Parameter Design for the Energy Regeneration System of Series Hydraulic Hybrid Bus

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Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204,. 82-88 Sensors & Trnsducers 204 by IFSA ublishing, S. L. htt://www.sensorsortl.

1 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204, Sensors & Trnsducers 204 by IFSA ublishing, S. L. htt:// rmeter Design for the Energy Regenertion System of Series Hydrulic Hybrid Bus Song Yunu, Wng Wuteng School of Mechnicl Engineering, Tongji University 4800 Co An Rod, Ji Ding District, Shnghi, Chin Tel: , E-mil: Received: 2 November 203 /Acceted: 27 December 203 /ublished: 28 Februry 204 Abstrct: This er simlifies the energy recovery rocess in the series hydrulic hybrid bus energy regenertion system into rocess in which the min xle s moment of inerti drives the secondry element vrible delivery um/motor nd brings hydrulic oil from the oil tnk to the ccumultor. This rocess enbles brking of the vehicle nd lso llows recovery of energy to the ccumultor. Bsed on the flow eqution for the secondry element vrible delivery um/motor nd the torque equilibrium eqution for its xle, the force equilibrium eqution for vehicle brking nd the ressure vrition nd flow continuity equtions for the ccumultor, simultion studies re conducted to nlyze the effects of vrious system rmeters, such s ccumultor ccity, dislcement of the secondry element vrible delivery um/motor, initil oerting ressure of the system, etc. on system erformnce during regenertive brking. Coyright 204 IFSA ublishing, S. L. Keywords: Hydrulic hybrid, Energy regenertion, Accumultor, rmeter design.. Introduction With technology dvncements nd imrovements in our stndrd of living, utomobile s convenient, efficient mens of trnsorttion lys n incresingly imortnt role in our work nd dily life, nd even in country s economic develoment. As result, the mssive use of utomobile hs led to roblems bout energy nd environmentl ollution to be urgently ddressed. Thus the hybrid utomobile with regenertive brking system emerges s the times require. However, s conventionl hybrid electric vehicles re unble to recover the huge kinetic energy generted in brking quickly nd efficiently due to the limited energy storge elements nd energy conversion modes in their regenertive brking system, the conventionl electric-energy-storge regenertive brking system hs low efficiency of energy recovery, in rticulr in urbn res where vehicles hve to strt u nd brke frequently, which mlifies its disdvntges [-3]. By contrst, the hydrulic hybrid vehicle feturing high ower density of ccumultor nd quick conversion of energy is ttrcting more nd more ttention from governments nd reserch orgniztions. Jn nd some Euroen countries hve develoed nd tested vrious hydrulic energy storge systems in buses, roving tht such systems cut fuel consumtion nd CO 2 emissions by 30 %-50 % [4-6]. The energy regenertion system of the series hydrulic hybrid bus studied in this er is seriesconnected to engine when used s driving system, which includes the originl brking system of 82 Article number _897

2 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204, utomobile in ddition to the regenertive brking system. The energy regenertion system of the series hydrulic hybrid bus consists of min gerbox, hydrulic ccumultor nd secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor (hydrulic motor/um), s shown in Fig.. The hydrulic ccumultor is the rincil energy recovery device tht rovides the brking torque for the regenertive brking [7]. The fixed delivery um connected to engine is used s ower element. The secondryelement vrible delivery um/motor is bi-directionlly reversible. When the vehicle strts u or runs normlly, the vrible delivery um/motor works s motor tht serves s the wheel drive ctutor. When the vehicles brkes, the vrible delivery um/motor s um to recover inerti energy, store it in the form of hydrulic energy in the ccumultor nd relese it t the time of vehicle strtu or ccelertion to sulement the ower outut of fixed delivery um connected to engine, thereby enhncing the ower nd fuel efficiency of the vehicle. Fig.. Schemtic digrm of the energy regenertion system of series hydrulic hybrid bus. As the energy regenertion system works s rt of the driving system during the non-brking mode oertion nd, s brking system, it lso integrtes the vehicle s originl brking system, it should be the originl brking system tht comletes the brking oertion when regenertive brking is imossible. Therefore, the energy regenertion system of the hydrulic hybrid bus is comlicted system. The system should enble brking nd recovery of brking energy, effectively integrte two brking systems nd lso drive the vehicle to run with recovered brking energy. Bsed on nlysis nd cretion of the system s mthemticl model, this er lso studies effects of different system rmeters on brking nd energy regenertion during regenertive brking. 2. Cretion of the Mthemticl Model for Brking of the Energy Regenertion System 2.. Force Equilibrium Eqution of Vehicle The forces lied during vehicle brking re illustrted in Fig. 2. According to the figure, the force equilibrium eqution for the vehicle should be s follows: I I r dv T r w w2 z ( m ) Ff F, 2 w () where I w nd I w2 re the moment of inerti of front nd rer wheels, resectively, kg/m 2 ; T z is the brking resistnce torque, N.m; F f is the vehicle rolling resistnce, N; F w is the vehicle hed resistnce, N; m is the full loded weight of vehicle, kg; v is vehicle velocity, m/s; r is the rdius of wheel, m. The moment of inerti of wheels nd the trnsmission shft is much smller thn the moment of inerti of vehicle, nd thus my be ignored. The bus works in urbn res, running nd brking t low seed, so rolling resistnce nd hed resistnce cn be set t fixed vlves relting to the vehicle. The resultnt force of the two resistnces is F z. In ddition, T z =it L, i is the ger reduction rtio of min gerbox, nd T z is equivlent brking resistnce torque in the vrible delivery um/motor. 83

3 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204, ressure Vrition Eqution of Accumultor [8-0] dq ( m ) 2 BQ, (6) A 0 Fig. 2. Forces lied during vehicle brking. V=rω/i, V is the um seed of the vrible delivery um/motor; when the vehicle is t the decelertion stge, its velocity is negtive vlue. Therefore, Eqution () cn be simlified s follows: where 0 is the infltion ressure of ccumultor,, the infltion ressure of ccumultor in the model equls to the initil oerting ressure of ccumultor; m is the equivlent mss of hydrulic oil in energy chmber of ccumultor, kg; B is the equivlent viscous dming coefficient of ccumultor, kg/s; A is the equivlent sectionl re of fluid chmber of ccumultor. m r d itl i r F, (2) z 2.5. Flow Continuity Eqution of Accumultor 2.2. Force Equilibrium Eqution of Secondry-element Vrible Delivery um/motor V J g d B T, L (3) where V g is the dislcement of vrible delivery um/motor, /rd; is the suction-dischrge differentil ressure of vrible delivery um/motor, ; J is the moment of inerti of vrible delivery um/motor, kg; is the rottion seed of vrible delivery um/motor, rd/m 2 ; B is the equivlent viscous dming efficient of vrible delivery um/motor, kg/s; T L is the equivlent brking resistnce torque of vrible delivery um/motor Flow Equilibrium Eqution of Secondry-element Vrible Delivery um/motor Q V C C, (4) g i where Q is the outut flow of vrible delivery um/motor, m 3 /s; C i, C e re the internl nd externl lek coefficients of vrible delivery um/motor. As the lek of vrible delivery um/motor is s smll s ignorble, eqution (4-5) cn be simlified s follows: e Q V g (5) dv Q, (7) where V is the volume of gs chmber of ccumultor corresonding to ccumultor ressure ; Q mss of inut hydrulic oil of ccumultor. Assume tht there is no flow loss in the system, then Q = Q. According to the Boyle's gs lw: n n V V, (8) where is the initil oerting ressure of ccumultor, ; V is the volume of gs in corresonding ccumultor; n is the ir olytroic exonent; is the trnsient ressure of ccumultor,. Tylor-exnd eqution (8) round nd neglect higher-order terms: d n dv (9) V As, substitute Equtions (9) nd (7) into eqution (6): dq n ( m B Q ) Q 2 A (0) V 3. Simultion Anlysis of Brking rocess With equtions (2), (3), (5) nd (0) for models described in Section 2, the MATLAB/Simulink is 84

Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204,. 82-88 used to simulte the imct of ccumultor ressure, vehicle velocity chnges nd torque chnges of the vrible delivery um/motor on system erformnce.

Full loded weight of bus m 6500 kg Rdius of wheel r 0.53 m Ger reduction rtio of min gerbox i 4.875 of bus Resultnt force of resistnces F r 2500 N Moment of inerti of vrible delivery J 0.

4 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204, used to simulte the imct of ccumultor ressure, vehicle velocity chnges nd torque chnges of the vrible delivery um/motor on system erformnce. The Bus SWB606HG mnufctured by Shnghi Sunwin Bus Corortion is used s the simultion bus in this er. Model rmeters re clculted nd enumerted in Tble. Tble. List of model rmeters. Full loded weight of bus m 6500 kg Rdius of wheel r 0.53 m Ger reduction rtio of min gerbox i of bus Resultnt force of resistnces F r 2500 N Moment of inerti of vrible delivery J 0. kg m 2 um/motor Equivlent viscous dming B kg/s coefficient of vrible delivery un/motor Equivlent viscous dming coefficient of ccumultor B e 300 kg/s Equivlent mss of hydrulic oil in energy chmber of ccumultor m 3 kg 6.74 kg Equivlent selectionl re of fluid A m m 2 chmber of ccumultor Initil ir volume of ccumultor V I 40 L 63 L ir olytroic exonent n.25 Initil velocity of vehicle v 40 km/h According to equtions for models described in Section 2, Simulink model cn be creted for brking of the energy regenertion system of the vehicle, s shown in Fig Effects of Accumultor Ccity With the dislcement of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor being 00 ml/r nd the system oerting ressure being 20 M, select ccumultors NXQL40 (with ccity of 40 L) nd NXQL63 (with ccity of 60 L) for brking simultion of the energy regenertion system. Curves of chnges in outut vehicle velocity, chnges in ccumultor ressure nd chnges in torque of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor re illustrted in Fig. 4 Fig. 6 resectively. As shown by simultion results in Fig. 4 Fig. 6, lrger ccumultor ccity will led to slower brking, but the effects re not obvious; but smller ccumultor ccity will result in mrkedly ccelerted rise I the ccumultor ressure during brking of the energy regenertion system, even cusing the ressure to esily exceed the ermissible mximum ressure, nd smller ccumultor ccity will led to significnt chnge in the torque of the secondry element during brking. Therefore, if the bus chssis sce ermits, ccumultor with lrger ccity should be used. Fig. 3. Simulink model during vehicle brking. Fig. 4 Vehicle velocity chnges during brking. Fig. 5. Accumultor ressure chnges during brking with different ccumultors. 85

Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204,. 82-88 As shown by simultion results in Fig. 0 Fig. 2, the initil oerting ressure of the system hs n imct on decelertion.

The initil ressure hs significnt imct on the torque of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor.

5 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204, As shown by simultion results in Fig. 0 Fig. 2, the initil oerting ressure of the system hs n imct on decelertion. A higher initil ressure will result in fster decelertion, but the imct is insignificnt nd ignorble. The initil ressure hs significnt imct on the torque of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor. As shown in the figure, the finl ressure of ccumultor t n initil system ressure of 5 M is lower thn tht t n initil system ressure of 2 M, while the finl ressure of ccumultor t n initil system ressure of 8 M is too high. Fig. 6. Chnges in the torque of the secondryelementvrible delivery um/motor during brking with different ccumultors Effects of the Dislcement of Secondry-element Vrible Delivery um/motor on the System With the ccumultor NXQL63 (with ccity of 60 L) nd system oerting ressure being 2 M, select the secondry-element vrible delivery ums/motors with dislcement of 00 ml/r, 50 ml/r nd 200 ml/r resectively for brking simultion of the energy regenertion system. Curves of chnges in outut vehicle velocity, chnges in ccumultor ressure nd chnges in torque of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor re illustrted in Fig. 7 Fig. 9 resectively. As shown by simultion results in Fig. 7 Fig. 9, the dislcement of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor hs lrge imct on the torque of the vrible delivery um/motor during brking. A lrger dislcement of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor will result in lrger torque of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor, nd lso lrger chnge in torque. The dislcement lso hs n obvious imct on brking seed, with lrger dislcement corresonding to quicker brking. The dislcement hs less imct on system ressure. With n overll considertion of the imct on torque nd brking seed, therefore, medium-sized dislcement of vrible delivery um/motor my be selected Effects of Initil Oerting ressure on the System With the dislcement of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor being 200 ml/r nd the ccumultor model number being 20 M, select the system s initil oerting ressures 2 M, 5 M nd 8 M brking simultion of the energy regenertion system. Curves of chnges in outut vehicle velocity, chnges in ccumultor ressure nd chnges in torque of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor re illustrted in Fig. 0 Fig. 2 resectively. Fig. 7. Vehicle velocity chnges during brking with vrible delivery ums/motors with different dislcements. Fig. 8. Accumultor ressure chnges during brking with vrible delivery ums/motors with different dislcements. 4. Conclusion This er simlifies the energy recovery rocess in the series hydrulic hybrid bus energy regenertion system into rocess in which the min xle s moment of inerti drives the secondry element vrible delivery um/motor nd brings hydrulic oil from the oil tnk to the ccumultor. This rocess enbles brking of the vehicle nd lso llows recovery of energy to the ccumultor. Bsed on simultion study on effects of different system 86

Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204,. 82-88 rmeters on system erformnce in the system s mthemticl model, the uthor rrives t the following conclusion.

A smller ccumultor ccity will led to significntly fster rise in ccumultor ressure during brking, esily ushing the ressure u to rech or even exceed the ermissible mximum ressure.

during brking. A lrger dislcement of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor will led to lrger torque of secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor, lrge chnges in torque nd fster brking.

However, when the initil oerting ressure of system rises within bnd of low ressures, chnges in the finl ccumultor ressure will become less significnt. Fig. 0.

6 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204, rmeters on system erformnce in the system s mthemticl model, the uthor rrives t the following conclusion. The ccumultor ccity hs n insignificnt imct on the breking seed of vehicle, but hs significnt imct on chnges in ccumultor ressure during brking. A smller ccumultor ccity will led to significntly fster rise in ccumultor ressure during brking, esily ushing the ressure u to rech or even exceed the ermissible mximum ressure. The dislcement of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor hs n insignificnt imct on system ressure, but hs reltively lrge imct on the torque nd brking seed of the vrible delivery um/motor during brking. A lrger dislcement of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor will led to lrger torque of secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor, lrge chnges in torque nd fster brking. The initil oerting ressure of system hs n insignificnt imct on the brking seed of vehicle, but hs significnt imct on chnges in ccumultor ressure during brking. However, when the initil oerting ressure of system rises within bnd of low ressures, chnges in the finl ccumultor ressure will become less significnt. Fig. 0. Vehicle velocity chnges during brking t different initil oerting ressures. Fig.. Accumultor ressure chnges during brking t different initil oerting ressures. Fig. 9. Chnges in the torque of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor during brking with vrible delivery ums/motors with different dislcements. Acknowledgment This work is suorted by The Ntionl Nturl Science Founion of Chin under grnt No The uthor would like to exress the sincere recition to Fculty of Technicl Center of SAICMOTOR, for roviding on mechnicl structure rmeters nd their kind suggestion in the numericl modeling. Fig. 2. Chnges in the torque of the secondry-element vrible delivery um/motor during brking t different initil oerting ressures. References []. Zhng Chunwen, Zhou Zhili, Feng Ying, Automobile theory, Chin Mchine ress, Beijing, 2009,. 3,

Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204,. 82-88 [2]. Wu Gungqing, Study of the key technology for the vehiculr hybrid owertrin, Chin Journl of Highwy nd Trnsort, Vol. 0, Issue 3, 997,.

7 Sensors & Trnsducers, Vol. 65, Issue 2, Februry 204, [2]. Wu Gungqing, Study of the key technology for the vehiculr hybrid owertrin, Chin Journl of Highwy nd Trnsort, Vol. 0, Issue 3, 997, [3]. Wng Lingxi, Wng Hongyn. Vehicle dynmics, Ntionl Defense Industry ress, Beijing, 2008, [4]. Anders Folkesson, Christin Andersson, eralvfors. Rel life testing of Hybrid EM fuel Cell Bus, Journl of ower Sources, Vol. 32, Issue, 2003, [5]. Robert Hll, US, John J. Krgul. Hydrulic hybrid romises svings for US, Hydrulic&neuntics, Vol. 5, Issue 0, 2006, [6]. Jing Jihi, Secondry regultion hydrosttic drive technology, Hydrulics neumtics & Sels, No. 6, 2000,. -3. [7]. Fng Yonglong, Automobile brking theory nd design, Ntionl Defense Industry ress, Beijing, 2005, [8]. Song Yunu, Initil rmeters for bubble cbin of lrge dimeter slurry shield, Journl of Tongji University, No. 8, 200, [9]. Song Yunu, Reserch on design of excvting fce blnce control for lrge slurry shield, in roceedings of the IEEE Interntionl Conference on Comuter Science nd Automtion Engineering, 20, Vol. 6, [0]. Li Xin, Modeling nd sitution study on the energy regenertion system of hydrulic hybrid utomobile, Mster Thesis, Shndong University of Science, Shndong, Coyright, Interntionl Frequency Sensor Assocition (IFSA) ublishing, S. L. All rights reserved. (htt:// 88

Department of Technology, Yinjian Automobile Repair Co., Ltd., Beijng, China

Department of Technology, Yinjian Automobile Repair Co., Ltd., Beijng, China GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGIES AND SCIENCES THE INFLUENCES OF AIR INTAKE TEMPERATURE ON THE TURBOCHARGED GASOLINE ENGINE S OTTO CYCLE Feng Liu* * Dertment of Technology, Yinjin Automobile