PIPELINE PLAIN DENT FATIGUE A COMPARISON OF ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES
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1 Proceedings of the th Interntionl Pipeline Conference IPC2014 September 29 - October 3, 2014, Clgry, Albert, Cnd IPC PIPELINE PLAIN DENT FATIGUE A COMPARISON OF ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES Sérgio B. Cunh Ilson P. Psqulino Binc C. Pinheiro PETROBRAS - TRANSPETRO Rio de Jneiro, RJ, Brzil COPPE/UFRJ Rio de Jneiro, RJ, Brzil COPPE/UFRJ Rio de Jneiro, RJ, Brzil KEYWORDS Ftigue, Dent, Mechnicl Dmge. ABSTRACT A collection of results of ftigue tests undertken on full scle pipeline specimens contining unconstrined plin dents is presented. A totl of 61 test results re reported, comprising dents of different shpes nd depths, introduced in pipe sections with nominl dimeters of 12 nd 24, D/t rtios vrying from 18.6 to 77.2 nd mde of API 5L X42, X46, X52, X60, X70 nd X80 steels. The ftigue test results re used to compre five plin dent ftigue ssessment methodologies. The ssessment methodologies most widely used in the industry, nmely, API 1156 nd EPRG, re evluted; ech one of these hs two different versions, evluted independently. A dent ssessment methodology previously proposed by the uthors is lso is included in the study. The clssic Plmgren-Miner s cumultive ftigue dmge rule is employed in order to correlte the results, since ll tests were crried out with two different pressure cycles. Only two of the evluted methodologies presented correltion with the ftigue tests tht justifies recommending their ppliction in the industry. INTRODUCTION A pipeline with mechnicl deformtion might not fil immeditely, but the pressure cycles usully undergone during norml pipeline opertion, combined with the geometric distortion, cn generte ftigue crck nucletion nd growth tht eventully led to filure. This type of ftigue filure is reported by CONCAWE [1] nd DOT [2], nd is responsible, respectively, for 6 nd 8.3% of the reported filures. The fct tht gs pipelines present much lower mplitude pressure cycling probbly explins why this type of filure is not explicitly reported in gs pipeline filure sttistics. The cpbility of dmged, dented pipeline to withstnd pressure cycles hs been the object of numerous studies. In this pper the results of severl full scle ftigue tests on pipe sections with un-repired, un-constrined plin dents will be used to evlute five methodologies for ssessing ftigue on dented pipelines: API 1156 [3,4] with its two recommended ftigue life (SN) curves - EPRG 2000 [5], EPRG 1995 [6] nd method previously developed by these uthors [7], hereby nmed PETROBRAS methodology. Initilly, the five selected ftigue ssessment methodologies will be reviewed. Next, the results of ftigue tests of mny different reserch projects will be presented. Finlly, predictions of the selected lgorithms will be compred to the experimentl results, nd the ssessment methodologies will be evluted bsed on this comprison. NOMENCLATURE d dent depth n number of cycles in prticulr stress cycle t pipe wll thickness w dent width D pipe externl dimeter F cumultive ftigue dmge n N K ftigue stress concentrtion fctor L dent length N predicted number of stress cycles to filure P pressure Se ftigue endurnce limit Sy tensile test yield strength Su tensile test ultimte strength σ von Mises equivlent stress σ lternting stress (nominl) σ m men stress (nominl) 1 Copyright 2014 by ASME
2 2 API 1156 d d D d D d D K = A+ B + C + D + E + F (1) D D t D t D t Notes: 1) d/d in the bove eqution re percent vlues; 2) The coefficient vlues re presented on Tble 1. ( K. ) 4 23 P DOE-B curve N = 4.424x10 (2) Modified ASME curve P N = exp Ln K. (3) 2 Note: p in psi in (2) nd (3). 2 Tble 1 API INTERPOLATING COEFFICIENTS Figure 1 DENT DIMENSIONS FATIGUE ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGIES Five methodologies for the ssessment of the ftigue life of pipeline with moderte (up to 12%) plin dent under pressure cycling re compred in this pper: two versions of the API 1156 [3, 4], EPRG 2000 [5], EPRG 1995 [6] nd PETROBRAS [7]. In this section these lgorithms re presented nd their most remrking fetures re indicted. API 1156 proposes methodology tht uses tbulted vlues of stress concentrtion fctors, obtined by finite element simultions. The API s stress concentrtion fctors convert directly pressure into stress, they re presented for two slenderness rtios (D/t), 34 nd 68, nd two indenter geometries re considered, dome nd long br. Furthermore, the men pressure is implicitly considered in the stress concentrtion fctor, nd three conditions re considered: low rnge ( Sy); high rnge ( Sy) nd full rnge ( Sy). The predicted number of cycles to filure is determined by mens of SN curve, nd two curves re indicted: the United Kingdom Deprtment of Energy DOE-B nd modified ASME curve. The API lgorithm is trnscribed next; for convenience the tbulted stress concentrtion fctors were expressed by mens of interpolting polynomils, whose coefficients re presented in Tble 1. DOME LONG BAR Pressure Rnge Pressure Rnge Low High Full Low High Full A B C D E F The Europen Pipeline Reserch Group (EPRG) developed two empiricl methodologies to predict the ftigue life of dented pipelines, hereby nmed EPRG 2000 nd EPRG In both lgorithms, the ftigue life is determined from cycles of hoop stress nd stress concentrtion fctor is clculted bsed exclusively on the dent depth. EPRG 2000 is n empiricl model fitting of 131 ftigue tests into DIN 2413 Prt 1 SN curve [5]. The men stress is considered by mens of the Gerber s eqution. The stress concentrtion fctor formul presented here is the one indicted to smooth dents without gouge.. EPRG t K = 1+ 2 d (4) D σ σ = (5) A 2 σ m 1 Su 2 Copyright 2014 by ASME
3 5. 26 Su N = K (6) σa Note: d in mm. A former EPRG recommendtion is lso considered in this study. The bckground of this method hs not been mde vilble to the uthors. EPRG 1995 t K = d (7) D k k = 56. 1Su (MP), Se = 0. 5Su K (12) 1 Se C = Su (MP), b = log 10 6 C (13) 1 b σ N = 2 (14) m C σ 1 S u σ B 0 5 σ. m = Su (8) A 1 Su [ ( ) ] 0. B 4 + B B 2σ = Su Su 50 N = 1000 (10) 2σ AK Note: stresses in MP (N/mm 2 ), d in mm. PETROBRAS nd COPPE/UFRJ [7] investigted the use of common stress-life ftigue design equtions [8] to predict the ftigue life of dented pipelines. According to these rules, stress concentrtion fctors re to be determined in the liner elstic domin nd the SN curve cn be inferred from the tensile strength of the mteril. Usul men stress corrections were evluted nd Gerber s eqution ws selected bsed on experimentl results. Similrly, the best SN curve correltion from tensile test results ws chosen bsed on ftigue tests on dented pipe smples. The endurnce limit for steel ws ssumed to be ttined t 10 6 cycles. A detiled finite element study of the stress concentrtions fctors ws crried out [9] nd indicted the importnce of the dent geometry. Consequently, the dents were clssified s sphericl, trnsverse, longitudinl or short longitudinl. Ech type of dent hs its own interpoltion expression for the stress concentrtion fctor. Tble 2 presents the definition of the different dent types nd the interpolting coefficients. PETROBRAS (9) Tble 2 PETROBRAS INTERPOLATING COEFFICIENTS Dent Type Geometry A B Sphericl L 0. 9 < < 2 w ,737 Trnsverse L 0. 9 w Longitudinl Short Longitudinl SN curve Stress concentrtion fctor - K L w L w L D 2, d t L D 2, < d t Tble 3 COMPARISON OF THE ASSESSEMT METHYODOLOGIES API From stndrds, independent of the pipe mteril Elsto-plstic FEM simultion EPRG From stndrd, derived from Su Empiricl fitting Men stress Included in K Empiricl Gerber Dent mesurement Dent geometry PETROBRAS From design rule, considers Su nd K Liner elstic FEM simultion Gerber s Eqution Unpressurized Unpressurized Under pressure Two types Only depth considered Four types d D K = A+ B (11) D t Note: The coefficient vlues re presented in Tble 2. The reserch results obtined by PETROBRAS nd COPPE/UFRJ seem to indicte tht the plstic effects re not relevnt to the purpose of ftigue life ssessment. Any 3 Copyright 2014 by ASME
4 meningful plstic deformtion tkes plce in the very first few cycles. While API nd EPRG methods re bsed on hoop stress, PETROBRAS lgorithm uses von Mises stress, to ccount for the multi-xil stress stte of the pipe. The dent depth considered for API nd EPRG is to be mesured on the pipe without pressure, the depth for PETROBRAS lgorithm is the one observed under pressure. The most remrkble chrcteristics of the compred ssessment methodologies re highlighted nd contrsted in Tble 3. FULL SCALE FATIGUE EXPERIMENTS A collection of ftigue tests on full scle pipeline sections with plin, un-repired nd un-constrined dents is presented in this section. The dents re clssified s sphericl, trnsversl, longitudinl or short longitudinl, ccording to Tble 2. Kiefner nd Alexnder [3, 4] crried out 71 ftigue experiments on dmged pipe sections. From this collection of tests, 24 were conducted on unconstrined dents, where 12 delt with plin dents nd were used in this study. Indenters of sphericl, pyrmidl nd cylindricl shpe were employed. The mechnicl dmge ws introduced without pressure nd, fterwrd, the pipe smple ws pressurized to 65 or 72% of the yield strength to llow for dent re-rounding. Tble 4 presents the most importnt dt nd experimentl results. In ll these cses the pipe externl dimeter ws 12.75, the nominl pipe thickness ws nd the mteril ws API 5L X52 steel. Fowler [10, 11] conducted series of ftigue tests on dented pipes of API 5L X46, X 52, X70 nd X80 grde steel. Dents of different depths were introduced without pressure nd, fterwrd, they were pressurized to the test pressure to provide dent re-rounding. Tble 5 presents the min results of the 35 plin dent ftigue tests. The Pipeline Reserch Council Interntionl (PRCI) hs been developing dtbse of ftigue tests on dented pipeline on project M4-2 [12]. Twelve tests were performed so fr in unrestrined plin dents, on pipes of dimeter 24 mde of API 5L X52 nd CSA Z CAT 2 (X70) grde steels. Semisphericl indenters were employed; dents were mde in nonpressurized pipe smples tht were, fterwrds, pressurized once prior to the ftigue test. All smples were cycled to filure. The experimentl results re summrized in Tble 6. Yet nother PRCI reserch project [13] undertook ftigue tests on plin dents. This project studied ftigue on repired dents, but two tests were crried out on un-repired plin dents. A x X42 grde steel pipe ws utilized. The indenter ws 4 ellipsoidl rigid cp. The indenting process ws crried out while the pipe smple ws pressurized to 72% of the yield strength (892 psi). Tble 7 presents the results of these experiments. Other ftigue tests performed in dented pipelines were found in the literture, but they were not considered in the present study. For instnce, the Cndin Centre for Minerl nd Energy Technology (CANMET) [14] performed ftigue tests on 10 dented pipe test smples. But the tests were crried out only to 10,000 cycles nd none of the specimens filed. Therefore, those results re of little vlue to vlidte or compre ftigue ssessment methodologies. EPRG [15] crried out 13 ftigue tests on dented pipe rings. The stress stte on ring differs from pipe section significntly enough to ffect the ftigue life, nd these results were not considered. CORRELATION OF THE ASSESSEMENT METHODOLOGIES WITH THE FATIGUE TESTS In this section, the dt of the full scle experiments listed in the previous section will be pplied to the five ssessment methodologies formerly introduced, nd the predictions of ech methodology will be compred to the experimentl results. Since ll tests comprised two different pressure cycles, the Plmgren-Miner s cumultive dmge rule will be used s correltion tool; perfect correltion would be filure with cumultive dmge equl to 1, while the cumultive dmge should be less thn 1 whenever no filure ws observed. A cumultive dmge greter thn one mens tht the predicted life is smller thn tht experimentlly observed. PETROBRAS lgorithm ssumes steel hs n endurnce limit chrcterized t 10 6 cycles; pressure cycle tht hs predicted life equl or lrger thn 10 6 cycles is ssumed to produce no dmge in this methodology. Furthermore, in PETROBRAS method the dent depth is to be mesured under pressure. Although this is usully the condition in the field, this informtion ws not vilble for the collected tests nd no correction on the dent depth ws considered to ccount for this. Appendix A presents in vrious tbles the correltions for ech experimentl dt set, clssified by publiction nd type of dent. At the bottom of ech tble, the men cumultive dmge for experiments with nd without filure is presented, for ech ssessment methodology. Tbles 8 nd 9 summrize Appendix A. Tble 8 presents the men vlue nd the coefficient of vrition of the cumultive dmge obtined with ech ssessment methodology for experiments with filure in ech experimentl dt set while Tble 9 shows the men cumultive dmge for experiments without filure (run-outs). These tbles enble verifying how well ech ssessment methodology predicted the ftigue life for the different experimentl dt sets. Fowler crried out 24 experiments on dents clssified s longitudinl; API conducted one experiment on longitudinl dent nd nother on trnsverse dent. The reminder of the 61 experiments ws performed on sphericl dents. Tble 10 presents the men vlue of the cumultive dmge clculted by ech ssessment methodology for three ensembles of experiments tht resulted in filure: ll types of dents; sphericl dents nd longitudinl dents. The API experiment with longitudinl dent ws considered n outlier nd ws not included in the longitudinl men. 4 Copyright 2014 by ASME
5 Tble 4 API 1156 [2, 3] PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENTS (D=12.75, D/t=67.8) ID d/d Indenter (1) Dent Su Sy 1 st cycle (psi) 2 nd cycle (psi) Filure type (2) (ksi) (ksi) N Pmx Pmin N Pmx Pmin (Y/N) UD6A D S N UD12A D S Y UD18A' D S Y UD12A-32DD D S Y UD12A-33DD D S Y UP6A P S N UP12A P S N Ph D S Y Ph D S Y Ph D S Y UL12A-38T B T Y UL18A' B L Y (1) Indenter: D- dome, P pyrmid, B long br (2) Dent type: S - sphericl; L - longitudinl; T trnsverse Tble 5 FOWLER [10,11] PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENTS ID D D/t d/d Indenter Dent Sy Su 1 st cycle (psi) 2 nd cycle (psi) Filure type (ksi) (ksi) N Pmx Pmin N Pmx Pmin (Y/N) A N A N A N A N A N A N B Y B Y B Y C Y C Y C Y H N H-2 12, N H Y E N E Y E Y F N F Y F Y G N G Y G Y I N I Y I Y I Y I Y I N J N J N J Y J Y J Y Flt Plte Not specified Longitudinl Sphericl 5 Copyright 2014 by ASME
6 Tble 6 PRCI MD4-2 [12] PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENTS (D=24 ) ID D/t d/d Indenter (1) Dent Su Sy 1 st cycle (psi) 2 nd cycle (psi) Filure dimeter type (ksi) (ksi) N Pmx Pmin N Pmx Pmin (Y/N) 7A Y 8A Y 9A Y 10A Y 11A Y A Y 13B Y 14B Y 15B Y 16B Y 17B Y B Y (1) Indenter of semi-sphericl shpe sphericl Tble 7 PRCI MATR3-5 [13] PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENTS (D=12.75, D/t=67.8) Dent Su Sy 1 st cycle (psi) 2 nd cycle (psi) Filure ID d/d type (ksi) (ksi) N Pmx Pmin N Pmx Pmin (Y/N) 7A Y sphericl B Y Dt set Tble 8 MEAN CUMULATIVE DAMAGE FOR EXPERIMENTS WITH FAILURE # cses API DOE API ASME EPRG 1995 EPRG 2000 PETROBRAS Men COV (1) Men COV (1) Men COV (1) Men COV (1) Men COV (1) API Sphericl Fowler-Long Fowler Sph PRCI MD PRCI MATR (0.05) 0.40 (0.04) 2.24 (0.04) (0.04) 2.41 (0.03) API Long API Trnsv (1) Coefficient of vrition: stndrd devition/men Tble 9 MEAN CUMULATIVE DAMAGE FOR RUN-OUT EXPERIMENTS Dt set # cses API DOE API ASME EPRG 1995 EPRG 2000 PETROBRAS API Sphericl Fowler Long Fowler Sph Tble 10 OVERALL MEAN CUMULATIVE DAMAGE FOR EXPERIMENTS WITH FAILURE All Dents Sphericl Dents Longitudinl Dents (1) API-DOE API-ASME EPRG EPRG PETROBRAS (1) API experiment not considered. DISCUSSION AND COMPARISON AMONG THE ASSESSEMENT METHODOLOGIES The experimentl dt presents some limittions. All experiments were crried out with two pressure cycles. This required the use of the cumultive dmge rule to compre the experimentl results to the ssessment predictions; it is well known tht this rule hs some degree of pproximtion. Furthermore, ll tests were crried out to tenths of thousnds of cycles. Consequently, it might be questionble how well these correltions re representtive of the lrger number of cycles observed in ctul pipelines. 6 Copyright 2014 by ASME
7 The published experimentl results did not present detils in the finl dent geometry. The type of dent ws inferred by the uthors bsed in the informtion vilble. None of the methodologies seemed to gree with the runout experiments. The only exception ws PETROBRAS ssessment on Fowler s first set [10] of experiments on longitudinl dents. In generl, ll methodologies indicted tht filure should hve been observed in most of these experiments. Bsed on the previous observtions, the comprison mong the five methodologies will consider exclusively the predictions for experiments tht resulted in filure in sphericl nd longitudinl dents. A totl of 41 results were tken into ccount; 28 sphericl nd 13 longitudinl dents. API methodology with the UK-DOE SN curve presented excessively conservtive predictions for the vst mjority of the dt nlyzed. Its men prediction rnged from 3 to 22 times smller thn test results from the different experimentl sets, the overll men figure being 9 times smller. API methodology with the modified ASME SN curve ws unsfe for ll experiments; its overll men ws 4 times lrger thn test resuilts, it rnged from 3 to 10 times lrger in the different experimentl sets. EPRG 2000 ws lso too conservtive, its overll men prediction ws 14 times smller thn the experimentl men. Among the selected reserch projects, its men prediction rnged from 2.5 to 32 times smller thn experiments. EPRG 1995 nd PETROBRAS methods presented good correltion with the experiments, with men cumultive dmge for ll experimentl sets lwys between 1 nd 5. EPRG 1995 presented better overll cumultive dmge correltion thn PETROBRAS, 2.72 ginst Besides tht, EPRG hd better men correltion for sphericl dents (3.32 vs. 4.00) nd longitudinl dents (1.39 vs. 1.48). Furthermore, it presented better correltion in ll but one of the experimentl dt sets. Nevertheless, it should be noticed tht in PETROBRAS method the depth is to be mesured with the pipe pressurized. Since this informtion ws not vilble for the collected experiments, the depth without pressure ws used insted. Both EPRG 1995 nd PETROBRAS methods demonstrted to be bised to the sfe side. EPRG hd 14 of 41 predictions resulting in cumultive dmge less thn 1 nd PETROBRAS only 6. For the 28 experiments on sphericl dents considered, EPRG hd 5 nd PETROBRAS 1 unsfe prediction. For the 13 experiments on longitudinl dents, EPRG hd 8 nd Petrobrs 5 cses of cumultive dmge less thn 1. PETROBRAS method presented smller coefficient of vrition in ll experimentl sets. Furthermore, the men cumultive dmge of PETROBRAS method rnged between 1.48 nd 4.39, while EPRG 1995 between 1.39 nd This indictes tht PETROBRAS hs more uniform behvior; it seems to cope better with chnges in experimentl conditions. EPRG 1995 presented good correltion with the experiments on longitudinl dents. The dt collected does not provide conclusive evidence on the need of the geometric clssifiction employed by PETROBRAS nd API, but not by EPRG.. Figure 2 displys the predictions of EPRG 1995 nd PETROBRAS methodologies for ll experiments on sphericl dents tht resulted in filure. Figure 3 is similr picture for longitudinl dents. Figure 2 COMPARISON OF EPRG 1995 AND PETROBRAS SPHERICAL DENTS Figure 3 COMPARISON OF EPRG 1995 AND PETROBRAS FOWLER LONGITUDINAL DENTS CONCLUSIONS The pper presents collection of experimentl dt on ftigue tests on full scle pipe sections with plin dent, with the purpose of compring ftigue ssessment methodologies. 7 Copyright 2014 by ASME
8 Results from five reserch projects were presented, totlizing 61 experiments. The experiments comprised severl different pipe steels, dent depths nd slenderness rtios (D/t). The pipe dimeters were lwys 12 or 24. Five ftigue ssessment methodologies were compred: API 1156 with the DOE-B nd modified ASME curve, EPRG 1995, EPRG 2000 nd PETROBRAS. Only experiments tht resulted in filure were considered in the comprison, totl of 41 experimentl results, 28 sphericl nd 13 longitudinl dents. API-DOE nd EPRG 2000 in generl predicted filures t number of cycles much smller thn those observed in the experiments. Furthermore, their predictions vried gretly from one experimentl set to nother nd within the sme experimentl set. They do not seem to be pproprite to be employed by the industry. API-ASME lwys predicted life superior to those obtined in the ftigue tests. It does not seem to be sfe for prcticl pplictions. EPRG 1995 nd PETROBRAS methodologies presented the best correltion: cumultive dmge in generl between 1 nd 5, smll number of unsfe predictions nd consistent behvior in ll experiments collected. Both seem to be dequte to use by the industry, in which cse the use of sfety fctor is strongly recommended. EPRG 1995 presented better correltion with the considered experiments. However, in PETROBRAS lgorithm the depth is to be mesured with pressure, informtion not vilble in the published results. The ppliction of EPRG method is bound by the dt set utilized for the empiricl fitting. Of prticulr concern, the method is not recommended for predictions of the ftigue life beyond 100,000 cycles [5]. PETROBRAS method is direct ppliction of long estblished design rules nd does not hve this type of restriction. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The uthors wish to thnk PETROBRAS, TRANSPETRO, UFRJ nd ANP for supporting this study. REFERENCES [1] Dvis, P. M., Dubois, J., Gmbrdell, F., Snchez-Grci, E., Uhlig F., (2011). Performnce of Europen cross-country oil pipelines - Sttisticl summry of reported pillges in 2010 nd since Report no. 8/11, CONCAWE, [2] Kiefner, J. F., Kiefner, B. A., Vieth, P. H., (1999). Anlysis of DOT reportble incidents for hzrdous liquid Pipelines, 1986 through Americn Petroleum Institute Publiction [3] Kiefner, J. F., Alexnder, CR., (1997). Effects of smooth nd rock dents on liquid petroleum pipelines. Americn Petroleum Institute Publiction [4] Kiefner, J. F., Alexnder, C. R., (1999). Effects of smooth nd rock dents on liquid petroleum pipelines(phse II). Americn Petroleum Institute Publiction 1156-Addendum. [5] Roovers,P., Bood,R., Glli,M., Mrewski,U., Steiner,M., Zré,M., (2000). EPRG Methods for ssessing the tolernce nd resistnce of pipelines to externl dmge. Proceedings of the Third Interntionl Pipeline Technology Conference, Brugge, Belgium, Pipeline Technology, Volume II, 2000, pp [6] Corder I., Chtin P., (1995). EPRG recommendtions for the ssessment of the resistnce of pipelines to externl dmge. Proceeding of the EPRG/PRC 10th Biennil Joint Technicl Meeting on Line Pipe Reserch, Cmbridge, UK. [7] Cunh S., Psqulino I., Pinheiro, B., (2009). Stress-life ftigue ssessment of pipelines with plin dents. Ftigue Frct Engng Mter Struct 32, [8] Shigley, J. E., nd Mischke, C. R. (2001), Mechnicl Engineering Design, McGrw-Hill, 6th Edition, New York, Chp. 12. [9] Pinheiro B. C., Psqulino I. P. (2009). Ftigue nlysis of dmged steel pipeline under cyclicl internl pressure. Interntionl Journl of Ftigue 31 (2009) [10] Fowler J. R.., (1993). Criteri for dent cceptbility in offshore pipeline. Offshore Technology Conference, pper OTC [11] Fowler J. R., Alexnder, C. R., Kovch, P. J., Connelly L. M., (1994). Cyclic pressure ftigue life of pipelines with plin dents, dents with gouges nd dents with welds. Americn Gs Assocition report L [12] Semig V., Tiku S., (2007). Full scle demonstrtion of the interction of dents with loclized effects - Full scle test progrm yer 1, PRCI project MD4-2, interim report by BMT Fleet Technology. [13] Alexnder, C., Bedoy J., (2012). Composite Repir of Mechniclly-Dmged Pipes. PRCI project MATR 3-5, Report L52328, by Stress Engineering Services. [14] Wng K. C., Smith E. D., (1982). The effect of mechnicl dmge on frcture initition in line pipe prt I dents. CANMET report ERP/PMRL [15] HOPKINS, P. (1991). The significnce of mechnicl dmge in gs trnsmission pipelines. Pper 25, Vol. II, Proceedings of EPRG/NG-18 Eighth Biennil Joint Technicl Meeting on Line Pipe Reserch, Pris, Frnce. 8 Copyright 2014 by ASME
9 APPENDIX A CORRELATION TABLES Tble A1 CORRELATION WITH API 1156 [2, 3] SPHERICAL PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENTS UD6A N UD12A Y UD18A' Y UD12A Y UD12A Y UP6A N UP12A N Ph Y Ph Y Ph Y Men correltion with filure Men correltion w/o filure Tble A2 CORRELATION WITH API 1156 [2. 3] LONGITUDINAL PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENT UL18A' Y Tble A3 CORRELATION WITH API 1156 [2. 3] TRANSVERSE PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENT UL12A-38T Y Tble A4 CORRELATION WITH FOWLER 1 st SET [10] OF PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENTS A N A N A N A N A N A N B Y B Y B Y C Y C Y C Y H N H N H Y E N E Y E Y F N F Y F Y G N G Y G Y Men correltion with filure Men correltion w/o filure Copyright 2014 by ASME
10 Tble A5 CORRELATION WITH FOWLER 2 nd SET [11] OF PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENTS I N I Y I Y I Y I Y I N J N J N J Y J Y J Y Men correltion with filure Men correltion w/o filure Tble A6 CORRELATION WITH PRCI MD4-2 [12] PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENTS 7A Y A Y A Y A Y A Y A Y B Y B Y B Y B Y B Y B Y Men correltion with filure Tble A7 CORRELATION WITH PRCI MATR3-5 [13] PLAIN DENT EXPERIMENTS n n2 Fil N1 N2 F N1 N2 F N1 N2 F N1 N2 F N1 N2 F ID 1 UR PD Y UR PD Y Men correltion with filure Copyright 2014 by ASME
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