TRIAL EXAMINATION OF VEGETABLE FAT BIODIESEL - FUEL MIXES IN A HCCI MOTOR

Transcription

1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 8, Issue 8, August 217, pp , Article ID: IJMET_8_8_164 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed TRIAL EXAMINATION OF VEGETABLE FAT BIO - FUEL MIXES IN A HCCI MOTOR Sathish Kumar K Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bharath University, Tamil Nadu, India ABSTRACT In CI engines the Nitrogen oxides and particulate (soot) emissions are significantly high when compared to SI engines and always there exists a trade-off between them. When Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) concept is employed, both nitrogen oxides and particulates can be reduced at the same time. Biodiesel has been proved as the best alternative for diesel engines because of similar combustion characteristics of diesel and HOR makes it well suited for high compression ratio engines. In this investigation, works have been done on single cylinder constant speed of 15 rpm at varying loads where the varying blends of Vegetable fat biodiesel is fumigated in the intake manifold at 11mm from the intake valve along injector and diesel is pilot injected at 23 degree btdc for Start of Combustion (SOC) the investigations were carried out by allowing the engine to run on various gasoline and biodiesel blends and the performance and emission characteristics are recorded for the analysis. Cite this Article: Sathish Kumar K, Trial Examination of Vegetable Fat Biodiesel - Fuel Mixes In A HCCI Motor, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(8), 217, pp SCOPE OF PRESENT WORK The objective of the study is to investigate the effect of Vegetable fat biodiesel gasoline blends in HCCI engine with and without EGR to To control combustion phasing To reduce the carbon monoxide and partially burned hydro carbon emission To find an alternative fuel blends for HCCI operation To operate HCCI engine effectively at low and high loads The mixture is to be prepared by externally by using a fuel vaporiser mounted in the intake pipe. Fuel injection is done by port fuel injector and ECU.Different fuel blends are prepared and to be tested in HCCI mode and results are to be evaluated. [1-5] editor@iaeme.com

2 Sathish Kumar K BIO QUALITY The process variables in production of the biodiesel powerfully influence the quality of the fuel thus produced. In order to keep the quality in control adhering to the standards is a better practice. The quality parameters with reference to standards (ASTM D6751, 22 and EN 14214, 29) are shown below. [6-11] Table 3.1 Biodiesel quality parameters THE PRODUCTION OF BIO FROM VEGETABLE FAT Due to the inexpensiveness of Vegetable meat, whose production has elevated considerably in modern years; additionally, to increase its consumption of poultry products is not restricted to any religion. In 29, the major contributors of poultry meat in the United States (15.9 million tonnes), China (13.3 million tonnes), Brazil (1.7 million tonnes) and the European Union of 27 (8.4 million tons) were. Brazil occupies 17% of the global market in the production of poultry meat [12-15] 3. FAT EXTRACTION Demoisturizing Vegetable fat oil in the pan for 1 hour 12 for temperature by heating the Vegetable waste is being expelled after the heating and filtration Transesterification Transesterification along with a catalyst, esters (biodiesel) and glycerol in a mixture of a 3 step reaction which is reversible that gets converted in to initial triglycerides. Transesterification during the reaction, triglycerides, triglycerides, monoglycerides and glycerol step, according to the converted; at every step, the ester is produced by a mole. NaOH or KO or their oxides, such as methyl (Vincent et al., 27) can generally be used as catalysts in a homogeneous basis. Sodium methyl oxide methyl oxide because they are free of water, use, instead of using NaOH or temple has been demonstrated that there is a good chance. As the NaOH is added with alcohol, as an alternative to methyl oxide, they can lead to the formation of the reaction of water and consequently to a decrease in yield of the reaction. Therefore, using a high quality of products and the yield of methyl oxides leads To Disadvantages relate to its high expense, poor quality and toxicity.[16-2] editor@iaeme.com

3 Trial Examination of Vegetable Fat Biodiesel - Fuel Mixes In A HCCI Motor Triglycerides when Transesterified and free glycerol to produce methyl esters in the first 1852 (Duffy, 1852) described. In some cases this is the most widely used in the wine, why would methanolysis reaction of methanol, reason. Besides being inexpensive, the advantage of using methanol, fatty acid methyl esters (fame), glycerol, can very easily be split; More important, the most similar properties to fossil diesel, biodiesel is produced by methanolysis (Dias, 21) shows that. Catalyst naturally sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) is. An agitator was used in order to dissolve it in alcohol or practical alcohol / catalyst mixture, closed reaction vessel and the oil is added to the mixture. Here in the atmosphere from the system helps to prevent the loss of the wine is completely covered. Alcohol and speed up the reaction of the reaction mixture (6 C) kept above the boiling point TRANSESTERIFICATION REACTION 1g CO [Base Catalyst] 35ml of methanol and 1 g = 136 g + Set the reaction temperature = 6C, reaction time = 1hour [6Minits] Used = Phenolphthalein Indicator Take the size of the drops = 1to2 1 g = 8 ml in size from Vegetable fat Transterification then get pure biodiesel = 5 ml of methanol is then made by dividing the amount of recovery 3.3. Separation of glycerine from biodiesel The reaction is finished, there are two main products: glycerine and biodiesel. A substantial amount of methanol each reaction is more likely to be used. If necessary, this step is sometimes neutralized in reaction mixture. Denser than biodiesel phase and the glycerine phase is divided into two glycerine attraction can be simply drawn off the bottom of the settling vessel. In some cases, one category is used to separate the two materials faster. The entire mixture then settles down and away from the top of glycerol and methyl esters (biodiesel) is left. Crude glycerol settling down after many hours. Phase separation was noted within 8 minutes and 1.5 hours after stopping stirring can be met. Settling can take as long as 18 hours to complete. And almost neutral ph, the glycerol phase may change quickly. One reason for this is to reduce the use of the catalyst. Some of the reaction mixture volume settings glycerol / ester neutralized in the early phase of the separation step. There are three categories of Easter and glycerol is used to separate the phases. For relatively small throughput or batch process, phases 1 to 8 hours to fully accept the need to be separated of reaction, the separation is slower, and the decanter will have to be much larger. Table 3.2 Fatty acid composition of Vegetable fat editor@iaeme.com

4 Sathish Kumar K Figure 3.2 Apparatus for biodiesel production Designing a decanter for biodiesel production is the primary determinant of the desired residence time. This, and the product mixture flow rate determines the size of the unit. Decanter ester and glycerol units to withdraw to allow physical separation between the points to be rather tall and narrow. 5 to 1 L / D ratios can work quite well. Wine decanter temperature solubility in both phases, and affects the viscosity of the two fluids. The increased viscosity decreases the rate of system integration. An another method reactants glycerine semi-liquid (it solidifies below 1 degrees F.), which holds 1 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius), while keeping the brew above will allow to sit for at least one hour after mixing. Then carefully decant the biodiesel. Reactants out of the bottom of the vessel using a transparent tube, which can be done through the filter. Semi-liquid glycerine holds a shadowy brown color; Biodiesel is colored honey FUEL PROPERTIES Table Fuel Properties editor@iaeme.com

5 Trial Examination of Vegetable Fat Biodiesel - Fuel Mixes In A HCCI Motor Table Fuel blends properties Fuel blends Calorific value (Mj/kg) Density (kg/m 3 ) Diesel B BG EXPERIMENTAL SETUP The test engine used was a single cylinder, air-cooled research engine which was modified to operate in HCCI mode. The engine test bench was equipped with Fuel vapouriser. Electronic control unit (ECU) to control Port Fuel Injector (PFI). EGR system. Data acquisition system Crank angle encoder. Pressure transducer FUEL VAPOURISER MOUNTING & FUEL INJECTION SYSTEM In order to house the vaporiser a provision in given in the intake manifold as shown in Fig The vapouriser consists of a heating constituent, ceramic duct and stainless steel pipe of dia 25 mm which was inserted into a ceramic pipe of 27 mm dia for proper insulation. The heating constituent (nichrome) is wound on the surface of ceramic pipe. The fuel vapouriser was insulated with glass wool also for enhanced heat insulation and isolation form engine borne vibrations. The Port Fuel Injector is place over the fuel vapouriser ensuring the correct supply of fuel as per the need. An electronic contol unit (ECU) is used to control the injection. It is used to control quantity and timing. The ECU controlled low pressure fuel injector that injects the pre-determined quantity of fuel into the fuel vapouriser. By using electric current the vaporiser is heated. A Relay based temperature controller was employed in order to keep the temperature within the range ensuring the availability of vapour for the whole load range. An Ecu controlled low pressure pump is used to control and provide fuel to the vaporiser. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Observations and performance testing process, observing safety precautions, pollution and the use of appropriate tools to take the measurement involves the combustion parameters. It is the measurement of the air intake, fuel, power and cylinder pressure measurements and emission measurements. Schematic drawing of the test setup is shown in Fig. Two separate fuel injector and low pressure injector fuel measurement systems were conventional meter. The lowpressure fuel injector preset. If the amount is not enough to maintain the preset speed after the rated speed is fixed in time and associated fuel consumption is calculated from the film. 3. The power used to measure the power output of the dynamometer. Applying the same principle to editor@iaeme.com

6 Sathish Kumar K the reactionary torque of the hydraulic dynamometer dynamometer operates in a similar manner. A generator driven by the engine dynamometer load used power a motor-generator to generator was in a cradle. As the machine rotates the generator armature, the magnetic field coils and adding it to the reaction tends to pull the envelope. In the same way hinders this cycle with hydraulic dynamometer. The obstacles created by the dynamometer power usually through banks by the end of the heat. Load and speed or the load is increased or by switching off and on the field strength of the various resistances, on the dynamometer, the engine can be reduced upon. Generator output power measured by the instrument and the skill level of the generator must be corrected. The engine and the smoke from the exhaust emission is measured with the help of AVL DiGas 444analyzer intensity is measured with the help of Bosch AVL 437 smoke meter. Sample tube and a non-level measurement unit - Bosch smoke meter typically consists of a piston type. Two separate sample surveys, respectively, pollution and smoking severity engine exhaust gases is used to obtain the sample. A 5 mm diameter filter paper used to collect samples of smoke from the engine. A K type thermocouple and a temperature indicator used to measure the temperature of the gas. Pressure cylinder with a Kistler (61A) measured using water-cooled pressure energy. A Kistler sensor lying on the crankshaft angle encoder (72 per cycle) clock used to the pressure data acquisition. Each measured point, pressure data were recorded at 1 cycles. Analysis Software AVL Indicom heat release rate, total heat release rate, etc., determine the Direct injection system, the load on the engine to warm up at the beginning of the test engine was started. ECU provides the fuel vapor into the intake manifold which is maintained to a temperature of 26oC vapouriser method gives a signal to inject fuel. A homogeneous mixture of fuel vapor into the air manifold \ set mixture. The homogeneous mixture was inducted in the cylinder during the intake stroke. Induction machine with fuel vapor-air mixture reaches the rated speed, the engine governor steam-air mixture homogeneous mixture of diesel-powered engine in a completely standard fuel injector (2 bar pressure) cutting the fuel supply. HCCI diesel engine operation ensures that the switched. CI operation of HCCI and the same procedure is followed for different fuel mixtures. EXPERIMENTAL LAYOUT Figure 4.1 Schematic layout of experimental setup editor@iaeme.com

7 Trial Examination of Vegetable Fat Biodiesel - Fuel Mixes In A HCCI Motor 1.PC 2.ECU 3. Surge Tank 4.Heat Exchanger 5.Gas Analyser 6.Fuel vapouriser 7.Crank Angle Encoder 8.Temperature Sensor 9.EGR Valve 1.Back Pressure Valve 11.Fuel Pump 12.Fuel Tank 13.Dynamometer 14.Flywheel 15.Pressure Sensor RESULTS AND DISCUSSION GENERAL The results obtained from the present work are discussed in this chapter. The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of the engine observed during the present work in C.I operation are detailed. All the results are presented with a comparison between the characteristics of conventional diesel, biodiesel, and also with different fuels blends of gasoline with diesel and biodiesel. 5. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTIC 5.1. BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY The effect of BTE on various loads is shown in Figure 5.1. There is a steady rise in brake thermal efficiency when the load keeps increasing. As the brake thermal efficiency is a function of chemical energy and the brake power developed from it. The has higher brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel and other fuel blends Brake thermal efficency (%) Speed : 15 rpm Diesel B1 BG Load (kg) Figure 5.1. Variation of brake thermal efficiency with load 5.2. CYLINDER PRESSURE The combustion characteristics were analyzed based on the measured in-cylinder pressure. Fig.5.2. shows variations in cylinder pressures with varying loads at various fuel blends. From the Figures, it is witnessed that the incidence of peak pressure advances with corresponding to the TDC as the load increases. Also, the incidence of peak pressure retards with an increase in editor@iaeme.com

8 Sathish Kumar K gasoline blends. This leads to an increased in peak pressure and engine noise while the pressure reduces for diesel and the incidence of peak pressure is maximum in biodiesel gasoline blends. The ignition delay has been increased in increasing the gasoline concentration in both with diesel and biodiesel the engine knock at higher load with these blends. The B1 also has highest peak pressure compared to diesel. In general, the peak pressure ranges from about 38 to 78 bars for the whole load range is considered. incylinder pressure (bar) Crank angle (degree) Speed : 15 RPM Load : kg B1 BG3 Figure 5.2. Effect of cylinder Pressure with different fuel blends at kg load INCLYINDER PRESSURE (BAR) Speed : 15 RPM Load : 2 kg B1 BG CRANK ANGLE (DEGREE) Figure 5.3. Effect of cylinder Pressure with different fuel blends at 2 kg load editor@iaeme.com

9 Trial Examination of Vegetable Fat Biodiesel - Fuel Mixes In A HCCI Motor Incylinder pressure (bar) Speed : 15 RPM Load : 4 kg B1 BG3 MOTORING crank angle (degree) Figure 5.4. Effect of cylinder Pressure with different fuel blends at 4 kg load 8 Speed : 15 RPM Load : 6 kg Incylinder pressure crank angle (degree) B1 BG3 Figure 5.5. Effect of cylinder Pressure with different fuel blends at 6 kg load editor@iaeme.com

10 Sathish Kumar K 9 8 Speed : 15 RPM Load : 8 kg Crank Angle (degree) Incylinder pressure (bar) B1 BG3 Figure 5.6. Effect of cylinder Pressure with different fuel blends at 8 kg load HEAT RELEASE RATE The heat release rate helps in understanding the combustion characteristics types of fuel used. Figure 5.7 shows the heat release rate patterns with respect to loads for various fuel blends. From the Figures, it is inferred the heat release rate is increased biodiesel gasoline blends. The diesel has lower heat release compared to other blends. The commencement of LTR is delayed and reduced peaks are seen. At high load conditions, the peak of cool flame reduces due to a reduction in the diesel flow rate. the biodiesel has low heat release than gasoline blends editor@iaeme.com

11 Trial Examination of Vegetable Fat Biodiesel - Fuel Mixes In A HCCI Motor heat release (kj/m3) Speed : 15 RPM Load : kg B1 BG3-2 Crank angle (degree) Figure 5.7. Cumulative Heat release for different fuel blends at kg load Speed : 15 RPM Load : 2 kg heat release (kj/m3) diesel B1-2 Crank angle (degree) Figure 5.8. Cumulative Heat release for different fuel blends at 2 kg load editor@iaeme.com

12 Sathish Kumar K 12 1 Speed : 15 RPM Load : 2 kg heat release (kj/m3) -2 Crank angle (degree) B1 BG3 Figure 5.9. Cumulative Heat release for different fuel blends at 4 kg load Speed : 15 RPM Load : 2 kg heat release (kj/m3) B1 BG3-3 Crank angle (degree) Figure 5.1. Cumulative Heat release for different fuel blends at 4 kg load editor@iaeme.com

13 Trial Examination of Vegetable Fat Biodiesel - Fuel Mixes In A HCCI Motor 16 Speed : 15 RPM Load : 2 kg heat release (kj/m3) B1 BG Crank angle (degree) Figure 5.11 Cumulative Heat release for different fuel blends at 4 kg load HEAT RELEASE RATE 8 Speed : 15 RPM Load : 2 kg heat release (kj/m3 deg) crank angle (degree) -4 B1 BG3 Figure Heat release rate for different fuel blends at kg load editor@iaeme.com

14 Sathish Kumar K 1 8 Speed : 15 RPM Load : 2 kg heat release (kj/m3 deg) B1 BG crank angle(degree) Figure Heat release rate for different fuel blends at 2 kg load 12 Speed : 15 RPM Load : 2 kg heat release (kj/m3 deg) crank angle (degree) B11 BG3 Figure Heat release rate for different fuel blends at 4 kg load editor@iaeme.com

15 Trial Examination of Vegetable Fat Biodiesel - Fuel Mixes In A HCCI Motor Speed : 15 RPM Load : 2 kg heat release (kj/m3 deg) crank angle (degree) B1 BG3 Figure Heat release rate for different fuel blends at 6 kg load 1 Speed : 15 rpm heat release (kj/m3 deg) -2 crank angle (degree) B1 BG3 Figure Heat release rate for different fuel blends at 8kg load EMISSION CHARACTERISTIC HC EMISSION The variation of unburned hydrocarbons emissions over various loads is shown in Figure 5.6.the hydro carbon emissions are increases upto 75% in loads for all fuels. After 75% load HC emissions decreases for all fuel blends except diesel editor@iaeme.com

16 Sathish Kumar K HydroCarbon (ppm) Load (kg) Speed : 15 rpm diesel B1 BG3 Figure Variations of Hydro carbon emissions at different loads OXIDES OF NITROGEN The effect of variation on oxides of nitrogen with different loads is shown in figure 5.19 The oxides of nitrogen increase with increase in load for all the fuel blends.the B1 has NOx emission high compared to other fuel and diesel has low NOx emission Oxides of Nitrogen (ppm) Load (kg) Speed : 15 B1 BG3 Figure 5.18 oxides of nitrogen at different load for fuels blends SMOKE The effect of variation of smoke with load is shown in figure 5.2 The smoke density is decreased with increase in gasoline % in fuel.the diesel has maximum smoke density at full load. At part load smoke is decreased for editor@iaeme.com

17 Trial Examination of Vegetable Fat Biodiesel - Fuel Mixes In A HCCI Motor 12 Speed : 15 rpm Smoke (% opacity) Load (kg) Figure Variation for smoke with fuel blends at different load Diesel B1 BG3 CARBON MONOXIDE The variation of carbon monoxide emissions at varying load for fuel blends is shown in figure 5.21.the CO emission increase along with load of all the fuel blends. The co emissions increases with increasing the gasoline percentage in the fuel [27].6.5 Speed : 15 RPM carbonmoxide (ppm) diesel b1 bg1 bg2 bg3 dg load (kg) dg2 dg3 Figure 5.2. Variation of CO emission for fuel blends at different load editor@iaeme.com

18 Sathish Kumar K CONCLUSION The effect of using Vegetable fat biodiesel - gasoline blends in the engine has been investigated and their performance and emission characteristic for different fuel blends has been recorded and analysed. The has higher brake thermal efficiency compared to diesel and other fuel blends The B1 also has highest peak pressure compared to diesel. In general, peak pressure varies from about 4 to 75 bars for the entire load range considered. The hydro carbon emissions are increases upto 75% in loads for all fuels. After 75% load HC emissions decreases for all fuel blends except diesel. this is due to the fuel borne oxygen molecule in biodiesel. The B1 has NOx emission high compared to other fuel which reflects on the heat release rate also. B1 has the maximum heat release rate. REFERENCES [1] Aleptkin, E., Canackci, M. Optimization of pre-treatment reaction for methyl ester production from Vegetable fat. Fuel. 89, (21). [2] L.Escalin Tresa & Dr.M.Sundhararajan, An Intelligent repeated objects tracking on Video Sequences, Published in International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 1 No.5 (215).pp [3] Gopalakrishnan, K., Prem Jeya Kumar, M., Sundeep Aanand, J., Udayakumar, R., Thermal properties of doped azopolyester and its application, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v-6, i-suppl.6, pp , 213. [4] D. Ganesh, G. Nagarajan, Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion of diesel fuel with external mixture formation. Energy 35 (21) [5] Revati Shriram & Dr.M.Sundhararajan, Coherence Analysis of Pressure Pulse and Photoplethysmogram at Various sites, Published in International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 1 No.6 (215).pp [6] Ertan Alptekin, Mustafa Canakci., Optimization of transesterification for methyl ester production from Vegetable fat, science direct, Fuel 9 (211) [7] Sharmila, S., Jeyanthi Rebecca, L., Das, M.P., Saduzzaman, M., Isolation and partial purification of protease from plant leaves, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, v-4, i-8, pp , 212. [8] Nivedita Daimiwal, Dr.M.Sundhararajan & Revati Shriram, NIRS Based PPG Sensor For Detection of Oxy Hb and Deoxy-Hb Change During Activity, Published in International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 1 No.7 (215).pp [9] Heike Puschmann, Ralf Buchwald, Marcel Pannwitz, Ansgar Sommer. Homogeneous diesel combustion with external mixture formation by a cool Flame Vaporizer. SAE Paper ; 26. [1] Sengottuvel, P., Satishkumar, S., Dinakaran, D., Optimization of multiple characteristics of EDM parameters based on desirability approach and fuzzy modeling, Procedia Engineering, v-64, i-, pp , 213. [11] Hua Zhao. HCCI and CAI engines for the automotive industry. Woodhead Publishing in Mechanical Engineering. [12] S.Arul Selvi & M.Sundararajan, A Combined Framework for Routing and Channel Allocation for Dynamic Spectrum Sharing using Cognitive Radio, Published in International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, Vol. 11 No.7 (215).pp editor@iaeme.com

19 Trial Examination of Vegetable Fat Biodiesel - Fuel Mixes In A HCCI Motor [13] Kambiz Tahvildari, Narges Davari, Mohammadreza Allahgholi Ghasri, Masoomeh Behrourzinavid., Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Fat based Sources. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology. Vol: [14] Metin Guru, Atilla Koca, O zer Can, Can Cınar, Fatih S, ahin. Biodiesel production from waste Vegetable fat based sources and evaluation with Mg based additive in a diesel engine, science direct Renewable Energy 35 (21) [15] Jeyanthi Rebecca, L., Dhanalakshmi, V., Sharmila, S., Effect of the extract of Ulva sp on pathogenic microorganisms, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, v-4, i-11, pp , 212. [16] Sharmila, S., Jeyanthi Rebecca, L., GC-MS Analysis of esters of fatty acid present in biodiesel produced from Cladophora vagabunda, Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, v-4, i-11, pp , 212. [17] Arunachalam, A.R., Bringing out the effective learning process by analyzing of E-learning methodologies, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, v-7, i-, pp-41-43, 214. [18] Ryan TW III, Callahan TJ. Homogeneous charge compression ignition of diesel fuel, SAE Technical Paper 96116; [19] Su Han Park, In Mo Youn, Yunsung Lim, Chang Sik Lee., Influence of the mixture of gasoline and diesel fuels on droplet atomization, combustion, and exhaust emission characteristics in a compression ignition engine, science direct, Fuel Processing Technology 16 (213) [2] Sumanlal M. R, Sreeram Nanda Kumar and Mohanan P, Part Load Characteristics of A Di Diesel Engine Achieving HCCI Mode of Combustion with Air Preheating, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(4), 217, pp [21] Jinaga Shreenath, Study of Diesel Fuel Emissions In HCCI Technology, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 8(5), 217, pp [22] Xingcai Lu, Yong Qian, Zheng Yang, Dong Han, Jibin Ji, Xiaoxin Zhou, Zhen Huang Madeline Yozwiak., Experimental study on compound HCCI (homogenous charge compression ignition) combustion fuelled with gasoline and diesel blends, science direct, Energy 64 (214) editor@iaeme.com