ECET Modern Energy Systems. Purdue Polytechnic Institute Spring 2017

Transcription

1 ECET Modern Energy Systems Purdue Polytechnic Institute Spring 2017

2 Course Instructors John A. Piller Jr. Professor of Practice Purdue Polytechnic at South Bend School of Engineering Technology Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Purdue Technology Building 1733 Northside Blvd., P.O. Box 7111 South Bend, IN Cell: (Call or Text) Twitter: jpillerboard Skype: japiller Webpage:

3 Contents Course Instructors... 1 Course Philosophy... 6 Learning Objectives and Outcomes or Course Learning Objectives... 6 Tentative Topics List Lecture... 6 Lab... 6 Course Textbook and Required Material... 7 Grading... 7 Office Hours and Course Communications... 8 Tentative Class Schedule... 8 Holidays and Important Dates... 8 Class Tentative Schedule Plan... 8 Missed or Late Work... 8 Tentative Lecture/Laboratory Plan... 9 Course Syllabus (This Syllabus is subject to change) Academic Dishonesty Use of Copyrighted Materials Attendance Missed or Late Work Grief Absence Policy for Students Violent Behavior Policy Emergencies Students with Disabilities Nondiscrimination Disclaimer Laboratory Worksheets Safety Lab Prelab Procedures Lab 001 AC Measurements Prelab Equipment Procedures... 17

4 Lab 002 Three Phase Loads Prelab Equipment Procedures Lab 003 Power Factor Correction Prelab Equipment Procedures Lab 004 Power Quality Prelab Equipment Useful Background Procedure Lab Report 1 Due 2/16/ Lab 005 Magnetic Curve Analysis Prelab Equipment Useful Background Procedures Lab 006 Single Phase Transformers Prelab Equipment Useful Background Procedures Short Circuit Test Full Load Test Lab 007 Three Phase Transformers Prelab Equipment Procedures Lab 008 Three Phase Induction Motors Lab 009 VFD s Lab 010 Power Plant Tour Prelab

5 Useful Information Procedures Lab Report 1 Due 2/16/ Lab 011 MATLAB

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7 Course Philosophy This course is an introduction to a wide range of electrical energy systems technologies. Topics include fundamentals of energy conversion, which includes large- and small-scale generation, energy storage, and end-use. Processes include coal, nuclear, solar, wind, hydro, and biomass and their application in central and distributed power systems. The power grid, microgrids, and smart grid technologies are also explored. The goal is to introduce students to the breadth of technology in the rapidly growing and changing field of energy systems. Learning Objectives and Outcomes or Course Learning Objectives 1. Demonstrate the process cycles, theory of operation, and roles of significant equipment for various energy conversion, energy storage, and power distribution technologies 2. Characterize and calculate power, efficiency, environmental, and economic quantities related to various energy conversion, energy storage, and power distribution technologies 3. Discuss some of the problems and trending solutions related to power and energy systems such as technological limitations, environmental impacts, and economic limitations both locally and worldwide Tentative Topics List Lecture 1. Fundamentals of AC power 2. Power Factors, Power Quality, and Corrections 3. Magnetic Circuits, Motor and Generator Action 4. Transformers, Equivalent Circuits, and Efficiency 5. DC Motors and Generator Operation 6. Synchronous Machines 7. Induction Motors, Equivalent Circuits, and Efficiency Lab 1. Safety 2. Measurements with AC power 3. Three Phase Load 4. Power Factor Correction 5. Power Quality Evaluation 6. Magnetic Curves 8. Motor Starters and Variable Speed Drives 9. Solar photovoltaic and solar thermal power processes 10. Wind power 11. Coal-fired steam generation, combined heat and power 12. The power grid, microgrids, and smart grid 13. Power storage technologies 7. Single Phase Transformers 8. Three Phase Transformers 9. Three Phase Induction Motors 10. VFD s 11. Use MATLAB to simulate Power Systems. 12. Tour of coal facility - 6 -

8 Course Textbook and Required Material None. Grading Exams/Homework/Projects 40% Laboratory Work 40% Course Performance 20% A 90%-100% B 80%-89% C 70%-79% D 60%-69% F 59% and below

9 Office Hours and Course Communications This document contains the contact information for the course instructor. Please feel free to call, , or text using any of the formats listed. See the following link, Professor, as a proper way to contact the instructor. Please extrapolate from this document the proper way to call and text message. I am generally at PUSB during standard hours and weekdays, either in the office (TB 204) or one of the labs. If you need something specific please make an appointment. Please be courteous if you are in need of consultation. If I am in the office and the door is open stop and knock and you will be acknowledged when it is appropriate to enter. If the door is closed please DO NOT KNOCK. That is a sign that consultation is not currently possible and you will need to try one of the other forms of communication to ask for an appointment. Tentative Class Schedule Holidays and Important Dates MLK Day January 16th Spring Break March 13th 17th Finals Week May 1st 5th Class Tentative Schedule Plan Tuesdays/Thursdays 1:00 1: 50 Lecture TB 207 Tuesdays 2:00 3:50 Laboratory TB 125 Missed or Late Work All work is due the end of the next week of the assigned date. The end of the week is defined as Thursday at 5pm unless a specific date is defined on the assignment. No work will be accepted late

10 Tentative Lecture/Laboratory Plan Week Date Day Lecture Lab (Tuesdays) 1 1/10/2017 Tuesday Course Intro, Safety 1/12/2017 Thursday Fundamentals of AC Safety Lab 2 1/17/2017 Tuesday 1/19/2017 Thursday Power Factor Correction Lab AC Measurements 1/24/2017 Tuesday 3 Lab Three Phase Load 1/26/2017 Thursday Power Quality and Corrections 1/31/2017 Tuesday Lab Power Factor 4 2/2/2017 Thursday Correction 5 2/7/2017 Tuesday Magnetic Circuits, Motor & 2/9/2017 Thursday Generator Action Lab Power Quality 6 2/14/2017 Tuesday Exam Prep 2/16/2017 Thursday Exam 1 - First Lab Report Due Exam Prep 2/21/2017 Tuesday Notre Dame Power Plant 7 8 Tour. Meet at PUSB, Carpool 2/23/2017 Thursday to ND. Transformers, DC Motors, 2/28/2017 Tuesday Lab 06 - Single Phase Synchronous Machines, 3/2/2017 Thursday Induction Motors, Motor Transformer 9 3/7/2017 Tuesday Starters, VFD's Lab Three Phase 3/9/2017 Thursday Transformer 10 3/14/2017 Tuesday Ideally Talk about Notre Dame Lab Three Phase 3/16/2017 Thursday Power Plant Induction Motor 11 3/21/2017 Tuesday 3/23/2017 Thursday Lab VFD 12 3/28/2017 Tuesday Exam Prep 3/30/2017 Thursday Exam 2 -Second Lab Report Due Exam Prep 13 4/4/2017 Tuesday 4/6/2017 Thursday Spring Break 4/11/2017 Tuesday 14 4/13/2017 Thursday Solar (PV and Thermal),Wind Power, Coal Fire - Steam 4/18/2017 Tuesday An attempt at using Matlab 15 Generation Combined 4/20/2017 Thursday for labs. Hang with me folks. Heat/Power, The Power Grid, 4/25/2017 Tuesday 16 Micro Grid, Smart Grid 4/27/2017 Thursday 17 5/2/2017 Tuesday 5/4/2017 Thursday Finals Week - 9 -

11 Course Syllabus (This Syllabus is subject to change) Academic Dishonesty Purdue prohibits "dishonesty in connection with any University activity. Cheating, plagiarism, or knowingly furnishing false information to the University are examples of dishonesty." [Part 5, Section III- B-2-a, Student Regulations] Furthermore, the University Senate has stipulated that "the commitment of acts of cheating, lying, and deceit in any of their diverse forms (such as the use of substitutes for taking examinations, the use of illegal cribs, plagiarism, and copying during examinations) is dishonest and must not be tolerated. Moreover, knowingly to aid and abet, directly or indirectly, other parties in committing dishonest acts is in itself dishonest." [University Senate Document 72-18, December 15, 1972] Use of Copyrighted Materials Students are expected, within the context of the Regulations Governing Student Conduct and other applicable University policies, to act responsibly and ethically by applying the appropriate exception under the Copyright Act to the use of copyrighted works in their activities and studies. The University does not assume legal responsibility for violations of copyright law by students who are not employees of the University. A Copyrightable Work created by any person subject to this policy primarily to express and preserve scholarship as evidence of academic advancement or academic accomplishment. Such works may include, but are not limited to, scholarly publications, journal articles, research bulletins, monographs, books, plays, poems, musical compositions and other works of artistic imagination, and works of students created in the course of their education, such as exams, projects, theses or dissertations, papers and articles. Attendance Students are expected to be present for every meeting of the classes in which they are enrolled. Only the instructor can excuse a student from a course requirement or responsibility. When conflicts or absences can be anticipated, such as for many University sponsored activities and religious observations, the student should inform the instructor of the situation as far in advance as possible For unanticipated or emergency absences when advance notification to an instructor is not possible, the student should contact the instructor as soon as possible by , or by contacting the main office that offers the course. When the student is unable to make direct contact with the instructor and is unable to leave word with the instructor s department because of circumstances beyond the student s control, and in cases of Missed or Late Work All work is due the end of the next week of the assigned date. The end of the week is defined as Thursday at 5pm unless a specific date is defined on the assignment. No work will be accepted late

12 Grief Absence Policy for Students Purdue University recognizes that a time of bereavement is very difficult for a student. The University therefore provides the following rights to students facing the loss of a family member through the Grief Absence Policy for Students (GAPS). GAPS Policy: Students will be excused for funeral leave and given the opportunity to earn equivalent credit and to demonstrate evidence of meeting the learning outcomes for misses assignments or assessments in the event of the death of a member of the student s family. Violent Behavior Policy Purdue University is committed to providing a safe and secure campus environment for members of the university community. Purdue strives to create an educational environment for students and a work environment for employees that promote educational and career goals. Violent Behavior impedes such goals. Therefore, Violent Behavior is prohibited in or on any University Facility or while participating in any university activity. Emergencies In the event of a major campus emergency, course requirements, deadlines and grading percentages are subject to changes that may be necessitated by a revised semester calendar or other circumstances beyond the instructor s control. Relevant changes to this course will be posted onto the course website or can be obtained by contacting the instructors or TAs via or phone. You are expected to read on a frequent basis. Students with Disabilities Purdue University is committed to maintaining an inclusive community that recognizes and values the inherent worth and dignity of every person; fosters tolerance, sensitivity, understanding and mutual respect among its members; and encourages each individual to strive to reach his or her own potential. In pursuit of its goal of academic excellence, Purdue University seeks to develop and nurture its diversity. The University believes that diversity among its many members strengthens the institution, stimulates creativity, promotes the exchange of ideas and enriches campus life. Purdue University views, evaluates and treats all persons in any university-related activity or circumstance in which they may be involved solely as individuals on the basis of their own personal abilities, qualifications and other relevant characteristics. Purdue University does not condone and will not tolerate Discrimination against any individual on the basis of race, religion, color, sex, age, national origin or ancestry, genetic information, disability, status as a veteran, marital status, parental status, sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression. Purdue University promulgates policies and programs to ensure that all persons have equal access to its employment opportunities and educational programs, services and activities. The principal objective of

13 this policy is to provide fair and consistent treatment for all students and employees of the University. Purdue is committed to increasing the recruitment, selection and promotion of faculty and staff at the University who are racial or ethnic minorities, women, persons with disabilities and veterans. The University also is committed to policies and programs that increase the diversity of the student body Nondiscrimination Purdue University is committed to maintaining a community which recognizes and values the inherent worth and dignity of every person; fosters tolerance, sensitivity, understanding, and mutual respect among its members; and encourages each individual to strive to reach his or her own potential. In pursuit of its goal of academic excellence, the University seeks to develop and nurture diversity. The University believes that diversity among its many members strengthens the institution, stimulates creativity, promotes the exchange of ideas, and enriches campus life. Purdue University prohibits discrimination against any member of the University community on the basis of race, religion, color, sex, age, national origin or ancestry, genetic information, marital status, parental status, sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, disability, or status as a veteran. The University will conduct its programs, services and activities consistent with applicable federal, state and local laws, regulations and orders and in conformance with the procedures and limitations as set forth in Executive Memorandum No. D-1, which provides specific contractual rights and remedies. Any student who believes they have been discriminated against may visit to submit a complaint to the Office of Institutional Equity. Information may be reported anonymously. Disclaimer This syllabus is subject to change

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15 Laboratory Worksheets

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17 Safety Lab Prelab Obtain the document at Read and familiarize yourself with the document. Have a copy, either hard or electronic, for the actual lab. Procedures This will be a discussion of lab safety with the instructor focused on the equipment in the lab and experiences of the students. The Purdue University Electrical Safety Program Document will be used to facilitate discussion. The second half of the lab will consist of a quiz based on the discussion and the document. Lab 001 AC Measurements Prelab Using the following circuit, complete the following table. Be sure to show one example equation for each column

18 Example Calculations Equipment Hamden RL-100A Hampden RLC-100 Fluke 41 Power Harmonics Meter 0-140VAC power source Procedures Resistive Loads 1. Connect the following circuit making sure to connect the power as the last step. Connect the Power Meter as shown. Black is connected to the neutral and red is to the hot lead. Be sure to connect the amp probe in the correct direction. 2. Adjust the load box somewhere between 50Ω and 100Ω by turning on the correct number of resistors. The resistors begin on the left and continue to turn on in parallel as you continue to turn them on they must be turned on in order from left to right. The exact resistance is not important, we are more interested in the current. 3. When all the members of the team have checked the wiring, turn on the station s main breaker, and adjust the input voltage accordingly to fill out the following table. Show sample calculations and when finished, turn off all power

19 Example Calculations 4. Using the data from the table, plot the current and power as a function of voltage. Consider how the data is related and what type of relationship the variables have on each other. What theoretical equations are supported by this data? Reactive Loads 1. Remove the resistive load from your circuit and replace it with the RLC load box so that you have the following circuit

20 2. After connecting the circuit, turn all the resistor switches on and set the reactance knob to the zero position. 3. Record data in the table and repeat for a fully lagging and fully leading load. 4. Log the data on the waveforms us a camera to take a picture of the screen. Be sure to fully describe in writing what you see. 5. Shutdown and clean up the bench. Lab 002 Three Phase Loads Prelab 1. Assume three 200Ω resistor are used as a three-phase load in a system with 120V, line to line. Calculate the total three-phase power delivered to the resistors when they are in Wye and when they are in a Delta. What is the ratio of the power to the Delta load to the power in the Wye load? 2. What happens to the resistance of a lightbulb filament as it gets hot? Equipment Four Light bulbs three of equal wattage, on different. Fluke 41 Power Harmonics Meter DMM Three-phase, Variable voltage supply Procedures 1. Use three light bulbs of the same wattage. Measure the cold resistance of one of them and record it: Rcold = 2. Record the wattage and voltage of the bulb: Prated = Vrated = 3. Adjust line to line voltage to 120V and Connect the bulbs in the following circuit:

21 4. Complete the following table. The first two columns are with balanced load, neutral closed and neutral open. The third and fourth are with an unbalanced load, neutral closed and neutral open. 5. Observe the total Pmeasured and compare to the total Prated for all three bulbs. Explain

22 6. What is the power factor of the bulbs? 7. Adjust line to line voltage to 120v. Connect the three bulbs of the same wattage as shown: 8. What do you notice about the intensity of the bulbs? 9. Fill in the following table, then replace one bulb with a different rating and finish the table. 10. Compare the three-phase power of the balanced Wye load vs the balanced Delta load and calculate the ratio: P3ϕwye = P3ϕdelta =

23 11. Use your data for both Wye and Delta to calculate the resistance of the bulbs. Compare it to the measured value. Lab 003 Power Factor Correction Prelab 1. Do you expect the motor power factor to be low or high with no load? Why? Explain the answer. 2. What do you expect to happen to the source current magnitude and phase angle as the capacitor is increased? Why? Explain your answer. Equipment Hampden RLC-100 Hampden CSM-100 or SPM-100 Fluke 41 Power Harmonics Meter 0-140V power source Procedures 1. Connect a single-phase motor with nothing attached to the shaft as the following circuit: 2. Turn the motor s start switch off and turn on the power supply. Then turn on the motor. Fill out the following table and use that data to calculate the equivalent R-L circuit of the motor. Rmotor = Xmotor =

24 3. Observe the waveform on the meter and determine if the current is leading or lagging. What type of load is the motor? Record the waveforms, take a picture if you must. 4. Disconnect power and connect the following circuit: 5. Be sure to start with the capacitors switched off, then fill out the following table:

25 Lab 004 Power Quality Prelab None Equipment Fluke 41 Power Harmonics Meter Average Responding, RMS-calibrated AC voltmeter Light bulb base Three identical CFL s Useful Background

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27 Procedure 1. Connect the following circuit: 2. Fill the following the table: %Error = 100 (V fluke V analog )/V fluke 3. Plot the error for the Average Meter Voltage as a function of the Crest Factor for the dimmer controlled light. 4. Shutdown the power. 5. Adjust the line to line voltage to 120V and build the following circuit:

28 6. Turn on the circuit and fill out the following table: 7. Observe and record the harmonic spectrum of the neutral current. To do this make sure the current probe is on the neutral line. Explain what you see and record the waveform. Compare to the data you got in Lab Are your phase currents about the same magnitude? Is the neutral current larger or smaller than your phase currents? Why? Lab Report 1 Due 2/16/2017 Combine Labs 001, 002, 003, and 004 into a full and comprehensive report. Follow the lab report guidelines

29 Lab 005 Magnetic Curve Analysis Prelab Equipment Hampden DCG-100 Hampden DCM-100 Two DC Voltmeters DC Ammeters Tachometer Variable DC Supply 0-125V and 0-150V Useful Background

30 Procedures 1. Couple the shafts of separately excited DC generator and the DC shunt motor and make the following circuit:

31 2. Adjust the field rheostats to their minimum resistance, which should be the fully CCW position, on both machines. Make sure the motor switch is off. Turn on both supplies and set them to 120VDC. Wait 5 minutes for the field windings temperatures and currents to stabilize. 3. Turn off all power and disconnect the Voltmeter from the motor power supply. Move it to the armature of the generator as shown in the following circuit. 4. Set the motor supply to approximately 50% of its maximum value and close the motor start switch. Using the Tachometer set the speed of the motor to 1800 RPM using the DC supply. The field rheostat can be used to fine tune the speed. This will be somewhere between 1795 and 1805 RPM. 5. Keeping the motor at 1800 RPM slowly increase the shunt field of the generator to 120V. Record the maximum field current and maximum armature voltage. Ifmax = Vamax = 6. Reduce the generator field voltage back to zero. Re-adjust the speed to 1800 RPM. This process orients the magnetic poles to a known point on the B-H curve. In an essence, you have now calibrated your measurements. 7. With zero field current in the shunt field, measure the armature output. Record it in the table below. Measure and record each step moving up as the table shows, and then moving back down. It will be necessary to adjust the speed to 180 RPM each time. To obtain proper data you MUST increase to peak field current is reached and then come back down to avoid any errors in reading the hysteresis

32 8. Adjust the generator s field current to Ifmax you have above, and set the speed back to 1800 RPM. Keep Ifmax constant for the remainder of this procedure. 9. Decrease the motor s speed in steps of 100 from 1800 RPM to 600 RPM and record them in the following table. KEEP Ifmax CONSTANT. 10. Plot graphs from the two tables. Plot Armature Voltage vs Field Current from the first table and then plot Arm.Voltage vs Speed, RPM from the second table. Discuss the results. Explain the shape of the curves, do they show saturation? How do they compare to theory? 11. Why is there voltage at the generator terminals when there is no field current? 12. Using the voltage equation, how can we change the speed of a DC shunt motor? There are two ways, identify both

33 Lab 006 Single Phase Transformers Prelab 1. What are the rated primary and secondary voltages for the transformers in this experiment? 2. Which side of the transformer (low or high) does the open circuit test performed from? Why? Explain. 3. Which side of the transformer (low or high) does the short circuit test performed from? Why? Explain. 4. Why does the secondary voltage change as a load is added to the transformer? 5. Considering the hysteresis/saturation curve, what do you expect will happen to the exciting current when the voltage is reduced to 100V? Equipment Control Transformer Variable voltage supply Hampden RL-100A Fluke 41 Power Harmonics Meter Useful Background

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37 Procedures 1. Examine the nameplate of your transformer. How many coils are on the HV side? How many on the LV side? Note, this is NOT the turns ratio. HV Side LV Side 2. If there are multiple windings, assume parallel operation: What are the rated voltages on the HV side? The LV side? Vrated: HV LV 3. What is the rated power of the transformer? Rated Power and Units 4. Use V transformer and calculate the rated currents: Irated: HV LV Open Circuit Test

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39 Short Circuit Test

40 Full Load Test

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42 Lab 007 Three Phase Transformers Prelab A three-phase transformer bank is rated 138kV line to line on the primary and 13.8 kv line to line on the secondary. It is built using single phase transformers. Determine the voltage ratings for each singlephase transformer for each configuration: Wye Wye: Delta Delta: Delta Wye: Wye Delta: Equipment Three identical single-phase transformers with two secondary coils Fluke 41 Power Harmonics Meter Three-Phase AC power supply Procedures 1. Use the 0-240/140V supply but do not connect the neutral from the supply unless specifically shown in the schematic. 2. Set the supply to 230V line to line and turn off the supply. 3. Build the following circuit. Leave the switch between a and d open for now:

43 4. Collect the data in the table under the Proper Phase, the closure points are the points between a and d. If the transformer is wired properly the Vad should measure nearly zero. 5. Now do the Reversed Phase. To do this shut off power and revers the connections to terminals X1 and X2 of T3. DO NOT CLOSE THE SWITCH. Now Vad should be the potential from X1 of T1 and X1 of T3. Take your data. 6. What is the result of the reversed windings? 7. Shut down the power. Correct the wiring and check, turn the power on and check that Vad has returned to zero volts. Turn the power back off and close the switch. 8. Keep the secondary wired as a Delta, change the primary to a Wye and build the following circuit. Leave the primary neutral floating:

44 9. Turn on the power and fill out the following table. See if you can measure the circulating current on the secondary Delta. It will be very small, you may need to set the current probe to 100 times setting. Observer its frequency. 10. Turn off the power and calculate the bank and phase rations of the Wye-Delta connection Bank Ratio: Phase Ratio: Lab 008 Three Phase Induction Motors Need to identify equipment. Will supply information prior to lab. Lab 009 VFD s Need to identify equipment. Will supply information prior to lab

45 Lab 010 Power Plant Tour Prelab Have Personal Safety Protection: Safety Glasses Boots Pants Ear Protection Useful Information Procedures 1. Meet at PUSB on date of the tour. To maximize the time both Lecture and Lab time will be used. Begin at the appropriate location/time of the usual meeting place for the class. 2. We will need to carpool, parking is limited. Professor Piller has room for 5 students. If you can drive please volunteer. 3. Be respectful. We are guests, not only at the facility but at the campus. 4. Ask questions the only dumb one is the one that is not asked. Lab Report 1 Due 2/16/2017 Combine Labs 005, 006, 007, 008, 009 and Lab 010 Power Plant Tour into a full and comprehensive report. Follow the lab report guidelines. Lab 011 MATLAB Need to work on this part of the lab. Will supply information prior to the lab