considered to be due to lowering of cholesterol concentrtion nd enhncing the bile cid concentrtion, both of which contribute to lowering of cholesterol sturtion index nd hence its crystlliztion. In ddition to their bility to lower cholesterol sturtion index, the ntilithogenecity of these spice principles my lso be due to their influence on biliry proteins Antioxidnt ctivity: Genertion of rective oxygen species nd other free rdicls during metbolism is norml process tht is idelly compensted for by n elborte endogenous ntioxidnt defense system. Excessive free rdicls genertion over-blncing the rte of their removl leds to oxidtive stress. Oxidtive dmge hs been implicted in the etiology of disese processes such s crdiovsculr disese, inflmmtory diseses, cncer, neurodegenertive diseses, nd other degenertive diseses. Antioxidnts re compounds tht hinder the oxidtive processes nd thereby dely or suppress oxidtive stress. There is growing interest in nturl ntioxidnts found in herbs nd spices. The bioctive compounds present in spices possess potent ntioxidnt property tht re experimentlly evidenced to control cellulr oxidtive stress nd thereby exert beneficil role in preventing oxidtive stress medited diseses. Most of the helth effects of spices on cncer, crdiovsculr diseses, inflmmtory diseses nd neurodegenertive diseses my be medited through their potent ntioxidnt effects. Supression of oxidtive stress nd inflmmtion by spices is importnt in their cncer preventive role, since both oxidtive stress nd inflmmtion re risk fctor for cncer initition nd promotion. The ntioxidtive effects of curcumin, eugenol, cpsicin, piperine, gingerol, grlic, onion, nd fenugreek hve been experimentlly evidenced. The studies to this effect re exhustive nd experimentl evidences re plenty in the cse of curcumin of turmeric nd eugenol of clove. Studies with severl in vitro systems s well s in vivo niml studies hve reveled tht spice principles curcumin, eugenol nd cpsicin hve beneficil ntioxidnt property by quenching oxygen free rdicls, by inhibiting the production of rective oxygen rdicls, nd by enhncing the ntioxidnt enzyme ctivities. The ntioxidnt ctivity of the spice compounds in mmmlin system involve one or more of the following: (1) 60

72 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 free rdicl scvenging, (2) suppressing of lipid peroxidtion, (3) enhncing the ntioxidnt molecules in tissues, (4) stimulting the ctivities of endogenous ntioxidnt enzymes, (5) Inhibition of the ctivity of inducible nitric oxide synthse, (6) Inhibition of LDL oxidtion nd (6) Inhibition of enzymes of rchidonte metbolism - 5-lipoxygense nd 2- cyclooxygense enzymes. By virtue of ntioxidnt ctivity, curcumin hs been documented to be ntiinflmmtory, nti-mutgenic nd cncer preventive, nti-therogenic nd crdioprotective, heptoprotective, neuro-protective, ntictrctogenic, effective wound helnt, etc. Anti-inflmmtory property: With incresing interest in lterntives to non-steroidl ntiinflmmtory gents in the mngement of chronic inflmmtion, the use of food bsed pproches is emerging. Lipid peroxides ply crucil role in rthritis nd other inflmmtory diseses. Turmeric hppens to be the erliest ntiinflmmtory drug known in the indigenous system of medicine in Indi. Turmeric extrct, curcuminoids, nd voltile oil of turmeric hve been found to be effective s nti-inflmmtory in severl studies involving mice, rts, rbbits, nd pigeons. The efficcy of curcuminoids ws lso estblished in crrgeenn induced foot pw edem in mice nd rts nd in cotton pellet grnulom pouch tests in rts. Both in vitro nd in vivo niml experiments hve documented the nti-inflmmtory potentil of spice principles curcumin, cpsicin nd eugenol. Animl studies hve reveled tht curcumin nd cpsicin lso lower the incidence nd severity of rthritis nd lso dely the onset of djuvnt induced rthritis. Anti-inflmmtory effect of curcumin (400 mg) in ptients undergone surgery for herni / hydrocele ws found comprble to tht of phenylbutzone (100 mg). In rheumtoid rthritis ptients, dministrtion of curcumin (1.2 g/dy) produced significnt improvement similr to phenylbutzone. Recently, cpsicin hs received considerble ttention s pin reliever. In ptients with osteorthritis nd rheumtoid rthritis, topicl ppliction of crems contining 0.025% or 0.075% cpsicin ws n effective nd sfe lterntive to nlgesics employed in systemic medictions which re often ssocited with potentil side effects. Cpsicin hs lso been suggested for the initil mngement of neurlgi consequent to herpes infection. There is lso evidence for the benefit of ginger in meliorting rthritic knee pin, lthough the effectiveness is lesser thn tht of ibuprofen. Ginger doses of g per dy hve been found to be efficcious in osteorthritis nd rheumtoid rthritis. Antimutgenicity nd nti-cncer effect: There re severl studies suggesting tht spices my hve chemopreventive effect ginst the erly inititing stges of cncer. Spices my ct through severl mechnisms to provide protection ginst cncer. Certin phytochemicls from spices hve been shown to inhibit one or more of the stges of the cncer process (initition, promotion, growth nd metstsis). Inhibition of phse I metbolic enzymes (involved in procrcinogen ctivtion) nd induction of phse II metbolic enzymes (involved in crcinogen dectivtion) my ccount for the chemo-preventive effects of spices. Spices my lso protect ginst oxidtive stress nd inflmmtion, both of which re risk fctor for cncer initition nd promotion (s well s other pthologicl conditions). Spices tht hve ntioxidnt property cn function s ntimutgens. Since, mutgenesis hs direct bering on cncer initition, nti-mutgenic spices cn probbly be nticrcinogenic too. Turmeric / curcumin, grlic / its sulfur compounds hve been shown to be ntimutgenic in severl experimentl systems. 61

73 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Spices with known nticrcinogenic effects in niml models of cncer include turmeric, grlic nd ginger. Turmeric hs been found to hve chemopreventive effects ginst cncers of the skin, forestomch, liver, colon, nd orl cncer in mice. The nticncer potentil of curcumin s evidenced by both preclinicl nd clinicl studies hs been exhustively reviewed recently. Severl studies indicte tht curcumin cn suppress both tumour initition nd tumour promotion. Some of these studies, especilly studies of skin tumorigenesis, hve lso employed topicl ppliction of curcumin. Chemo-preventive ctivity of curcumin is observed when dministered prior to, during, nd fter crcinogen tretment s well s when it is given only during promotion/progression phse of colon crcinogenesis in rts. Curcumin is powerful inhibitor of the prolifertion of severl tumour cells. With mny evidences suggesting tht curcumin cn suppress tumour initition, promotion nd metstsis, nd with proven sfety of its consumption (up to 10 g per dy), curcumin offers enormous potentil in the prevention nd therpy of cncer. In summry, mny helth beneficil ttributes of these common food djuncts hve been recognized in the pst four decdes. A few of the bove helth beneficil ttributes of spices hve the potentil of possible therpeutic exploittion in vriety of disese conditions. In view of the mny promising helth beneficil physiologicl effects spices re understood to exert, these food djuncts hve now ssumed the sttus of "Nutr-ceuticls" nd re considered s the nturl nd necessry component of our dily nutrition. Since ech of the spices possesses more thn one helth beneficil property nd tht there is possibility of synergy mong them in their ction, spiced diet is likely to mke life not only more 'spicy' but more helthy lso. DIGESTIVE STIMULANT (Mny spices) ANTIMICROBIAL (Turmeric, Asfoetid, Grlic) ANTI-DIABETIC (Fenugreek, Turmeric, Grlic, Onion) CHOLESTEROL LOWERING (Fenugreek, Turmeric, Chilli, Grlic, Onion) SPICES ANTI- LITHOGENIC (Turmeric, Grlic, Chilli) ANTI-MUTAGENIC ANTI-CANCER (Turmeric, Grlic) ANTIOXIDANT (Turmeric, Chilli, Clove) ANTI- INFLAMMATORY (Turmeric, Chilli, Clove) 62

74 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Interntionl Yer of Chemistry-2011 Jcobus Henricus vn't Hoff The First Nobel Lurete in Chemistry Subodh Mhnti The Acdemy hs wrded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry to Jcobus Henricus Vn t Hoff, Professor in the University of Berlin, for his pioneering work on chemicl dynmics nd osmotic pressure in solutions. As result of his investigtions in the fields of tomic nd moleculr theory Vn t Hoff hs mde the most importnt discoveries in theoreticl chemistry since Dlton s time. With regrd to tomic theory Vn t Hoff, following n ide put forwrd by Psteur, dvnced the hypothesis tht elementry toms hve ttchment points geometriclly oriented in spce hypothesis which in so fr s crbon compounds re concerned led to the theory of the symmetry of crbon toms to the founding of stereochemistry. Still more revolutionry were Vn t Hoff s discoveries in the field of moleculr theory - C. T. Odhner, President of the Royl Swedish Acdemy of Sciences in his Nobel Prize Presenttion Speech in 1901 Jcobus Henricus vn t Hoff ws the winner of the inugurl Nobel Prize in Chemistry in He ws wrded the Prize in recognition of the extrordinry services he hs rendered by the discovery of the lws of chemicl dynmics nd osmotic pressure in solutions. His mjor contributions were in the res of chemicl kinetics, chemicl equilibrium, osmotic pressure nd crystllogrphy. He introduced the modern concept of chemicl ffinity. His works hve penetrted ll brnches of chemistry. He long with the Swedish chemist Svnte Josih Willrd Gibbs Jcobus H. Vn't Hoff Wilhelm Ostwld Arrhenius ( ), the Americn physicist Josih Willrd Gibbs ( ) nd the Germn chemist Wilhelm Ostwld ( ) helped estblish physicl chemistry s distinct discipline of chemistry - the brnch of chemistry tht dels with the interprettion of chemicl phenomen nd properties in terms of underlying physicl processes, nd with the development of techniques for their investigtions. In 1887, vn t Hoff, jointly with Ostwld, founded the scientific journl Zeitschrift fur physiklische Chemie Dr. Subodh Mhnti, Scientist F, Vigyn Prsr, A-50, Institutionl Are, Sector- 62, NOIDA (Reproduced with thnks from Vigyn Prsr, Drem 2047, Jnury 2009, Vol. 11, No. 4) 63

75 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 (Journl of P h y s i c l Chemistry), which plyed n influentil role in the development of physicl chemistry. Vn t Hoff nd Joseph Achille Le Bell discovered the tetrhedrl crbon. Auguste Comte Philosophy lso interested vn t Hoff. He prticulrly becme interested in the philosophicl ides of the French philosopher Auguste Comte ( ) nd French literry critic nd historin Hippolyte Adolphe Tine ( ). He hd developed fscintion for poetry. His idol in poetry ws English poet Lord Byron ( ). Jcobus Henricus vn t Hoff ws born on 30 August 1852 in Rotterdm, The Netherlnds (or Hollnd). His fther, lso nmed Jcobus Henricus vn t Hoff, ws medicl doctor. His mother ws Alid Jcob Kolff. In his erly ge he developed n interest in science nd love of nture. In his childhood he often took prt in botnicl expeditions. He hd his erly eduction in privte school. At the ge of 17, vn t Hoff decided to become chemist. Despite his prents unfvourble rection to his decision, he entered the Polytechnic School t Delft in 1869 from where he obtined diplom in chemicl technology in He received his diplom in two yers rther thn the usul three yers. However, during vction-work in sugr fctory, he decided to bndon the creer of technologist in fvour of purely scientific creer. He spent yer studying mthemtics t Leiden before he went to Bonn to study chemistry under August Kekulé ( ). From Bonn he went to Pris, where he studied under the French chemist Chrles Adolphe Wurtz ( ). He returned to The Netherlnds in 1874 nd in the sme yer he received his doctorl degree of the University of Utrecht. His reserch supervisor ws Edurd Mulder. His doctorl disserttion ws titled Bijdrge tot de Kennis vn Cynozijnzuren en Mlonzuur (Contribution to the knowledge of cynoctic cid nd mlonic cid). At the ge of 23, vn t Hoff unsuccessfully tried for job of school techer. It is sid tht he ws not given job of school techer becuse he ppered to be dydremer. He then becme lecturer in chemistry nd physics t the Veterinry College in Utrecht, which he joined in After spending two yers in Utrecht, he moved to the University of Amsterdm s Professor of Chemistry, Minerlogy, nd Geology. He remined there for lmost 18 yers. In 1896, vn t Hoff moved to Germny to become n Honorry Professor t Berlin University by virtue of his membership of the Prussin Acdemy of Sciences. Severl months before submitting his Ph.D. disserttion, vn t Hoff published reserch pper, which effectively creted new brnch of chemistry clled stereochemistry, the study of the sptil Lord Byron rrngement of toms in molecules nd the chemicl nd physicl consequences of such rrngements. The term stereochemistry ws coined by Victor Meyer. The pper ws titled Voorstel tot Uitbreiding der Tegenwoordige in de Scheikunde gebruikte 64

76 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Structuurformules in de Ruimte etc. (Proposl for the History of ScienceLord Byron development of 3-dimensionl chemicl structurl formule). It ws published in the form of pmphlet consisting of 12 pges of text nd 1-pge digrm. His revolutionry ides were further elborted in his Chimie dns l Espce (The Chemistry in Spce), which ws published in A Germn trnsltion of this importnt work ppered two yers lter with n introduction by the Germn chemist Johnnes Wislicenus ( ). The English trnsltion ppered much lter in Vn t Hoff tried to solve the problems tht originted with the discovery of opticl compounds by the French physicist Jen Bptiste Biot ( ). Opticl compounds rotte the plne of polrised light. Louis Psteur hd been ble to relte this property for slts of crystlline solids, to the dissymmetry of the crystls. He found tht some crystls of trtric cid would rotte polrized light to the right nd some to the left. Psteur explined this by showing ctul symmetry of the crystls. There were two types of crystls, which were mirror imges to ech other. Psteur ws of the opinion tht molecules themselves were symmetric but he hd no proof to support his belief. Tht Psteur ws thinking in the right direction becme pprent from the opticl ctivity of solutions of noncrystlline substnces. Vn t Hoff took the clue from the observtion of Kekulé tht the four groups linked to crbon tom could be eqully distributed in the spce round it. Vn t Hoff proposed tetrhedrl crbon tom. He proposed tht if the four groups or toms ttched to crbon tom re ll different from ech other, they could be rrnged bout the crbon tom in two wys. Such lterntive rrngements of molecule would be non-superimposble mirror imges, or in other words, they would be stereo-isomers. He further proposed tht one form would rotte polrised light to the left nd the other form to the right. It my be noted tht Joseph-Achille Le Bell ( ), independently of vn t Hoff proposed the ide of tetrhedrl nture of crbon tom. However, he did not develop his ides. It is Joseph-Achille Le Bel strnge tht vn t Hoff nd Le Bell did not know ech other s work lthough they were working side by side in Wurtz s lbortory in Pris during the cdemic yer preceding publiction of their pioneering work. However strnge it my seem but it ppers tht they developed the ide independently nd did not even discuss it with ech other! Vn t Hoff s ides were considered very extrordinry nd they were strongly criticised by the chemists. The Germn orgnic chemist Hermnn Adolf Kolbe ( ), renowned editor of the Germn Journl fur prktische Chemie, wrote: A Dr. H. vn t Hoff of the Veterinry School t Utrecht hs no liking, pprently, for exct chemicl investigtion. He hs considered it more comfortble to Pegsus (pprently borrowed from the Veterinry School) nd to proclim in his L chimie dns l espce how the toms pper to him to be rrnged in spce, when he is on the chemicl Mt. Prnssus which he hs reched by bold fly. Ironiclly Kolbe s Adolphe Wurtz 65

77 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 criticism ctully helped further vn t Hoff s ides becuse it brought the work of the young investigtor to the ttention of his older collegues. Works done by other chemists supported the vn t Hoff theory, or more ppropritely the vn t Hoff-Le Bell theory. In 1887, Johnnes Wislicenus published his work on geometric isomerism. It ws kind of stereoisomerism, which ws not relted to opticl ctivity. The Germn chemist Victor Meyer ( ) working in Heidelberg demonstrted the chemicl effect of lrge-filling groups on orgnic molecules. Meyer termed this phenomenon steric hindrnce, which gve rise to stereoisomerism. Arthur Hntzsch nd Alfred Werner working in Zurich studied the stereochemistry of orgnic compounds contining nitrogen. In Berlin, Emil Fischer used the concept of stereochemistry to interpret his fundmentl reserch on crbohydrtes. In 1884, vn t Hoff published his work on chemicl kinetics. It ws titled Etudes de Dynmique (Studies in Chemicl Dynmics). In this work, he introduced new method for determining the order of rection using grphics Hermnn Adolf Kolbe nd pplied the lws of thermodynmics to chemicl equlibri. Vn t Hoff mde significnt contribution in osmosis, the process by which solvent is trnsported through semi-permeble membrne seprting two solutions of different solute concentrtions. The solvent is trnsported from the solution tht is dilute in solute to the solution tht is concentrted. Before describing vn t Hoff s contribution to osmosis, let us briefly describe the development of the concept of osmosis. It ws the Abbe Jen-Antoine Nollet ( ), who first described osmotic behviour in However, Nollet s work did not ttrct much ttention. In 1826, the French physiologist Rene-Jochim-Henri Dutrochet ( ) extended the scope of investigtion of osmosis by pplying it to plnt movements. A simple osmometer constructed by Dutrochet showed tht osmotic pressure could overcome grvity. Encourged by this observtion Dutrochet thought tht osmosis might be responsible for mny plnt processes like rising of sp. In 1877, the Germn botnist nd plnt physiologist, Wilhelm Pfeffer ( ) published his Osmotic Investigtions. Though initilly Pfeffer s work ws not given due importnce, it becme the bsis of further dvncements in the understnding osmosis nd its significnce. The Dutch plnt physiologist nd geneticist Hugo de Vries ( ) showed tht osmosis ccounted for turgor; tht is, the distension of plnt cell wll nd membrne by the fluid contents. Turgor cn be seen s the internl pressure of helthy plnt cell, which results from the resistnce of the semi-rigid cell wll to the osmotic pressure generted by the cell protoplsm. Turgor is essentil for the cell growth nd the trnsport of nutrients. De Vries most importnt contribution to the understnding of osmosis ws to bring Pfeffer s work on osmosis to the ttention of vn t Hoff, who pproched the problem differently. By ssuming tht there is similrity between solutions nd History of Science gses, he clculted osmotic pressures by pplying Abbe Jen-Antoine Nollet 66

78 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 the simple gs lw eqution, p = crt (where p stnds for pressure, c for concentrtion, T for temperture nd 4. R is constnt). Here osmotic pressure is substituted for ordinry pressure of gses. The vlues of osmotic pressure Wihelm Pfeffer clculted this wy remrkbly mtched with the experimentl vlues. This implied tht osmotic pressure is determined by the concentrtion nd temperture nd tht the structure of the membrne hd no influence on it. The importnce of vn t Hoff s pproch soon becme pprent. It ws found tht vn t Hoff s results could be used to determine the moleculr weight of substnce in solution. Besides being the first Nobel lurete in chemistry, Vn t Hoff received number of distinctions including the Dvy Medl of the Royl Society of London (1893), nd Helmholtz Medl of the Prussin Acdemy of Sciences (1911). He ws ppointed member of the Royl Netherlnds Acdemy of Sciences. He ws n honorry member of the British Chemicl Society in London, the Royl Acdemy of Sciences in Gottingen, the Americn Chemicl Society nd the Acdemie des Sciences in Pris. A lbortory t the Utrecht University hs been nmed fter him. Vn t Hoff gve lot of importnce to the power of imgintion in scientific work. His inugurl ddress on tking up his professorship in Amsterdm ws titled The Power of Imgintion in Science. According to him, the most prominent scientists hve possessed this qulity in high degree. His own discoveries were bsed on power of imgintion. Vn't Hoff died on 1 Mrch 1911 t Steglitz ner Berlin, Germny References 1. Eliel, Ernest L., Stereochemistry of Crbon Compounds, New Delhi: Tt McGrw-Hill Publishing Compny Ltd., Morrison, Robert Thornton, Robert Neilson Boyed, Orgnic Chemistry (Fourth Edition), Boston: Allyn nd Bcon, Inc, Gdre, Shridhr R., Century of Nobel Prizes Chemistry Awrd: Jcobus Henricus vn t Hoff ( ), Resonnce, December Heilbron, J. L. (ed.), The Oxford Compnion to the History of Modern Science, Oxford: Oxford University Press, A Dictionry of Scientists, Oxford: Oxford University Press, Millr, Dvid, In Millr, John Millr nd Mrgret Millr, The Cmbridge Dictionry of Scientists, Cmbridge: Cmbridge University Press, Bgchi, Asoke K., Hinduj Foundtion Encyclopedi of Nobel Luretes , Delhi: Konrk Publishers Pvt Ltd., Avilble sources on the Internet. (The rticle is populr presenttion of the importnt points on the life nd work of Jcobus Henricus Vn t Hoff vilble in the existing literture. The ide is to inspire the younger genertion to know more bout vn t Hoff. The uthor hs given the sources consulted for writing the rticle. However, the sources on the Internet re numerous nd so they hve not been individully listed. The uthor is grteful to ll those uthors whose works hve contributed to writing this rticle.) 67

79 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 The Fscinting Lnd of Primes Utpl Mukhopdhyy Introduction In the primry stge of our lerning, we get ourselves cquinted with two min things, viz., lphbets nd numerls. During our lerning of numbers, first of ll we become fmilir with positive integers. Afterwrds, we encounter prime numbers. But, in the present set up of the curriculum, there is very little scope to study prime numbers in detil. For this reson, most of the students cnnot relize the importnce of prime numbers in mthemtics. In fct, prime numbers re the building blocks in the number system. So, in the present rticle, n ttempt hs been mde to show glimpse of the tresures hidden in the lnd of prime numbers. Let us strt our journey from very bsic level. Different Types of Primes We now tht if number hs only two fctors, viz., 1 nd the number itself, then it is clled prime number. Numbers hving more thn two fctors re known s composite numbers. Since 1 hs only one fctor, it is neither prime nor composite. It is clled unity. 2 is the only even prime number. All other primes re odd. Numbers which cn be expressed s product of only two prime numbers re clled lmost prime numbers. For exmple, 15 (= 3x5), 21 (= 3x7), 35 (= 5x7) etc., re lmost prime numbers. Now, the question rises whether the number of primes is finite or infinite. Greek mthemticin Euclid (c. 300 B.C.) proved in his fmous book The Elements tht the number of primes is infinite. Twin Primes nd Prime Triplets Two consecutive odd primes re clled twin primes. For instnce, (3, 5), (5, 7), (11, 13) etc. twin primes. The term twin prime ws given by Pul Stäckel ( ). Till now it hs not been possible to scertin whether the number of twin primes is finite or infinite. However, in 1966 Chinese mthemticin Chen-jinn-run proved tht there re n infinite number of number pirs where the first number is prime nd the second one is n lmost prime number. Three consecutive odd primes re clled prime triplet. For instnce, (3, 5, 7) is prime triplet. A simple proof given below shows tht there cnnot be ny other prime triplet except (3, 5, 7). Proof: Let, (p, p+2, p+4) be prime triplet. Then, if we divide p by 3, it will leve reminders 1 or 2. If the reminder is 1 then suppose, p = 3k + 1, where k is positive integer. Therefore, p + 2 = 3k = 3 (k + 1) = multiple of 3. Hence, p + 2 cnnot be prime number. Agin, if the reminder is 2 then suppose, p = 3 k + 2 Then, p + 4 = 3 k = 3 (k +2) = multiple of 3. Hence, in this cse p + 4 cnnot be prime number. Utpl Mukhopdhyy, Stybhrti Vidypith, P. O. Nbplly, Dist. North 24 Prgns, Kolkt , West Bengl, Emil: umsbv@yhoo.in 68

80 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Thus, in either cse, we find tht (p, p+2, p+4) cnnot be prime triplet. So, there cnnot be ny other prime triplet except (3, 5, 7). Perfect Numbers nd Prime Numbers A number is clled perfect number if the sum of its fctors (except the number itself) equls the number. The smllest perfect number is 6 (= ). Some other perfect numbers re 28, 496, 8128 etc. It is interesting to note tht we cn get the bove four perfect numbers by putting n = 2, 3, 5 nd 7 in the expression 2 n-1 (2 n 1). There is n interesting theorem concerning the perfect numbers nd prime numbers. Theorem If (2 n 1) is prime number, then 2 n-1 (2 n 1) will be n even perfect number. The bove theorem ws proved by Euler ( ). In the 17 th century, Mrin Mersenne ( ) suggested tht the numbers (2 13 1), (2 17 1) nd (2 19 1) re primes. For this reson, numbers of the form (2 n 1) re clled Mersenne numbers. Sophie Germin Primes Sophie Germin ( ) ws French ldy mthemticin who mde significnt contributions in number theory. If we get prime number by dding 1 to twice of prticulr prime number, then tht prticulr prime number is clled Sophie Germin prime (SGP). 2 is the lest SGP becuse by dding 1 to twice of 2 (i.e. 4) we get 5 which is prime number. The second nd third SGPs re 3 nd 5 respectively. However, 7 is not SGP becuse by the sme rule we get 15 which is not prime. It hs not been possible to prove the finite or infiniteness of the numbers of SGP. Some Interesting Results relted to Primes 1. In 1640, Fermt ( ) showed tht the numbers of the form (4n + 1), where n is nturl number, cn be expressed s sum of two squres. For instnce, if n = 1, then 4n + 1 = 5 = if n = 3, then 4n + 1 = 13 = Fermt observed in 1640 tht if p be prime, then the number (n p n) will be divisible by p. For instnce, if p = 3 nd n = 2, then (n p n) = 6 which is divisible by 3 (= p). Euler proved this result in In 1845, Joseph Bertrnd ( ) conjectured tht there must be t lest one prime between n nd (2n 2) for every integer n greter thn three. For instnce, if n = 4, we get the prime number 5 between 4 nd 6; if n = 5, we get the prime 7 between 5 nd 8; if n = 8, then we get two primes 11 nd 13 between 8 nd 14. Russin mthemticin P. Chebyshev ( ) proved Bertrnd s conjecture in At present, this conjecture is known s Bertrnd s postulte. 4. For ny nturl number n > 1, there exists t lest one prime between n nd 2n. For instnce, we get 3 between 2 nd 4; get 5 between 3 nd 6; get 11, 13 nd 17 between 9 nd 18 etc. This theorem is known s Bertrnd-Chebyshev theorem. Afterwrds, Indin mthemticin Rmnujn ( ) provided n lterntive proof of the theorem while Pul Erdös ( ) gve simpler proof. Sophie Germin s Theorem It hs lredy been mentioned tht Sophie Germin hd importnt contributions in number 69

81 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 theory. The following theorem is known s Sophie Germin s Theorem. The proof of this theorem being of elementry nture nd cn be understood even by school student. It is provided below to show the students the logicl beuty inherent in mthemtics. Theorem If is not equl to ± 1, then whtever my be the vlue of, ( 4 + 4) will lwys be composite number. Proof : = ( 2 ) 2 + (2) 2 = ( 2 + 2) 2 (2) 2 = ( ) ( ) = {(+1) 2 + 1} {( 1) 2 + 1} Since is not equl to ± 1, then clerly both ( + 1) 2 nd ( 1) 2 re non-zero numbers. So, ( 4 + 4) cn be expressed s product of two numbers none of which is 1. Hence, is composite number. Filed Formule for Primes Time nd gin mthemticins hve tried to provide formul which will yield prime numbers. But, ls! Till now no formul hs been discovered which cn produce only prime numbers. However, it is interesting to know wht formule were suggested by different mthemticins nd how they filed. So, let us discuss some filed formule strting with the formul of Fermt. 1. Fermt s Formul In the yer 1640, Fermt suggested the formul Fn = 2 2n + 1 for generting primes where n is positive number. By putting n = 0 we get 3 which is prime number. Similrly, for n = 1 we get the prime number 5. Also, F 2, F 3 nd F 4 re prime numbers. But, Euler showed in 1732 tht Fermt s formul fils for n > 4 becuse F 5 is which is product of 641 nd nd hence F 5 is composite. However, in honour of Fermt, the primes F 0, F 1, F 2, F 3 nd F 4 re clled Fermt primes. 2. Euler s Formul Euler proposed the formul n 2 + n + 1 for generting primes. The formul holds good for n = 0 to 39 but fils for n = 40 becuse in tht cse, we get 1641 which is Computer clcultion hs shown tht 47.5% of the numbers generted by Euler s formul re primes nd it works well for smll vlues of n. If n < 2389, then the possibility for finding primes is 50% nd if n < 100, then we get 86 primes nd only 14 composite numbers. Afterwrds, it hs been found tht the formul n 2 - n + 41 fils for n = 41 becuse in tht cse we get The formul n 2 79n fils for n = 80 becuse in tht cse we get 1681 which is gin Ulm s Formul nd Doodle Stnislw Ulm ( ) ws n Americn mthemticin of Polish-Jewish origin. Ulm nd his co-workers proposed the formul 4n n for primes. This formul is not universl formul for primes, yet it genertes 760 new primes which cnnot be obtined from Euler s formul. The success rte of this formul is 46.6%. It my be mentioned tht the formul 4n n + 59 yields 1500 new primes which cnnot be found by either Euler s formul or Ulm s formul. In 1963, while scribbling with numbers, Ulm discovered pttern relted to prime numbers. He noticed tht if spirl is constructed by writing down rectngulr grid of numbers, strting with 1 t the centre nd spirling outwrds, then the prime numbers fll long digonl lines. This 70

82 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 rectngulr rrngement of numbers is known s Ulm s doodle. Afterwrds, Ulm nd his collbortors Myron Stein nd Mrk Wells produced spirl pttern for numbers up to 65,000 by using MANIAC II computer. In Fig. 1, smll doodle of Ulm is shown which contins numbers from 1 to 49. The prime numbers re shown in circles in the following tble Fig. 1: Ulm s Little Doodle Epilogue In the preceding discussion, only glimpse of the tresures of the prime world hs been shown. In fct, it is not possible to discuss the huge mount of interesting fetures of prime numbers. For instnce, the pproximte formule for primes s proposed by Guss ( ) nd Lgrnge ( ) re left out due to their higher stndrd. Interested persons my go through ny stndrd book on number theory to discover themselves the hidden tresures of the lnd of primes. References 1. Sturt Hollingdl : Mkers of Mthemtics; Penguin Books, Pul Hoffmn : Archimedes Revenge; Fwcett Crest, New York, Vrious sources on the internet. The Ntionl Institute of Open Schooling Tody The lrgest Open Schooling system in the world. 21,08,973 lerners hve been certified t the Secondry nd Senior Secondry nd Voctionl level since More thn 4,00,000 lerners tke dmission every yer. Reches out through network of more thn 5,911 Study Centres (AIs/AVIs/AAs) spred ll over the country nd brod. Imprts eduction through distnce mode using medi mix of self-instructionl print mterils, udio, video nd CD-ROM supported by Personl Contct Progrmmes t AIs. These re further supplemented by Rdio Brodcst nd T.V. progrmmes. 71

83 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Employment Opportunities in Agriculture Sector Dr. Hrender Rj Gutm In Indi, more thn 60 per cent of our popultion is directly dependent on griculture for livelihood nd survivl nd therefore the occuption of griculture should be mde productive nd profitble. Agriculture in Indi uses 57 per cent of the work force, contributes 18 per cent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. Unemployment is mjor problem in Indi nd presently more thn 4.5 crore youth re unemployed in this country. While the percentge of the workforce employed in griculture is declining, totl employment in this sector continues to rise, though t significntly slower rtes thn in the pst. Strtegic inititives re needed to modernize nd diversify Indin griculture so tht it cn generte employment opportunities for very lrge number of people. One of the most importnt fctors for employment genertion in griculture is to mintin high growth rte. Indi s popultion grew by 1.9 per cent between , while food production grew disproportiontely by 1.2 per cent. Indin griculture is mjor support bse of our economy nd there is need to mke it more productive so tht more employment opportunities re creted. Food processing nd vlue ddition re two mjor grey res which cn crete boom in employment. Our country hs not utilized this huge untpped potentil. Food processing cn reduce huge loss of Rs. 55, 000 crore in foodgrins, fruits nd vegetbles. Vlue ddition cn be done in foodgrins, fruits, vegetbles, diry products, met, poultry, fish, nd medicinl nd romtic plnts. Self-Employment nd Entrepreneurship for Agriculture Grdutes In Indi, there re 44 Agriculturl nd Veterinry Universities nd 5 Deemed Universities which produce more thn 21,000 griculture grdutes nd post grdutes. The griculturl grdutes churned out by these institutions should tke inititive to set up vrious smller commercil ventures to provide the required services for qulity production in griculture nd mrketing nd post-hrvest utiliztion of the surplus produce. In griculture sector, there is vst scope for business nd entrepreneuril opportunities. Efforts towrds developing smll business would not only help in chieving economic growth but would lso crete enormous employment opportunities in the field. The Centrl Government hs lunched vrious schemes to engge unemployed griculturl grdutes in setting up such ventures in griculture sector which will not only ccelerte griculturl production with the dissemintion of ltest technicl know how to the frmers but will lso provide employment opportunities to lkhs of other unemployed youths. In such ventures, gri-clinics nd gri-business centres re most importnt. The gri-clinics nd gri-business centres re envisged to provide expert services nd dvice to frmers on cropping prctices, technology dissemintion, crop protection from pests nd diseses, mrket trends nd prices of vrious crops in the mrkets nd lso clinic services for niml helth etc., which would Dr. Hrender Rj Gutm, Senior Scientist, Deprtment of Mycology nd Plnt Pthology, Dr. Y.S.Prmr University of Horticulture nd Forestry, Nuni , Soln, Himchl Prdesh. 72

84 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 enhnce productivity of crops nd nimls. Agriculturl grdutes my choose from rnge of high potentil res to set up different ventures relted to gri-clinics nd gri-business centres. Agriculturl grdutes who come from frming fmilies nd hve n ptitude for griculture cn be encourged to undertke commercil frming on their own or lesed lnd nd/or to estblish gro-industries nd gri-services from which they cn ern fr higher income rther thn seeking slried employment. Specil technicl support be provided to these griculturl nd gri-business entrepreneurs to help them chieve finncil selfsufficiency nd high incomes. In order to be effective, the self-employment opportunities must not only be finncilly remunertive but should lso be socilly prestigious. This cn be chieved by providing specil sttus to these entrepreneurs nd ccording recognition nd specil wrds for high performnce. The Scheme of Agri-Clinic nd Agri-Business Centres ws lunched in 2002 s follow-up of the Finnce Minister s budget speech in The objective of the scheme is to provide fee-bsed extension nd other services to the frming community s lso to crete self-employment opportunities for griculture grdutes. The griculture grdutes re provided trining in gribusiness development for two months in over 67 institutions in public/privte sectors locted throughout the country nd coordinted by the Ntionl Institute of Agriculture Extension Mngement (MANAGE). These institutions lso provide hndholding support to the trined grdutes for period of one yer. The entire cost of trining nd hndholding is being borne by the Government of Indi. Trined grdutes re expected to set up Agri-Clinic nd Agri-Business Centres with the help of bnk finnce. The scheme is being implemented with the help of the Smll Frmers Agri-Business Consortium (SFAC), MANAGE nd the Ntionl Bnk for Agriculture nd Rurl Development (NABARD). The trining is open for grdutes in griculture nd subjects llied to griculture like horticulture, sericulture, veterinry sciences, forestry, diry, poultry frming, fisheries, etc. Now the fcility hs been extended to youth with griculture diplom of one yer fter 10+2 exmintion. MANAGE publishes dvertisements for inviting pplictions for trining in leding newsppers of ntionl nd regionl importnce. After the trining, these grdutes nd diplom holders cn strt different gri-businesses. Lon up to Rs. 20 lkh is provided by the NABARD nd other ntionlized bnks, out of which round 40 per cent is finncil ssistnce. Soil, wter, qulity nd input testing lbortory service centre. Plnt protection service centre, which cn provide services like disese nd pest dignosis, nd control services including integrted pest mngement. Seed processing unit. Micro-propgtion through plnt tissue culture lbortories nd hrdening units. Provision of frm dvisory nd extension consultncy services. Setting up of bio-pesticides nd bio-control gents units. Estblishment of htcheries nd production of fish finger-lings for quculture. Provision of livestock helth cover, setting up of veterinry dispensries nd services including frozen semen bnks nd liquid nitrogen supply. Post-hrvest mngement centres for sorting, grding, stndrdiztion, storge nd pcking. 73

85 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Estblishment of cold storges nd cool chin fcilities for perishble griculturl produce. Smll industril units of frm implements nd frm mchinery. Spwn production lbortories to produce seed for mushroom cultivtion. Rering of qulity breed nimls for milk production nd met production. Setting up of htcheries of poultry birds nd rering of poultry birds for egg nd met production. Setting up of retil outlets of frm produce in towns nd cities. Agriculture grdutes nd diplom holders interested in strting such projects cn tke finncil help from the Ntionl Horticulture Mission, Ntionlized Bnks, NABARD, Ntionl Horticulture Bord, Stte Coopertive Bnks. Employment Opportunities for Unemployed Youth However, there re some projects/ ventures in griculture which cn be tken up by ny unemployed youth with some prior trining from ny Stte Agriculturl University in the country or from different institutes of the Indin Council of Agriculturl Reserch (ICAR) spred over entire length nd bredth of our country. Such ventures/ projects re listed below. The Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Indi, conducts vrious trining progrmmes rnging from one week to one yer durtion with the help of Stte Agriculturl Universities, Stte Deprtments of Agriculture nd different Institutes of ICAR to trin unemployed youths in different ventures so tht they cn strt their work. Unemployed youth cn form Self-Help Groups (SHGs) which cn lso ply n importnt role in cretion of job opportunities in griculture. SHGs re mjor source of micro credit to the members of the group which cn help in timely vilbility of inputs nd sle of the produce. SHGs cn provide n effective mechnism for promotion of sustinbility nd entrepreneurship in griculture with the help of NABARD nd other ntionlized nd coopertive bnks. There re mny diversified ventures in griculture which re suited to lmost every region nd economic strt of the popultion. These include: Orgnic frming in vegetble nd fruit production. Diry frming, mrketing of milk nd milk products. Cultivtion of medicinl nd romtic plnts. Nursery production in fruits. Setting up of poultry frms. Feed processing nd testing units. Setting up of cool chin from the frm level onwrds. Compost nd mushroom production units. Setting up of vermiculture units nd production of bio-fertilizers. Rurl mrketing outlets for processed griproducts. Mintennce, repir nd custom hiring of griculturl implements nd mchinery including micro-irrigtion systems (sprinkler nd drip). Cultivtion of different ornmentl crops. Protected cultivtion of vegetbles nd ornmentl crops in polyhouses. Setting up of diry units. 74

86 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Fish production in rtificil tnks nd ponds. Mushroom production. Setting up of piggeries unit. Sericulture units. Setting up of piries (bee-keeping) nd honey nd bee products processing units. Trnsporttion nd mrketing of griculture produce. Unemployed youths cn tke finncil help/ lon from vrious other schemes being finnced/ sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of Indi, prticulrly from the Ntionl Horticulture Mission, Ntionl Horticulture Bord, Ntionl Medicinl Bord, Stte Deprtments of Agriculture, Horticulture, Animl Husbndry nd Fisheries. Different Ntionlized Bnks, NABARD nd Stte Coopertive Bnks lso provide lons for strting vrious griculture bsed projects. NIOS: A Schooling System with Difference The Ntionl Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) ws set up s Ntionl Open School in 1989 by the Ministry of Humn Resource Development, Government of Indi, s n utonomous orgnistion. It provides eductionl opportunities to persons like you who wish to study further nd qulify for better tomorrow. The Mission of NIOS is to provide eduction to ll with specil concern for girls nd women, rurl youth, working men nd women, SC nd ST, differently bled persons nd other disdvntged persons who becuse of one or other reson could not continue their eduction with the forml system. NIOS opertes through network of Eleven Regionl Centres nd bout three thousnd Accredited Institutions (AIs) nd Accredited Voctionl Institutions (AVIs) commonly known s Study Centres in Indi, Nepl nd Middle Est Counties. For cdemic courses, dmission is through on-line only. 75

87 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Globliztion Through Eduction nd ICT Dr. Shruti Upreti The objective of this pper is to present the emerging trends of globliztion with specil reference to Eduction nd ICT sector. Introduction Globliztion: The growing integrtion of economies nd societies round the world is complex process tht is vriously ffecting different countries nd res nd their inhbitnts. To some, globliztion is n inevitble, technologiclly-driven process tht hs been incresing economic nd politicl reltions between people of different countries nd res. For them, it is seen not only s nturl phenomenon, but lso s something good for the world. To others, there is much deeper concern bout relted chllenges nd possible risks ssocited with the glkobliztion process. Globliztion mens different things to different people simply becuse it is historic nd multidimensionl process of socio-economic trnsformtion t mny levels of society. To mny economists, globliztion, t its most bsic level, involves growth of interntionl trde nd finnce. The process includes expnsion of foreign direct investment (FDI), multintionl corportions, integrtion of world mrkets nd resulting finncil flows. Too often the focus of globliztion is on crossborder flows of trde nd cpitl, but there re other significnt movements s well, involving people, knowledge nd technology. Globliztion comprises the following four elements: Investment Industry Informtion Individuls The movement of people nd knowledge/ technology my be seen s the rel driver nd cuse of globliztion, generting institutionl nd socil chnges tht re tking plce within nd beyond the geogrphic borders of ntion Sttes. Such movements re much more difficult to quntify vis--vis the impct of trde nd finnce flows. Despite ntionl restrictions on movement of lbour, the number of workers moving from country to country in serch of better employment opportunities hs been growing globlly. People re incresingly intercting cross borders, not only for commercil resons, but lso in mtter of technology, culture nd governnce. Trvelling, Internet nd Medi hve stimulted excessive growth in exchnge of ides nd informtion. Dr. Shruti Upreti, Lecturer (C.M.D.E.), District Institute of Eduction nd Trining (North_Est), SCERT, Delhi, E-mil: shruti.pndey18@gmil.com 76

88 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 People tody engge more thn ever in ssocitions tht encompss ntionl borders from informtl networks to forml orgniztions. Globliztion is driven by both "push-up" nd "push-down" trends. The emergence of the World Economic Forum nd certin other interntionl structures such s the World Trde Orgniztion (WTO) nd incresing collbortion between the United Ntions, WTO, the Bretton Woods institutions nd the privte sector in the Globl Compct reflect globliztion from "bove". Globliztion pulls power from the government down to civil society, but it lso pushes power out pst ntionl borders to other regions nd into the globl domin. Eduction: builds society of utonomous, productive nd prticiptive citizens. Eduction, t ll levels, will continue to grow becuse it cultivtes humn mind nd mkes people useful for ll round development of the country. As to the globliztion of knowledge nd technology, there is n emerging trend towrds development of "knowledge economy" bsed on knowledge rther thn conventionl resourcebsed economies. The cpcity of ccess informtion nd trnsfer it cheply n dinstntn-eously to individuls who put high vlue on tht informtion nd re willing to py for it mkes this period of rpid globliztion distinctive nd opens up mny possibilities nd certin problems for future. Eduction Globliztion is not rdicl revolution tht is going to completely trnsform educiton. Its impct will be more on emphsis of certin trends. We should lwys remind ourselves tht eduction must not lose sight of its trditionl bsci gols: reding, writing, rithmetic, nd skill development. Role of Eduction in the Globliztion Phse Eduction: rebuilds socil links Edution: strives for equitble development of society. Globliztion of investment, industry, informtion nd individul is proceeding rpidly but it is n uneven process. Not ll people nd countries re prticipting in contributing to or benefiting from globliztion in blnced wy. The world hs just entered new century nd new ge. If the industril revolution hs shped the destiny of ntion in the 20th century, it is the informtion revolution tht is shping the destiny of humn beings in the 21st century. In the knowledge rce of the 21st century, every country is incresingly experiencing globl flvour in its educiton system, nd fst trck of globliziton hs boosted increse of trnsntionl higher eduction during recent yers. Indi hs the third lrgest higher edution system in the world next to USA nd Chin. the process of 77

89 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 globliztion tht hs trnsformed the world, trde, communiction nd economic reltions in the ltter prt of the 20th century hs mde profound effect on ecution. At the strt of the 21st century, student's option for higher eduction is no longer constrined by ntionl boundries. Innovtive forms of trnsntionl eduction i.e., Trde in eduction under the World Trde Orgniztion (WTO) greement, internet bsed distnce lerning, brnch cmpuses nd eductionl 'frnchising' hve gretly expnded opportunities for students to study nd to lern outside their own countries. In order to meed the chllenges of the 21st century nd to cquire competitive edge, the educiton system of Indi hs to trnsform to mke it more socilly relevnt nd technology oriented. The skills nd speciliztion of grdutes produced by our eduction system should mtch the rel needs of the productive sectors in the mrket plce nd the chnging needs of our society. These chnges mke hevy demnd on the knowledge nd the role of techer hs become more significnt tody. The youth is going to ply n importnt role in the ner future. The efficiency of n educted ntion depends lrgely on the efficiency of its young techers nd the educted youths. The need of the hour is to move outside the confines of our wlls nd rech out to the community through extension eduction. In this new ge, informtion nd communiction technology (ICT) hs brought bout mny chllenges nd opportunities for the eduction sector. The Role of ICT for the Socil Empowerment nd Knowledge Informtion nd communiction technology (ICT) is key enbler of globliztion. It enbles n efficient nd cost-effective flow of informtion, products, people nd cpitl cross ntionl nd regionl boundries. ICT is not pnce for problem relted to rurl development. However, it hs the potentil to help the rurl poor to lepfrog some of the trditionl brriers to development. Development experiences in nd outside this region provide mple evidence tht ICT could ply significnt role in poverty llevition progrmmes. Modern technology hs much to offer in meeting the informtion communiction needs of rurl communities. ICT cn improve the ccess of the poor to helth, government services, crete direct employment opportunities, provide trining nd eduction to people nd support them in production, storge nd mrketing of frm nd non-frm products. ICT cn lso fcilitte genertion nd exchnge of community-bsed informtion nd stimulte estblishment of smll nd medium sized 78

90 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 enterprises nd expnd their mrket bse. It cn brek brriers to knowledge by providing demnddriven informtion nd services to the rurl poor. Access to informtion is key to building humn cpbilities. The rel benefits of ICT lie in its bility to mke possible powerful socil nd economic interventions by mking criticl informtion esily vilble. ICT cn lso brek brriers to prticiption. The poor re trditionlly isolted nd lck the mens to tke collective ction. However, with ICT, poor communities hve been empowered to voice their concerns to responsible groups tht cn tke ction to help them. The chllenges before the developing countries in the region is to develop n pproprite ntionl policy frmework tht would enble their disdvntged persons nd rurl poor. ICT inititives hve demonstrted tht these hve potentil to hep the rurl poor to trnscend some of the trditionl brriers to development. Conclusion Technology hs touched the life of every one from our grndprents to newborns. It is ICT tht is revolutionizing things s nevre before. If you got buy new cr or I-pod you need to know the elements of the new technologies. The influence of ll these things hs mde world highly competitive nd filled with opportunities. Globliztion should be viewed s n opportunity nd chllenge. In the emerging scenrio of knowledge bsed society cross the globe, Indi is well plced with potentil brin needed for revolutionry chnges. We cnnot remin indifferent to people round us nor shirk from the tsk of dvncing humn civiliztion s whole to greter unity, greter heights of dvncement nd for onwrd mrch of civiliztion nd humn rce. We hve to set our gols for this objective nd pln eductionl system to produce enlightened nd progressive citizen with globl vision. References 1. Jln, B., (2002), Globliztion: Is it good for Indi? Excerpts from thirty sixth convoction ddress t the Indin Sttisticl Institute, Kolkt, Jnury 15, UNESCO (2004), Higher Eduction in Globlized Society, UNESCO Eduction Position Pper, UNESCO, Pris, Frnce. 3. Snyl, B.C. (2005), Trde in Higher Eduction in the context of WTO's GATS, SEED nd MHRD, Indi. 4. Singh, A., (1985), Redeeming Higher Eduction, Ajnt Publictions, Delhi. 5. Singh nd Meht (1999), declining stndrd of Higher Educiton: A University Techer's View, University News, 23(52), Dec. 27, New Delhi. 6. Srivstv, S.P. (1999) University Eduction in Indi: Current Problems nd Future Chllenges, University News, Vol. 37, No. 18, My 3, New Delhi. 7. Fruqui, M. nd Quereshi, A., (1994), Higher Eduction in Indi, University News; June 6, pp. 1-9, New Delhi. 8. Dsh, N. (2000), Eduction in Indi: Problems nd Perspectives, New Delhi, Atlntic Publishers nd Distributors. 9. Dvies, I.K. (1984), 'Mngement of Lerning', McMilln nd Compny, London. 10. J. Clderhed nd P. Gtes (Eds) (1993), Conceptulizing Reflection in Techer Eduction, London, Plmer Press. 11. Kothri, D.S. ( (1966), Report of the Eduction Commission ( ) Government of Indi, New Delhi. 12. Htton, N. nd Smith, D. (1995), Reflection in Techer Eductin towrds Definition nd Implementtion 11, 1, Lind Morble, Using Active Lerning Techniques: Technicl Eduction Division, Richlnd College, Dlls, Texs. 14. Michel E. Porter, Strtegy nd the Internet. 15. Mson, R. (1998) Globliztion Eduction: Trends nd Issues for Studies in Distnce Eduction, London nd New York: Routledge. 79

91 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 Crbon Trding: A Clen Project Dr. Roofi Khn Let s rewind to the Kyoto Protocol of 1997 by which ll countries re required to reduce their greenhouse gs emissions by 5% from 1990 levels in the next ten yers, i.e. by 2012 or py price to those tht do. The ide ws to mke developed countries py for their wild wys with emissions while t the sme time rewrding monetrily the countries with good behvior in this regrd. Since developing countries cn strt with clen technologies, they will be rewrded by those stuck with dirty ones. For exmple, if compny in Indi cn prove tht it hs prevented the emission of x-tonnes of crbon, it cn sell this good crbonkrm to compny in, sy, the United Sttes which hs bd krm. An environmentfundmentlist my sy it s ll bit like n indulgent epicure pying someone else to diet for him, but then tht s nother story. Right now, there is mrket opportunity for Indi but only till Closer to tht clen-up dte, prices of crbon credits will rise nd in the yers leding up to it there will be scrmble to buy credits chep. The World Bnk hs built itself role in this mrket s referee, broker nd mcromnger of interntionl fund flows. The scheme hs been titled Clen Development Mechnism (CDM) in 2000 or, more commonly, Crbon Trding. Crbon Trding my refer to: (i) Crbon emission trding (ii) Personl crbon trding (iii) Emissions trding Crbon Emission Trding Crbon emission trding is form of emissions trding tht specificlly trgets crbon dioxide (clculted in tonnes of crbon dioxide equivlent) nd it currently constitutes the bulk of emissions trding. This form of permit trding is common method tht countries utilize in order to meet their obligtions specified by the Kyoto Protocol, nmely, the reduction of crbon emissions in n ttempt to reduce (mitigte) future climte chnge. Personl crbon trding Personl crbon trding is generl term referring to number of proposed emissions trding schemes under which emissions credits re llocted to dult individuls on (brodly) equl per cpit bsis, within ntionl crbon budgets. Individuls then surrender these credits when buying fuel or electricity. Individuls wnting or needing to emit t level bove tht permitted by their initil lloction would be ble to purchse dditionl credits from those using less, creting profit for those individuls who emit t level below tht permitted by their initil lloction. Emissions trding Emissions trding is mrket-bsed pproch used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for chieving reductions in the emissions of pollutnts. Dr. Roofi Khn, Secretry-RESEARCH, Ant, Ner Mohni School, Shhjhnpur

92 Open Lerning Jnury-June 2011 A centrl uthority sets limit or cp on the mount of pollutnt tht cn be emitted. The limit or cp is llocted or sold to firms in the form of emissions permits which represent the right to emit or dischrge specific volume of the specified pollutnt. Firms re required to hold number of permits equivlent to their emissions. The totl number of permits cnnot exceed the cp, limiting totl emissions to tht level. Firms tht need to increse their emission permits must buy permits from those who require fewer permits. The trnsfer of permits is referred to s trde. In effect, the buyer is pying chrge for polluting, while the seller is being rewrded for hving reduced emissions. Thus, in theory, those who cn reduce emissions most cheply will do so, chieving the pollution reduction t the lowest cost to society. There re ctive trding progrms in severl ir pollutnts. For greenhouse gses, the lrgest is the Europen Union Emission Trding Scheme. In the United Sttes there is ntionl mrket to reduce cid rin nd severl regionl mrkets in nitrogen oxides. Mrkets for other pollutnts tend to be smller nd more loclized. Crbon Trding rrives in Indi When GoodNewsIndi interviewed Dr. U. Shrinivs for the Bio-diesel story nd he held forth on the coming mrket for Crbon Trding, it hd seemed futuristic. But it hs lredy rrived in Indi with Jindl Vijyngr Steel declring itself redy to sell $225 million worth of sved crbon over the next 10 yers. Jindl on Octber 19 sid tht the Corex furnce technology tht it employs would prevent 15 million tonnes of crbon from being dischrged into the tmosphere in the coming decde. Jindl sys compnies from the Netherlnds, Cnd, United Sttes nd Jpn hve begun tlking to it. On Octber 22, the New Indin Express crried story tht sid the World Bnk hd just hnded over $10 million to Indi s Infrstructure Development Finnce Compny to fund clen projects tht would generte sleble crbon credits. The crbon mrket is here. Dr. Srinivs hd imgined role for rurl Indi in this emerging mrket. He sid tht power generted by nturlly grown fuels would yield crbon credits nd revenue from their sle should be fctored into, when evluting bio-diesel future. Joseph Addison, , English essyist Eduction is compnion which no misfortune cn depress, no crime cn destroy, no enemy cn liente, no despostism cn enslve. At home friend, brod n introduction, in solitude solce, nd in society n ornment, It chstens vice, it guides virtue, it gives, t once, grce nd government to genius. Without it, wht is mn? A splendid slve, resoning svge. [The Specttor 1711] 81

93 Hkkjrh; lfoèkku dh izlrkouk ge] Hkkjr ds yksx] Hkkjr dks,d liw.kz izhkqro&liuu lektoknh ifkfujis{k yksdr=kred x.kjkt; cukus ds fy, rfkk mlds lelr ukxfjdks dks% lkekftd] vkffkzd vksj jktuhfrd U;k;] fopkj] vfhko;fdr] fo'okl] /kez vksj mikluk dh Lor=rk] izfr"bk vksj volj dh lekurk izkir djkus ds fy,] rfkk mu lces O;fDr dh xfjek vksj jk"vª dh,drk vksj v[kmrk lqfuf'pr djus okyh c/kqrk c<+kus ds fy, n`<+ ldyi gksdj viuh bl lfo/kku lhkk es vkt] rkjh[k 26 uocj 1949 bz- dks,rn~}kjk bl lfo/kku dks vxhdr] vf/kfu;e vksj vkrekfizr djrs gsa CONSTITUTION OF INDIA WE THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, hving solemnly resolved to constitute Indi into SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC nd to secure to ll its citizens: JUSTICE, socil, economic nd politicl: LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, fith nd worship; EQUALITY of sttus nd of opportunity; nd to promote mong them ll FRATERNITY ssuring the dignity of the individul nd the unity nd integrity of the Ntion; In our constituent ssembly this twenty-sixth dy of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION. 82

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