University of Saskatchewan. Department of Chemical Engineering, U of S

Transcription

1 University of Saskatchewan

2 Canada s Renewable Fuels Production in the International Context 2004 (litres) 2007 (litres) 2010 (litres) Canada 250 million 1.4 billion 3.1 billion (5% blend) Brazil 15.4 billion 17 billion l of ethanol and 143 million l of biodiesel in 2005) 26.0 billion United States 12.9 billion 15.1 billion 28.4 billion (by 2012) European Union 526 million l of ethanol and 2.2 billion l of biodiesel (2% blend) billion l of ethanol and 6.3 billion l of biodiesel (5.75 % blend) India 1.7 billion billion

3 Strategic Areas of Research in the College of Engineering, U. of S. ( Energy and Natural Resources Environmental Technology Advanced Materials Complex Engineering Systems including Infrastructure and Transportation Technologies Information and Communication Technologies and Intellectual Systems Emerging Area: Biomedical Engineering

4 Research Capabilities (Biofuels and Biochemicals) of of the College of of Engineering, University of of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK Canada Continuous Biodiesel Production Process (Patent Filed) Glycerol Conversion Technologies for Fuels and Chemicals (Patent Filed) Hydrogen/Syngas Production from Biomass (Process is being pilote Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs): Production and Industrial Applications Nanocatalyst Development for Hydroprocessing of Gas Oils Activated Carbon: Production and Applications for H2S and Mercury Capture UNIVERSITY OF SASKATCHEWAN Department of Chemical Saskatoon, Engineering, Saskatchewan, U of S Canada.

5 Other Important Biofuel Research at the University of Saskatchewan Supercritical Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals (Leader: Dr. Janusz A. Kozinski) Ethanol Production Technologies (Leader: Drs. Gordon A. Hill and Mike Ingledew) Gas to Liquid Technologies (Leader: Dr. Ajay Dalai) Development of Gasification Technologies (Leaders: Drs. Todd Pugsley, Ajay Dalai and Terry Fonstad) (REF: CA )

6 Biodiesel Production and Glycerol Utilization Technologies Vegetable oils Transesterification Biodiesel Pyrolysis Steam gasification Catalytic treatment (low temperature) Glycerol

7 Govt. of Canada s Initiatives for Implementation of Biodiesel (2% target) 2012 (5% target) Biodiesel (million litres) ,250 Ethanol (million litres) 400 1,200 1,400 2,100 Canadian Govt. provided a tax relief of $0.20/l in 2007 to biodiesel producers.

8 Canadian Funding for R&D on Biodiesel Funding Org. Program Amount (Can $ in millians (M)) Year AAFC ABIP 145 M 2007 NRCan Biodiesel Initiative 11.9 M 2007 NRCan NRCan EcoEnergy Technology Initiative EcoEnergy for Biofuels 250 M M SaskBio - 90 M 2007 EcoTrust - 48 M 2007

9 Canadian Biodiesel Industries (CURRENT STATUS) Industry Feedstock Capacity (Million liters) Ocean Nutrition (Nova Scotia) Fish oil 7.0 Rothsay (Quebec) Used oil/fat 35.0 Topia (Ontario) Used oil 15.0 Biox (Ontario) Poultry fat 60.0 Milligan Bio-Tech (Saskatchewan) Agrigreen Biodiesel (British Columbia) Canola oil/green canola oil 4.5 Canola/used oil 2.0 Kyoto Fuels (Alberta) Canola oil/used oil/fat 33.0 Calgary Biodiesel (Alberta) Used oil/tallow 20.0 Total 176.5

10 Canadian Feedstock for Biodiesel (for ) Feedstock Potential (million liters) Projected cost of feedstock (cents/liter) Projected cost of biodiesel (cents/liter) Canola oil Soybean oil Yellow grease Tallow

11 Feedstock availability for biodiesel production in Canada Feedstock Canola oil Soya oil Marine oils Production [tones/yr] 2,668, ,600 15,500 Feedstock Production [tones/yr] Tall oil 112,600 Yellow grease 127,100 Animal fat 251,600 Karanja oil* * Available in India 200,000 Ref.: S&T Consultants Inc. and Meyers Norris Penny LLP. Economic,, Financial, Social Analysis and Public Policies for Biodiesel: A Report. (2004).

12 Wear Scar Area, Coefficient of Friction, and Lubricity Number data for addition of 1% canola ester in base fuel from average of six x M-M ROCLE replicate evaluations Sample Average Wear Scar Area (mm 2 ) Coefficient of Friction Lubricity Number (LN) MEE (3:3) ± ± ± MEE (4.5:1.5) ± ± ± Base Fuel 0.292± ± ± % Improvement

13 Products of Pyrolysis of Glycerol Components mol% Temp 650 o C Temp 700 o C Temp 750 o C Temp 800 o C H CO CO CH C 2 H C 2 H C 3 H H 2 +CO Reaction condition: gas flow rate 50mL/min with quartz particle diameter of 3-4mm Status: Yet to be scaled-up and commercially exploited.

14 Liquid product composition from glycerol conversion in a typical run. Component Wt% Acetaldehyde Acetol Acrolein Formaldehyde Acetone IPA Allyl Alcohol Acetic Acid Propionic Acid Glycerol Formal Phenol Water Unknowns 7-12

15 Usefulness of the four Targeted Chemicals Acetol: main constituent of skin tannin cream. Acrolein (Global demand: 1 million ton/y): as an aquatic algaecide, precursor for manufacture of acrylic acid. Acetaldehyde (Global demand: 0.36 million ton/y): precursor for synthesis of acetic acid, n- butyl alcohol, perfumes and solvent in rubber synthesis. Formaldehyde (Global demand: 15 million tons/y): precursor for synthesis of bakelite, ink and wrinkle free clothes.

16 Economics of biodiesel production and value added utilization of by-product glycerol Production of 44 million liters of biodiesel per year (117,000 liter/day) from greenseed canola oil and waste cooking oil Utilization of the glycerol for production of value added chemicals

17 Cash Flow Analysis of selling Biodiesel and Pure Glycerol BEP: Break event point i: interest rate DBEP10: Discounted BEP (interest rate 10%) DCFRR: Discounted cash flow return rate

18 Cash Flow Analysis of Selling Biodiesel and pure glycerol Total fixed capital cost: $4,899,000 Annual expenses: $ 32,292,000 Annual sales of biodiesel: $42,991,000 and glycerol: $ 4,200,000 Internal rate of return: 24.2% Pay back period: 5.8 years

19 Cash Flow Analysis of Selling Biodiesel and Liquid Value-Added Chemicals

20 Cost-benefit analysis for selling biodiesel and value added chemicals Total fixed capital cost: $6,199,000 Annual expenses: $36,492,000 Annual sales of biodiesel: $42,991,000 and green chemicals: $5,500,000 Internal rate of return (with glycerol converted to chemicals): 17.4% Internal return rate is less since more money is invested for glycerol utilization Pay back period: 7.5 years

21 Glycerol to Propylene Glycol Why Propylene Glycol? Environment friendly de-icing/antifreeze agent. Used as solvent for food colour and flavours, precursor for synthesis of polymers and food additive. Selling price $ /kg with 4% annual market growth in US alone.

22 Production of 1,2-propanediol with our technology Sl. No. Catalyst [ref] Feedstock (Aqueous Glycerol) 1 Catalyst G 80% glycerol 2 Catalyst H 80% glycerol 2 CuO.Cr 2 O 3 [Appl Cat A ] 3 CuO-ZnO [Green Chem ] 4 Ru/C + ion exchange resin [J Cat ] 5 Raney Nickel [IECR ] 6 Ru/activated carbon [US ] 7 Cu/Zn catalyst (and NaOH) [US ] Reaction Condition Temp ( o C) H 2 pressure Time (h) bar bar % glycerol bar % glycerol 20% glycerol Pure glycerol bar bar bar % glycerol bar % glycerol Glycerol conversion (mole %) Yield of 1,2- propanediol (mole %) bar ,2- propanediol Selectivity (%) 77 71

23 Concluding remarks Provided current biodiesel production/r&d status in Canada. The University of Saskatchewan has developed new solid acids for efficient simultaneous esterification of low quality feedstocks for biodiesel production. Can handle high FFA feedstock. Continuous process for biodiesel production in fixed bed reaction system. The catalyst is stable up to 250h.

24 Concluding remarks (cont.) Glycerol conversion is 100% with the maximum liquid products more than 81% using new solid catalysts. The main byproducts from glycerol are acetaldehyde (24.5 wt.%), acrolein (25.3 wt.%), formaldehyde (9 wt.%) and acetol (14.7 wt.%) under optimized reaction conditions.

25 Concluding remarks (cont.) Can obtain high yields (49.8 mol% ~ 42 wt.%) and selectivity (85.3%) of 1,2-propanediol from glycerol hydrogenation at mild reaction condition. These catalysts are environment-friendly for glycerol hydrogenation to propylene glycol.

26 Recommendations-I Government needs to facilitate the formation of biodiesel standard in Canada. Bioethanol production with current technologies will not be able to meet GHG emission reduction goals in Canada. Other cellulose based ethanol production process should be examined. Forest and agricultural residues should be exploited for gasification for heat and power and gas-to-liquid technologies for ethanol and biodiesel fuels production. Effect of future biofuel market expansions on agriculture and society should be monitored.

27 Recommendations-II Though Government of Canada has invested huge amounts of money in biofuels, Canadian Institutes/Universities need additional funding from NSERC, other federal agencies such as NRCan and STDC and provincial agencies for biofuels research and highly qualified personnel (HQP) training for basic and applied research on biofuels. Provinces and federal Government need to work together more and with other Countries (such as Brazil) to fulfil Canada s biofuel vision.

28 Thank you