THERMAL STORAGE AND ELECTRICITY STORAGE IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR
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1 THERMAL STORAGE AND ELECTRICITY STORAGE IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR 27/09/2017 G. MASY Chargé de cours Haute Ecole de la Province de Liège Chercheur UCL The financial support of the Walloon Region of Belgium to Flexipac project and the other research presented here is gratefully acknowledged
2 Plan The electricity market and its stakeholders Thermal storage to increase the flexibility of the demand The prosumers Thermal storage and electricity storage to increase self-consumption Conclusion
3 The electricity market The stakeholders Producers Distributors Distribution Network Managers (Gestionnaires Réseau Distribution) Aggregators Transmission system operator (ELIA) Consumers and Prosumers Purchasing platforms (BELPEX) Federal and Regional Regulators Need to balance electricity supply and demand
4 The electricity market OTC POWER EXCHANGES POWER EXCHANGESP Futures Day-ahead Intra-day Imbalance Market Bilateral Trading Price similar to power exchanges Long term trading of block contracts (up to 5y ahead) Price per hour for next day Bids to be done day before ~12h Trading until 5min before delivery Counter party needed TSO Market for reserve power Contracts to be made in advance Belpex Day-ahead market
5 The electricity market Ref: Fédération Belge des Entreprises Electriques et Gazières asbl
6 The electricity market Electricity Cost on day-ahead markets: Belpex, APX, EPEX FR, EPEX GE between 2007 and CREG 2013 Annual report, page
7 The electricity market Average hour by hour Electricity Cost on Belpex day-ahead market Year 2012 Final report Flexipac Consortium
8 Electricity tariff Day-Night pricing Dynamic pricing /kwh /kwh Heat Pump Smart Meters Reference Ecogrid, 2013
9 Load shifting
10 Optimization h j h i max,,,, 0 Constraint: indoor comfort maintained
11 Case study Floor heated area 146 m 2 4 occupants Concrete walls External insulation Double flow ventilation Heat recovery exchanger efficiency 80 % Summer free cooling: window opening DHW: direct electric heating Insulation Level Average U-value W/m 2 K n50 ac/hr Space Heating Demand kwh/m 2 a Nominal Heating Power kw th K K K Belgium Standard
12 Case study M = 1000 kg AU= W/K t amb =15 C Air Water Heat Pump COP n = 3.95 A 7 C/W 35 C Radiator or Floor heating Heat Emission Condenser Exhaust Temperature Temperature Range Water Tank Storage Radiators 55 C C Floor Heating 40 C C
13 Intermittent Heating - no storage Final Electricity Consumption kwh/a K15-Um= W/m2K 42 % 7% K30-Um= W/m2K 21 % K45-Um=0.458 W/m2K 33 % Fans Pumps Lighting Appliances DHW HP - Radiators Heat Pump Electricity consumption: kwh/a Domestic Hot Water - Direct el. Heating 4 occupants: 3400 kwh/a
14 Cost of Electricity 0.40 Cost [EUR/kWh] Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Cost [EUR/kWh] Hour Electricity Cost following Belpex Day-ahead market Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
15 Intermittent Load Shifting Strategies Continuous Heating No water storage Constant set point Rule Based Control Water storage Load 1 AM to 8 AM Unload 10 AM to 12 PM Electricity cost /kwh Optimized Predictive Control Water storage (24h horizon) Cost minimization Comfort maintained Perfectly predicted Building behavior
16 Consumptions HP Electricity Consumption kwh/a Load shifting entails overconsumption
17 Costs Cost of HP El. Consumption kwh/a Optimal Predictive Control leads to larger benefits than Rule Based Control (Reference: intermittent)
18 Plan The electricity market and its stakeholders The thermal storage to increase the flexibility of the demand The prosumers The thermal storage and electricity storage to increase self-consumption Conclusion
19 Prosumers PV cell: 22.5 m2 4.5 kw ST: 4 m2 Insulation level: K19 Glazed areas: 44 m2 with 31 m2 South facing windows
20 Prosumers Integrated total electricity consumption (electricity counter)
21 Prosumers Balance Integrated electricity consumption and PV cell production for year 2012
22 Heat Pump Prosumers ST: 5 m2 PV: 20 m2 PV: 3 x 16 m2 Electricity Storage 7 kwh Dethier Architecture:
23 Hypothesis Floor heated area 58 m 2 2 occupants: 40 l DHW at 60 C per occupant per day Double flow ventilation Recovery efficiency 82 % Summer free cooling: window opening Space and DHW Heating system: Direct electric heating Air-Water HP Heat emission radiators: C
24 Continuous Heating - no storage Final Electricity Consumptions kwh/a 6% Air Water Heat Pump 12% Direct Electric Heating 20% 30% Fans Pumps Lighting Appliances Space Heating DHW
25 Electricity Cost Day-Night Pricing Day time 0.25 EUR/kWh Night time 0.17 EUR kwh /kwh Water tank storage: 200 l Electricity storage: capacity 7 kwh efficiency 85% Objective : maximize Self-Consumption Final Consumption Self-Consumption Consumption from Grid PV Production Self-Supply Supply to Grid Balance
26 Load shifting Behavior: wash machine, dryer, dish washer used during daytime Daily Consumption Profile- Electric appliancesw Consumption of Appliances PV Production Dryer Dish Washer Wash Machine
27 Cost Balance Cost balance EUR/a Somme Cost of Consumption de cost_el_cons from grid Somme Profit of PV de Supply cost_el_prod to grid Cost Sum Balance of cos_el_balance Electric Heat.SC 0m2. PV 48m2.El storage Electric Heat.SC 0m2. PV 48m2.Th storage Electric Heat.SC 0m2. PV 48m2.No storage AW Heat Pump.SC 0m2. PV 48m2.Th storage Electric Heat.SC 5m2. PV 48m2.El storage Electric Heat.SC 5m2. PV 48m2.Th storage Electric Heat.SC 5m2. PV 48m2.No storage AW Heat Pump.SC 0m2. PV 48m2.El storage AW Heat Pump.SC 5m2. PV 48m2.El storage AW Heat Pump.SC 5m2. PV 48m2.Th storage AW Heat Pump.SC 0m2. PV 48m2.No storage AW Heat Pump.SC 5m2. PV 48m2.No storage Electric Heat.SC 0m2. PV 68m2.El storage Electric Heat.SC 0m2. PV 68m2.Th storage Electric Heat.SC 0m2. PV 68m2.No storage AW Heat Pump.SC 0m2. PV 68m2.Th storage AW Heat Pump.SC 0m2. PV 68m2.El storage AW Heat Pump.SC 0m2. PV 68m2.No storage Electric Heating SC 0 m 2 PV 48 m 2 Electric Heating SC 5 m 2 PV 48 m 2 Electric Heating SC 0 m 2 PV 68 m Buy back ratio = 0 Electricity storage: 2700 ROI : 5 à 8 ans
28 Electricity Storage Capacity Consumption from grid [kwh/a] Electric storage - PV cells area 68 m2 Consumption from grid Cost of consumption from grid Direct Electric Heating Air Water Heat Pump Electric Storage Capacity [kwh] Consumption cost [EUR/a]
29 Conclusion Thermal storage to increase the flexibility of the demand Cost reduction Integration of renewable electricity production Thermal storage and electricity storage to increase on site consumption Cost reduction as function of the buy back ratio Need for optimized predictive control Weather forecast Human bevavior
30 Acknowledgments The financial support of the Walloon Region of Belgium to Flexipac project and the other research presented here is gratefully acknowledged
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