Rajan Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, India. M.K.Mishra Department of chemistry, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, India

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 6, Issue 11, Nov 2015, pp , Article ID: IJMET_06_11_021 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication EXPERIMENTAL COMPARISON OF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF A SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE FUELED WITH JATROPHA BIODIESEL- DIESEL AND WASTE PLASTIC OIL-DIESEL BLENDS Rajan Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, India M.K.Mishra Department of chemistry, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, India S.K.Singh Former Director, BIT Sindri, Dhanbad, India Arbind kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, BIT Mesra, Ranchi, India ABSTRACT In this study different fuels are synthesized by preparing blends of jatropha biodiesel-diesel and liquid fuel from waste plastic diesel. Various means are employed to characterize the fuels and then their performance and emission characteristics are studied on compression ignition engine. The results were analyzed and the jatropha blended and waste plastic oil blended fuels are compared considering the reference test fuel diesel. The results showed that both types of fuels have some similar physico-chemical properties as compare to diesel. The results of performance and emission showed that performance wise jatropha blended fuels are slightly superior than waste plastic oil blended fuels but the exhaust gas temperature and NOx emission of waste plastic oil blended fuels are lower. Both the fuels have a potential for utilization as an alternative fuel. Key words: Waste Plastic Fuel, Jatropha Biodiesel, Alternate Fuel, Engine Performance, Diesel, Emission editor@iaeme.com

2 Rajan Kumar, M.K.Mishra, S.K.Singh And Arbind Kumar Cite this Article: Rajan Kumar, M.K.Mishra, S.K.Singh And Arbind Kumar. Experimental Comparison of Performance Evaluation and Emission Characteristics of A Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel and Waste Plastic Oil-Diesel Blends. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(11), 2015, pp INTRODUCTION Efficient, reliable and competitively priced energy supplies are prerequisites for accelerating economic growth. For any developing country, the strategy for energy development is an integral part of the overall economic strategy. According to International Energy Outlook 2013, worldwide consumption of petroleum and other liquid fuels increases from 87 million barrels per day in 2010 to 97 million barrels per day in 2020 and 115 million barrels per day in 2040, notwithstanding steadily rising oil prices after Led by the emerging economies of the developing countries, rapid economic development drives the increase in world consumption, as demand among the more mature economies of the developed regions remains flat or declines. The Indian economy is at a critical stage of development. During , the growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at constant prices is estimated to have increased by 7.3%. The revival in growth of the industrial sector and softening of international prices of crude oil led to increase in demand for petroleum products by 4.15% during April-March, over the same period last year. Given the limited domestic availability of crude oil and natural gas the country is compelled to import over 75% of its domestic requirement. [1]]. Import of Crude Oil during was MMT valued at Rs. 6,87,350 crore which marked a decrease of 0.10% in quantity terms and 20.53% decrease in value terms over the same period of last year. The total Diesel sold in the country during was 69,080 TMT and Petrol was 15,744 TMT. While Diesel constitutes 44% of total consumption of petroleum products in India, Petrol accounts for 10%.[2]. The demand of diesel fuel in india is roughly six times that of gasoline so seeking alternative to mineral diesel is a natural choice [3]. Persistence of high oil prices and dependence on imported oil leaves India with some difficult choices to make. The depletion of the world s fossil fuel reserves has sparked considerable and urgent interest to rely on the alternate/renewable energy sources like biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, nuclear energy, etc. Renewable energy and nuclear power are the world's fastestgrowing energy sources, each increasing by 2.5 percent per year. So in this alarming situation for sustainable growth of developing country like India some alternative source of energy is required. Biodiesel from Vegetable oil and waste plastic to liquid fuel is also an alternate energy source which can contribute to be an alternate of fossil fuel. biofuels like ethanol and transesterified fatty oil esters (commonly known as Biodiesel) match the features of oil at relatively low price. Biodiesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acid made from virgin or used vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and animal fats. The main commodity sources for biodiesel in India can be non-edible oils obtained from plant species such as: Jatropha Curcas (Ratanjyot), Pongamia Pinnata (Karanja), Calophyllum Inophyllum (Nagchampa), Hevca Brasiliensis (Rubber), and Madhuca Indica (Mahua). Out of various non-edible oils, Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) as a feedstock for biodiesel, has been gaining the attention of various researchers all over the world editor@iaeme.com

3 Experimental Comparison of Performance Evaluation and Emission Characteristics of A Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel and Waste Plastic Oil- Diesel Blends As reported, estimated plastic production in India is 8 million tons and the plastic waste generation is 5.6 million tons/year, which is equivalent to tons per day and kg/year per capita (Central pollution control board, 2012). The increasing quantities of plastics waste and their effective and safe disposal has become a matter of public concern. The increasingly visible consequences of indiscriminate littering of plastic wastes (in particular plastic packaging wastes and discarded bags) has stimulated public outcry and shaped policy. Littering also results in secondary problems such as drains becoming clogged and animal health problems (both domesticated and wild). [4]. On the other hand, plastic waste recycling can provide an opportunity to collect and dispose of plastic waste in the most environmental friendly way and it can be converted into a resource. Waste plastics are one of the most promising resources for fuel production because of its high heat of combustion and due to the increasing availability in local communities. Unlike paper and wood, plastics do not absorb much moisture and the water content of plastics is far lower than the water content of biomass such as crops and kitchen wastes. Plastic to oil conversion process has been studying since 1990 s. Tertiary recycling includes all those processing which attempt to convert the plastic wastes to basic chemicals by the use of chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, methanolysis and ammonoloysis for condensation polymers and to fuels with conventional refinery processes such as pyrolysis, gasification, hydrocracking, catalytic cracking, coking and Vis breaking for addition polymers excluding PVC. Pyrolysis and catalytic conversion of plastic is a superior method of reusing the waste. The distillate product is an excellent fuel (liquid oil). Various researchers at many places around the world examined the feasibility of biodiesel and waste plastic oil on diesel engine [5-7].In this work the fuel samples consists of the blends of jatropha biodiesel-diesel and liquid fuel from waste plastic-diesel are prepared and various tests were employed to characterize the fuels, the performance evaluation and emission characteristics were studied on single cylinder diesel engine. Finally experimental comparison has been made between the jatropha biodiesel and waste plastic oil considering the reference test fuel diesel. 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1. Materials: The following materials were used in the present study. Table 1 Details of the materials used Sl No. Material Manufacturer 1 Jatropha biodiesel Southern online Bio Technologies Limited, Hyderabad 2 Diesel Local petrol station of Indian oil 3 Waste plastic oil Sustainable Technologies & Environmental Projects Private Limited (STEPS), Vasai, Mumbai obtained by waste plastics with catalytic cracking Preparation of fuel Samples In order to investigate the fuel quality results and its performance and emission study on an engine different composition of waste plastic oil and diesel were mixed with the help of mechanical magnetic stirrer. The mixing process was carried out at an ambient temperature of 35 0 C and the samples were allowed to stir for one hour. Each sample is prepared on volumetric basis of volume of 3.5 liters editor@iaeme.com

4 Rajan Kumar, M.K.Mishra, S.K.Singh And Arbind Kumar The fuels used for the current investigation with their composition are given in table1 Table 2 Test Fuel Nomenclatures Sl. No. Sample ID Composition (by vol %) 1 100% diesel 2 20% waste plastic oil and 80% diesel fuel 3 30% waste plastic oil and 70% diesel fuel 4 20% jatropha biodiesel and 80% diesel fuel 5 30% jatropha biodiesel and 70% diesel fuel 2.2. Methods Physico-chemical Studies Diesel-biodiesel and diesel-waste plastic oil were mixed into a homogenous blend by magnetic stirring and prepared five fuel samples of different composition. The properties studied were the Density, viscosity, flash point, fire point, calorific values, Acid number, Pour point, Cold Filter Plugging point and cloud point. Standard methods (i.e. ASTM and I.P.) were used in the experiments.. CHNS analytical data of oil samples were determine on M/s Elementar, Germany; Vario EL III in combustion temperature at C using Helium as a Carrier gas The Engine: A single -cylinder, four-stoke 5HP; diesel engine is selected for the study. The bore and the stoke lengths are 80mm and 110 mm respectively. The engine ran on five different load conditions at 33%, 50%, 66%, 83% (approx.) and at full load with at constant speed of 1500rpm Performance Test: The following engine performance parameters were computed for above five fuel samples Torque, Brake power, Brake thermal Efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption, brake specific energy conversion, brake mean effective pressure, air fuel ratio and volumetric efficiency Emission Test: Exhaust temperature has been measured and also smoke is measured by AVL smoke meter Table 3 Physico-chemical analyses of different fuel samples Sample ID/Properties Density (g/cm³) at 35ºC Viscosity(poise) at 35ºC Flash point ( o C) Calorific Values (MJ/Kg) Acid Number(Mg KOH/g) Pour Point ( o C) Cold Filter Plugging point ( o C) Cloud point ( o C) Aniline Point Diesel Index editor@iaeme.com

5 Experimental Comparison of Performance Evaluation and Emission Characteristics of A Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel and Waste Plastic Oil- Diesel Blends Table 4 CHNS analytical data of fuel samples S. No Sample Id C H N S O RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1. Fuel Analysis Fuel density directly affects fuel performance, as some of the engine properties, such as cetane number, heating value and viscosity are strongly connected to density. From the result, it could be observed that the density of diesel 0.80 was in agreement with all blends samples. Viscosity affects injector lubrication and fuel atomization. Fuel atomization is also affected by fuel viscosity. Fuels with high viscosity tend to form larger droplets on injection which can cause poor combustion, increased exhaust smoke and emissions. The high viscosity of vegetable oils leads to problem in pumping and spray characteristics. The inefficient mixing of vegetable oils with air contributes to incomplete combustion. The viscosity of jatropha biodiesel blended fuel samples is found to be higher than diesel, whereas the viscosity of waste plastic oil fuel samples has lower viscosity than diesel. Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials.. The higher the flash point the safer the fuel and vice versa. The flash point of jatropha biodiesel and waste plastic oil blends are nearly close and higher than diesel. Calorific Value, Heating Value or Heat of Combustion, is the amount of heating energy released by the combustion of a unit value of fuels. Higher the calorific value, higher the energy or heat released during combustion, lowers the fuel consumption. The calorific value of jatropha blends is MJ/kg and waste plastic oil blends is MJ/kg almost similar to diesel. The acid value determination is used to quantify the presence of acid moieties in a fuel sample. The acid number of jatropha biodiesel blends is found to be highest and for diesel it is lowest. The acid number of waste plastic oil blends is also found to be higher than diesel. High acid numbers are undesirable as this lead to the corrosion of rubber parts and cause deposits in engine so some means is required to lower the acid number. Cloud point and pour point are used For petroleum products and biodiesel fuels, cloud point and pour point of a petroleum product is an index of the lowest temperature of their utility for certain applications. Cold filter plugging point (CFPP) is the lowest temperature, expressed in 1 C, at which a given volume of diesel type of fuel still passes through a standardized filtration device in a specified time when cooled under certain conditions. This test gives an estimate for the lowest temperature that a fuel will give trouble free flow in certain fuel systems. This is important as in cold temperate countries; a high cold filter plugging point will clog up vehicle engines more easily. The test is important in relation to the use of additives that allow spreading the usage of winter diesel at editor@iaeme.com

6 Rajan Kumar, M.K.Mishra, S.K.Singh And Arbind Kumar temperatures below the cloud point. The tests according to EN 590 show that a Cloud Point of +1 C can have a CFPP 10 C. One of the relations which is developed to determine the ignition delay is diesel index. High diesel index represents the high cetane number which implies the lower ignition delay. The diesel index of waste plastic oil blended fuel is found to be nearly close to diesel whereas for jatropha biodiesel blends it is lower than diesel. From elemental analysis it is found that jatropha blends and waste plastic oil blends contain approximately 29% and 9% more oxygen than diesel respectively. The sulpher content of biodiesel blends is found to be lower than diesel whereas sulpher content of waste plastic oil blends is almost similar to diesel. High sulpher in fuel is undesirable as this lead to the formation of SO 2, which values are of great importance as this value represents both the energy loss and environmental issue. Because SO 2 released to atmosphere cause acid rain by reacting with water vapors [8] 3.2. Engine performance test A four stroke, direct injection, single cylinder diesel engine was employed for the present experimental study in order to investigate effects of the produced Fuel samples on its performance. The diesel fuel was used in the experimental study as reference fuel. Because it is important to emphasize that effect of the jatropha biodiesel fuel and waste plastic oil blended fuel on the engine by comparing results with those of the diesel fuel. The tests for all the fuel samples were performed under the same conditions for analyzing the performance and emissions of the fuels in four different levels of engine loads. The experiment was conducted using blended fuel samples and commercial diesel fuel for evaluating several performance parameters such as torque (T), brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc), thermal efficiency (ηbt), brake specific fuel consumption(bsfc),brake specific energy consumption(bsec) and air-fuel ratio. Figure. 1 show the variation of brake thermal efficiency with load. For all the fuels tested the thermal efficiency increases with the increase in load. This may be due to the reduction in heat losses and increase in brake power with increase in load [9]. The jatropha biodiesel fuel samples have slightly higher thermal efficiency than waste plastic oil blends. The lowest thermal efficiency is found to be for, but at higher load it is almost equal to the diesel. Even the density and viscosity of jatropha biodiesel blends is higher than the waste plastic oil blends and diesel, but the brake thermal efficiency of jatropha biodiesel blends is found to be higher. This may be attributed to that the engine supply the fuel on volumetric basis so the plunger of engine pump discharge more fuel to meet the power output requirement and the better combustion in case of jatropha biodiesel blends result in the higher thermal efficiency [ 10 ]. Figure. 2 show the variation of brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) with load. For all the fuels tested the bsfc decreases with the increase in load. Among all the fuel samples the lowest bsfc is found to be for diesel, whereas the bsfc of waste plastic oil blends is found to be slightly higher than jatropha blended fuels. The high bsfc in case of waste plastic fuel blends may be due to the complexity and aromaticity of waste plastic oil editor@iaeme.com

7 Experimental Comparison of Performance Evaluation and Emission Characteristics of A Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel and Waste Plastic Oil- Diesel Blends Brake thermal efficiency, % Figure. 1 Variation of brake thermal efficiency with load bsfc(brake specific fuel consumption), kg/kw-hr Figure. 2 Variation of brake specific fuel consumption with load Brake specific energy consumption is ideal variable since it does not depend on fuel, and this represent the energy input require developing unit power. Figure. 3 show the variation of brake specific energy consumption (bsec) with load. For all the fuels tested the bsec decreases with the increase in load. Among all the fuels the bsec for diesel is found to be highest. The waste plastic oil blended and jatropha biodiesel blended fuels have almost similar values of bsec for lower to medium load range, whereas at higher load range the jatropha biodiesel blends have lower bsec as compare to the waste plastic oil blends. This may be due to lower calorific value and high density of biodiesel fuels as compare to diesel [10] bsec(brake specific energy consumption),mj/kw-hr Figure. 3 Variation of brake specific energy consumption with load editor@iaeme.com

8 Rajan Kumar, M.K.Mishra, S.K.Singh And Arbind Kumar Air-Fuel ratio Figure. 4 Variation of air-fuel ratio with load Figure. 4 show the variation of air-fuel ratio with load. For all the fuels tested the air-fuel ratio decreases with the increase in load. This may be attributed that as the load increases more quantity of fuel are needed to sustain the load [11]. Among all the fuels tested the air-fuel ratio for diesel is found to be highest for entire loading, whereas all the other fuel samples have almost similar values of air-fuel ratio Emission Characteristics The emission caused by a fuel is very significant factor for choosing a fuel for the engine. Pollution has reached dangerous levels and curbing it is of utmost importance. EXHAUST TEMPERATURE, C Figure. 5 Variation of exhaust temperature with loads CO,% Figure. 6 Variation of CO emission with load editor@iaeme.com

9 Experimental Comparison of Performance Evaluation and Emission Characteristics of A Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel and Waste Plastic Oil- Diesel Blends Figure. 5 show the variation of exhaust gas temperature with load. It is observed from figure that exhaust gas temperature increases with the increase in load. High exhaust temperature can cause the higher energy transfer from the combustion chamber to surrounding and high heat transfer thus decreases the thermal efficiency, hence high exhaust temperature is not desirable [ 8 ]. The exhaust temperature in case of jatropha blended fuel is found to be higher than diesel, whereas it is lower for waste plastic oil blended fuel. High exhaust temperature of jatropha blends may be attributed to poor spray characteristics and self ignition temperature of jatropha biodiesel blends [12]. Figure. 6 show the variation of CO emission with load. Since the formation of CO is due to the scarcity of oxygen and from the CHNS analysis shown in Table 4 as biodiesel blends contain more amount of oxygen as compare to waste plastic oil blends and diesel result the better combustion in case of biodiesel blended fuels than other fuels so the CO emission is minimum and for diesel it is maximum [13] HC, % LOAD,% Figure. 7 Variation of unburned hydrocarbon emission with load NO x, ppm Figure. 8 Variation of NOx emission with load Unburned HC is also one of the responsible parameter of the emission behavior of the engine. Figure. 7 show the variation of CO emission with load. It is observed from the figure that jatropha blended fuels give lower HC emission than waste plastic oil blended fuels and diesel. At higher load the waste plastic oil blended fuels overcome this and give satisfactory results. This may be due to improper mixing at lower load but at higher load turbulence help the proper mixing. The lower value of HC emission editor@iaeme.com

10 Rajan Kumar, M.K.Mishra, S.K.Singh And Arbind Kumar in case of jatropha biodiesel may be attributed to the better combustion of biodiesel blends due to availability of oxygen [10]. Figure. 8 show the variation of NOx emission with load. It is observed from the figure that NOx emission increases with the increase in load. At higher power output condition, due to higher peak and exhaust temperature, NO x values are relatively higher compare to low power output [13]. The NO x emission depends on the oxygen content, adiabatic flame temperature and fuel spray characteristics [10]. The NO x emission for jatropha biodiesel blended fuels is found to be higher than the waste plastic oil blended fuels and diesel. This may be attributed to the high exhaust temperature and oxygen content of the jatropha biodiesel blended fuels [14]. The NO x emission for is found to be lowest at all the loads CO 2, % Figure. 9 Variation of CO 2 emission with load Figure. 9 show the variation of CO 2 emission with load. It is observed from the figure that CO 2 emission increases with the increase in load. The more quantity of CO 2 in exhaust represents the complete combustion. Ideally combustion of hydrocarbon fuel should produce only CO 2 and water vapor [15]. The CO 2 emission for diesel is found to be higher at entire loading condition. The CO 2 emission of jatropha biodiesel blended fuels have slightly lower value of CO 2 emission than diesel and for waste plastic oil blended fuel it is found to be lowest. 4. SUMMARRY AND CONCLUSION The observations made in the present work were the part of research work, in which the detailed analyses on the fuel properties of fuel samples along with the performance and emission characteristics are studied. The following conclusions can be drawn from this study: The entire test for characterization of jatropha biodiesel blended and waste plastic oil blended fuels demonstrated that the density of both the fuel samples were almost close to the density of diesel. The viscosity of jatropha biodiesel blended fuel samples are found to be higher than diesel whereas for waste plastic oil blended fuels it is lower than diesel. Flash point of jatropha blended and waste plastic oil fuel samples are found to be higher than diesel that implies that both the fuel samples are safe as per the transportation and storage aspect. Calorific value jatropha blended fuels are slightly lower than diesel, whereas the Calorific value of waste plastic oil blended fuels is almost close to the diesel. Acid number of waste plastic oil blended fuels is found to be markedly high than diesel so some means must be provided to minimize editor@iaeme.com

11 Experimental Comparison of Performance Evaluation and Emission Characteristics of A Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Fueled with Jatropha Biodiesel-Diesel and Waste Plastic Oil- Diesel Blends this. High aniline point of waste plastic oil blended fuels indicates the aromaticity of the fuel. The Diesel index (which represent the ignition quality of the fuel) of waste plastic oil blended fuels are found to be almost close to diesel, whereas lower diesel index in case of jatropha blended fuel indicate the high ignition delay as compared to diesel. From elemental analysis it is found that jatropha biodiesel blended fuels have higher oxygen content than other fuels though the waste plastic oil blended fuels have also remarkably higher oxygen content than diesel. From the performance evaluation test of different fuels on engine, it is found that the brake thermal efficiency of jatropha biodiesel blended fuels is higher than diesel, whereas the thermal efficiency of waste plastic oil blended fuels is slightly lower than diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption (bsfc) of waste plastic oil blended fuels and jatropha biodiesel blended fuels are almost close but higher than diesel. The brake specific energy consumption (bsec) of waste plastic oil blended fuels and jatropha biodiesel blended fuels are found to be equal at part load but at higher load the bsec of jatropha biodiesel blended fuels are lower. Air-fuel ratio of waste plastic oil blended fuels and jatropha biodiesel blended fuels are found to be almost close but lower than diesel for entire loading. As per the emission point of view it is found that Exhaust gas temperature of jatropha biodiesel blended fuels is higher, whereas for waste plastic oil blended fuels it is lower as compare to diesel. The CO emission of waste plastic oil blended fuels and jatropha biodiesel blended fuels are found to be lowest followed by waste plastic oil blended fuels as compare to diesel. The unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emission in case of jatropha biodiesel blended fuels is found to be lowest. The NO x emission of jatropha biodiesel blended fuels is found to be higher and for one of the fuel sample (blend of 30% waste plastic oil and 70% diesel), it is found that NOx emission is lowest for entire loading. The CO 2 emission for diesel is found to be highest followed by jatropha biodiesel blended fuels and then diesel. No engine seizing, injector blocking was found during the entire operation of the engine running with different fuel samples. REFERENCES [1] Indian petroleum and natural gas statistics, Government of India, Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas Economics and Statistics Division, New Delhi, [2] Press Information Bureau, Government of India Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, 28-January-2014 [3] Barnwal, S., "Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India", Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 9, pp , 2005 [4] Plastics materials in India, From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [5] Ramadhas, A.S., Muraleedharan, C., Jayaraj, S., Characterization and effect of using rubber seed oil as fuel in the compression ignition engines Renewable Energy 30, pp , 2005 [6] Raheman, H., Phadatare, A.G., Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel, Biomass and Bioenergy 27, pp , 2004 [7] Murugan, S., Ramaswamy, M.C., Nagarajan, G., The use of tyre pyrolysis oil in diesel engines, Waste Management, volume 28, issue 12, pp , 2008 [8] Arpa,, O., Yumrutas, R., and Argunhan, Z., Experimental investigation of the effects of diesel- like fuel obtained from waste lubrication oil on engine editor@iaeme.com

12 Rajan Kumar, M.K.Mishra, S.K.Singh And Arbind Kumar performance and exhaust emission, Elsevier, Fuel processing Tecnology, vol.91, pp , 2010 [9] Mallikappa, D.N., Reddy, Rana Pratap., Murthy, S.N., Performance and Emission Characteristics Studies on Stationary Diesel Engines Operated with Cardanol Biofuel Blends, International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, vol 2, No. 2, 2012 [10] Qi, d.h., Geng, L.M., Chen, Y.Z.H., Bian, J., Liu, X., Ren. C.H., Combustion and Performance evaluation of diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil, Renewable Energy, vol.34, pp , 2009 [11] Kumar, R., Mishra, M.K., Singh, S.K., Kumar, A., Performance and Emission study of jatropha Biodiesel and its Blends on C.I. Engine published in International Journal of Mecanical Engineering and Technology (IGMET), Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp.85-93, 2013 [12] Mirunalini, T.,.Anand, R., N.V.Mahalakshmi, N.V., Jatropha oil as a renewable fuel in a diesel engine, Proceedings of the 3rd BSME-ASME International Conference on Thermal Engineering December, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2006 [13] Rao., Y.V.H., Volet, R.S., Hariharan, V.S., Raju, A.V.S., Reddy, P.N., Use of Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester and Its Blends as an Alternative Fuel in Diesel Engine, J. of the Braz. Soc. of Mech. Sci. & Energy, vol 31, no. 3, pp , 2009 [14] Venkanna, B.K., Reddy, C.V., Wadawadagi, S.B., Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine Running on Rice Bran Oil / Diesel Fuel Blend, International journal of chemical and biological engineering, 2:3, 2009 [15] Yoshiyuki, K., Changlin, Y., Ryoji, K., Kei, M., Effects of fuel cetane number and aromatics on combustion process and emission of a direct injection diesel engine, SAE Review 21, , [16] Jagadale S.S., Jugulkar L.M.. Performance Characteristics of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend of Chicken Fat Based Biodiesel. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 3(2), 2012, pp [17] Rajan Kumar, M.K.Mishra, S.K.Singh and Arbind Kumar. Performance and Emission Study of Waste Plastic Oil and Diesel Blend In D.I. Single Cylinder Diesel Engine. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 5(4), 2014, pp editor@iaeme.com