Japanese Power Market Regulation Large Scale Battery Storage as a Solution for Challenges in Ancillary Services

Transcription

1 Electricity 2017 Session WPM5.5 Eilat ISRAEL Nov. 8 th, 2017 Japanese Power Market Regulation Large Scale Battery Storage as a Solution for Challenges in Ancillary Services Koji Yamashita Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry Motohiro Mikawa Chugoku Electric Power Co.

2 Outline 2 Demonstration Projects with LARGE Batteries in JAPAN Demonstration Projects with SMALL Batteries in JAPAN Overview MIYAKO Island OKI Island Ni-i-jima Island

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4 Overview of Demonstration Projects 60 MWh with Large Batteries in Japan 4 Redox Flow Battery Lithium Ion Battery (1) Lithium Ion Battery (2) 40 MWh Large Batteries for Integrating More Renewables (4) Source: CIGRE 2016 Paris Session C4 Contribution (3) 20 MWh 300 MWh Sodium sulfur Battery 1

5 Studies of Demonstration Projects with Large Batteries in Japan 5 No. Period of Demonstration Primary Frequency Control /Reserve Secondary Frequency Control/Reserve Countermeasure for Overgeneration X X X X Voltage Control X X X X X Cover wide variety of controls and countermeasures to mitigate deterioration of power quality caused by renewables in steady state. Source: CIGRE 2016 Paris Session C4 Contribution 2

6 Example System Performance of Proposed Battery Control at Site (2) 6 Battery can contribute increase in secondary frequency control capability. [Ref] S. Yamamoto, et al, Countermeasures in substation for large renewable energy adoption in Japan, B3-204, CIGRE 2016 Source: CIGRE 2016 Paris Session C4 Contribution 3

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8 8 BESS capacity [MW] Babble Size: BESS Rate w.r.t Grid Capacity 8% 3% 26% 3% 22% 8% 5% 13% 10% 11% ΔPRES+ΔF 78% ΔPRES 18% 7% Miya ko Peak Shift BESS charging time [hour] 6% ΔPRES, ΔF, LFC Peak Shift, Down Reserve NaS Lead Flywheel Li-B Li-C TOKYO Oki-Islands (NaS: 4.2MW, LiB: 2MW) Tsushima (LiB: 3.5MW) Ikinoshima (LiB: 4MW) Miyako (NaS: 4MW) Tarama (LiC: 250kW) Hateruma (Flywheel: 240kW, Lead: 600kW) Yonaguni (LiC: 150kW) Source: CIGRE 2016 Paris Session C2 Contribution Ni-i-jima (LiB: 1.5MW) Tanegashima (LiB: 3MW) Amami-Oshima (LiB: 2MW) MinamiDaito (LiC: 500kW) Izu-Oshima (LiC: 500kW, Lead: 1MW) *ΔF: System frequency control ΔPRES: Smoothing control for RES

9 Island Role of BESS ΔF: System Frequency Control ΔP: RES Variation Mitigation Control ΔV: Voltage control Absb: Absorb of RES surplus power Peak: Peak load supply RsvDn: Downward reserve as of Mar 2016 BESS System RES Type kw hour kwh Control mode kw BESS rate kw BESS rate Miyako NaS ΔF, ΔP, Absb, Peak, RsvDn % % Oki-Islands NaS Absb % % Oki-Islands Li-B ΔP % % Ikinoshima Li-B ΔP+ΔF % % Tsushima Li-B ΔP+ΔF % % Tanegashima Li-B ΔP+ΔF % % AmamiOshima Li-B ΔP+ΔF % % Tarama Li-C ΔP % % Yonaguni Li-C ΔP % % MinamiDaito Li-C ΔP % % IzuOshima Li-C ΔF % % IzuOshima Lead ΔP, Peak % % Hateruma Lead ΔP % % Hateruma Flywheel ΔF, ΔP, ΔV % % Source: CIGRE 2016 Paris Session C2 Contribution 9

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11 11 Miyako WT No.6 Karimata WT 2.4MW Miyako 2nd PS (Diesel): 55MW Miyako Gas Turbine PS: 15MW Miyako PS (Diesel): 10MW Demonstration Research Site Power Stations Power Transmission lines 22 kv Power Transmission lines 22 kv (Underground/Submarine) Submarine Cable 6.6kV Sadefune WT 1.8MW Miyako Island Demonstration Research Facility PV Plants : 4MW NaS Batteries : 4MW (28.8MWh) Excessive capacity was intentionally selected for test purpose. Source: CIGRE 2016 Paris Session C2 Contribution Installed RES capacity [MW] RES Penetration Rate 50% (w.r.t Peak Demand, 55MW) PV (Large-scale) PV (Residential) Wind Turbine /1 2010/1 2011/1 2012/1 2013/1 2014/1 2015/ Rate of RES capacity to peak demand [%]

12 12 BESS Capacity Design: kw Capacity and kwh Capacity BESS Utilization for Frequency Control: Dominant RES Issue in ΔF: Fluctuation Major Intended Frequency Control: Primary Frequency Control Primary F Control BESS Secondary F Control Diesel Generator, etc ACE for ΔF 0 20min Small kwh cap. Cooperative F Control HIGH kw Capacity Frequency Component of ΔF Dominant Factor for BESS Design Source: CIGRE 2016 Paris Session C2 Contribution LOW kwh Capacity

13 13 Primary Frequency Control by BESS ΔF-ΔP Characteristic ΔF ΔP [kw] 1500 ΔP(kW) ΔF ΔF(Hz) [Hz] e.g. 500kW/0.1Hz ΔF Input Controller for BESS PBESS* Permissible Frequency Deviation (ΔF): No Larger than 0.3Hz BESS Controller: ΔF Input Control Larger control gain, ΔF/ ΔP BESS Larger Primary F Control Capability Smaller Frequency Deviation Flowchart for Estimating Required BESS Capacity Set Initial Condition Run Simulation Evaluate 3σ ΔF and Maximum PBESS 3σ ΔF < 0.3Hz Yes Set Maximum PBESS as Minimum Capacity No Increase Control Gain Validate BESS Capacity via Field Test Source: CIGRE 2016 Paris Session C2 Contribution (1) Frequency Deviation (ΔF) and (2) Maximum BESS Output (PBESS) : Used for Estimation Simulation: Derivation of Minimum Necessary BESS Capacity Field Test: Validation of Derived BESS Capacity

14 14 3σ ΔF [Hz] Minimum BESS capacity ΔF Control Gain [kw/0.1hz] Maximum BESS output 1 Select Control Gain of 480 kw/0.1 Hz with Minimum BESS capacity: 2 Estimate Minimum BESS Capacity: About 1400 kw (5% of RES). 3 Validate Derived BESS Capacity Using Field Test. Maximum BESS output: About 1200 kw (with Control Gain of 480kW/0.1Hz) Frequency Deviation 3σ ΔF : No greater than 0.3Hz. Note: (1) Minimum BESS Capacity from Compensation of Short-term RES Variation Perspective: About 1100 kw (2) Minimum BESS Capacity from AGC Perspective: About 900 kw ΔF Maximum BESS output [kw] (=Maximum BESS output) (This BESS-AGC compensates only high-frequency component (T < 1min) of ACE.) Source: CIGRE 2018 Paris Session C2 Contribution

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16 Concept of Hybrid BESS 16 Output Daily Demand Curve Demand Increase of RES (PV & Wind) Increase Frequency Regulation Capacity Measures for Short term fluctuation Li-ion battery Small capacity, highpower (kw) existing RES Coordinated Control Base-load generation Hours Measures for Usage of Surplus Power Source: CIGRE 2017 Symposium Long term fluctuation NaS battery Large capacity (kwh)

17 Outline of the Demonstration Project Period : From Sep to Mar (3.5 years) Coordinated control between existing Diesel generators and the Hybrid BESS Efficient charge-discharge management and control methods of BESS Type Output Capacity NaS NaS 4.2 MW 25.2 MWh Li-ion 2.0 MW 0.7 MWh NEW BESS 6.2 MW Hybrid BESS Total 6.2 MW Diesel P/S (Kuroki) 7.4 MW NEW Residential BeforePV 0.5 the MW Project Tie line (22 kv, 18 km) Wind P/S 1.8 MW Diesel P/S (Saigo) 25.3 MW 17 [Demand] Max. 24MW Min. 10MW Residential PV 0.8 MW Li-ion Source: CIGRE 2017 Symposium NEW Wind P/S 2 MW NEW PV P/S 3 MW PV P/S 2 MW NEW Note: subsidized by the Ministry of the Environment.

18 RES introduction plan of the project Aiming to introduce about 11 MW of RES in total, by newly introducing 8 MW in addition to existing 3 MW of RES, which exceeds the minimum demand (about 10 MW). [MW] Daily Demand Curve (Before the project) Summer Peak Winter Peak Off-Peak Max. 24MW Min. 10MW [MW] +8 RES integration plan 3 PV Wind Hydro Must Run Generating Units Source: CIGRE 2017 Symposium [Hours] Before the project Now Target of the project

19 Benefits of Hybrid BESS Compared with single BESS (NaS only), benefits of Hybrid BESS are as follows. Operational Range of NaS Expansion Due to combining with Li-ion, SOC of NaS needs to be reset more frequently. Besides, NaS is not required to absorb short term fluctuation. By reducing margin, operational range of NaS can be expanded. SOC * of NaS Discharge End Operational Range of NaS only Operational Range of NaS with Li-ion * State of Charge Source: CIGRE 2017 Symposium Heating-Loss of NaS Reduction NaS needs heating in operation. By reducing capacity of NaS, auxiliary power consumption can be decreased by about 30%. [%] Charge End Cost Comparison(initial + running) about 25% Introduction Cost Reduction Cost per kw of Li-ion and cost per kwh of NaS are economical. By reducing capacity of NaS, introduction cost can be decreased by about 25%. 19

20 Overview of Control Method To realize coordination control, an Energy Management System (EMS) has been developed, integrating the hybrid BESS, power stations and a control center via communication network. 20 Source: CIGRE 2017 Symposium

21 Overview of Control Method By means of unmanned automatic operation, coordinated control between BESS and diesel generators is executed. 21 Short-term control block diagram Source: CIGRE 2017 Symposium

22 Operational Performance of Hybrid BESS Up to the present time, the total capacity of RES integrated in the grid has reached 6.4MW, about 60 % of this project s target, and coordination control has been generally well-performed. (MW) 15 Total demand (Hz) Li-ion battery output Frequency management value (upper limit) System Frequency Total output of Diesel Gen. Li-ion battery Total output of RES Absorbs small/fast fluctuation NAS battery output Discharge NAS battery Charge Absorbs large/slow fluctuation 59.7 Source: CIGRE 2017 Symposium Frequency management value (lower limit) (Aug. 31, 2016)

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24 3. Distributed Coordinated Control System (1) Overview of Developed System 24 Weather Forecast Weather Data RES Output Forecast System Existing System Demand Forecast Output Forecast Historical Output Data Integrated EMS Demand Forecast Demand Planning Control Command Area Central Dispatching Center Operated by Network Operator Distributed Coordinated Control System Control Panel of DG Monitoring Control Economic Generation Operation System Battery Control System RES Control System Demand-side Cont. Syst. Aggregation-based Distributed Energy Source Control Monitoring Control Monitoring Control Monitoring & Control (Small-scale) Existing DG 7,700kW Owned by Generation Owner Battery 1,500kWh Wind Generation 600kW PV System 315kW Heat Source System 67kW PV System 62kW Battery 84kwh Distributed Energy Source

25 3. Distributed Coordinated Control System 25 (2) Overview of RES Control and Battery Control Overgeneration Example Use Case of Controls Purpose Control Control Object EMS based Curtailment Control of RES and EMS based Direct Battery Control Demand-Shift Control in case of Curtailment of RES Curtailment Control of RES Battery Control Curtailment Control of RES Battery Control Wind and PV Generation and Large-scale Battery Small-scale Battery Wind and PV Generation and Large-scale Battery Heat Source System RES Variation Mitigation Planned UC Mitigation of RES Output Variation At RES Site Frequency Control Mitigating RES and Load Variations Compensation of Mismatch between Planned and Real Generation Battery Control Demand-side Control Battery Control Wind and PV Generation and Large-scale Battery Small-scale Battery Heat Source System Wind and PV Generation and Large-scale Battery

26 3. Distributed Coordinated Control System Frequency Control: Two Frequency Controls depend on Frequency Component of RES Output Variation Primary Freq. Control: On-site control is preferred due to time-delay of controllers Secondary Freq. Control: Remote control is preferred from economic control perspectives* *On-site Control of RES owners is applied to Site-level Frequency Control Power Imbalance Low Freq. Component High Freq. Component Time Error Integrated EMS Fast variation such as RES output variation is mitigated using On-site primary Freq. Battery control (i.e. Freq. Control Mode) Diesel Engine Generator 26 Slow variation such as slow dynamics of loads is mitigated using AGC of EMS (Gen. Control and Battery Control) Demand Side Control System

27 3. Distributed Coordinated Control System 27 (4) Structure of Developed Control Remote control of demand-side components using demand-side control system Curtailment of RES in case of overgeneration Mitigation of power imbalance between RESs RES Output Forecast System Integrated EMS Integrated operation test is currently preformed SCADA Demand-side Control System (Output Control Function) Inverter based on broad definition Inverter Inverter Inverter Inverter Inverter Inverter Inverter Battery 500kW Battery 500kW PV 315kW WT 300kW WT 300kW Battery 500kW Loads Substation PV Station Wind Generation Site

28 Conclusion 28 Overview of Ongoing Demonstration Projects with LARGE and SMALL Batteries in JAPAN Introduction of Latest Research Study of Projects with SMALL Batteries in JAPAN Coordinated Control Bet. Diesel and BESS Coordinated Control Bet. Li BESS and NaS BESS Coordinated Control Bet. EMS based BESS (including RES forecast data) and Local BESS Other than how to coordinate control using BESS, Accumulating Operational Experience Examining Increase in Efficiency/Life Time of BESS Studying Potential Increase in Integration of RES using BESS

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30 30 Necessary BESS kw Capacity [kw] BESS kwh needed during field tests LFC: 662 kwh ΔF: 29 kwh 1500 ΔPRES: 36 kwh 1000 Coop.LFC: 50 kwh Necessary BESS Capacity in Charging Time [min] ΔF Controller for BESS ΔF ΔF-ΔP Characteristic ΔP(kW) [kw] ΔF ΔF(Hz) [Hz] PBESS* Cooperative LFC by Diesel & BESS -ACE + Fast Varying Components Low-Pass Filter for Existing LFC Unit (LPF1) - Low-Pass Filter for BESS (LPF2) ΔPRES Controller for BESS PRES Time const. = 10sec Slow Varying Components PI Controller for Existing LFC Unit PI Controller for BESS LFC Demand for Existing LFC Unit Control Parameters: -Time Constants of LPFs -Parameters of PI Controllers 1 st order Lag 1 1+sT Rate Limit Rlim LFC Demand for BESS 1400kW/min PBESS* kW/0.1Hz Source: CIGRE 2018 Paris Session C2 Contribution Moving Ave. T

31 6. Schedule of Demonstration Field Test Economic Operation Large-scale BAT Compensat ion of RES Variation Power Station Diesel Engine Gen. #1G #2G #10G Primary Freq. Control Secondary Freq. Control Distributed Coordinated Control System RES Output Forecast Demand-side Facilities Planned Generation Control Wind Generation Site 31 Feeder A Heat Source System PV Station Compensation of RES Variation Small-scale BAT Unit-level Control, Output Control Feeder B Output Control Demand-side Facilities Output Control Output Variation Mitigation Feeder C : First Phase (Individual Test, April ) : Second Phase (Individual Test, Dec ) : Third Phase: (Integrated Test: April )

32 7. Example Result of Demonstration Field Test 32 (Phase 1: Mitigation of RES Output Variation Using BAT) (2) Battery Control for Mitigating RES Output Variation [kw] RES Output RES Output + Battery Output Upper Limit: 1,770kW Lower Limit: 1,570kW 12:25 12:35 12:45

33 Operational performance of Hybrid BESS Up to the present time, the total capacity of RES integrated in the grid has reached 6.4MW, about 60 % of this project s target, and coordination control has been generally well-performed. Charge/discharge efficiency of each BESS (from Oct 2015 to Sep 2016) NaS 84.6% * Li-ion 83.6% * * AC based value Source: CIGRE 2017 Symposium

34 34 Question 1.4: Papers C2-108, C2-109 and C2-112 discuss the use of BESS on secondary frequency control, mitigation of frequency deviation and as primary controlreserve (PCR). 1. How much BESS capacity is needed per installed MW of renewable energy source? 2. Is it necessary to distribute the BESS installations along the power system? 3. What is the estimated batteries service life, considering different operating profiles (Operational Reserve, Load Frequency Control (LFC), etc? 4. At the end of their service life, what is the disposal/recycling plan for the batteries? 5. What is the charging time after a long period of use? 6. Is the large scale use of BESS economically feasible? 7. How do regulatory issues affect this economical feasibility? 8. What is the payback for an investment on a BESS plant?

35 35 Supply and demand control system For coordination LFC Function Model System frequency control simulation EDC Function Model Model of generator/bess/res and inertia enumeration Demand Model Generator Model (Diesel, GT) ΔF BESS Model BESS Output - (NaS) 1 Σ + Ms Inertia PV Data WT Data Dynamic characteristics of generators, BESSs, etc, and inertia constant are identified by actual experiment data. System frequency and BESS output are evaluated for estimation of BESS capacity. ΔF Controller for BESS ΔF-ΔP Characteristic ΔF 0.3Hz ΔF ΔF control by BESS (primary frequency control) Required BESS capacity ΔP(kW) [kw] ΔF ΔF(Hz) [Hz] small large Control gain of BESS (ΔP-ΔF sensitivity [kw/0.1hz]) PBESS* Maximum BESS output