TEN YEAR FORECAST OF FAULT LEVELS SEPTEMBER 2016
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1 TEN YEAR FORECAST OF FAULT LEVELS SEPTEMBER 2016
2 Introduction This publication presents an update to the ten year forecast fault levels report. The Connection Code contained in Schedule 8 to the Benchmark Agreement requires Transpower to publish a ten year forecast of the expected fault levels at each customer point of service annually. 1 Transpower last published the Ten Year Forecast of Fault Levels in September Connection Code clause 4.2(g): to publish annually a 10 year forecast of the expected minimum and maximum fault level at each customer point of service.
3 Index INTRODUCTION... 2 INDEX... 3 FORECAST FAULT LEVELS CALCULATION ASSUMPTIONS... 4 TEN YEAR FORECAST OF MAXIMUM THREE-PHASE FAULT LEVELS... 6 NORTHLAND... 6 AUCKLAND... 6 WAIKATO... 7 BAY OF PLENTY... 8 CENTRAL NORTH ISLAND... 9 TARANAKI HAWKE S BAY WELLINGTON NELSON-MARLBOROUGH WEST COAST CANTERBURY SOUTH CANTERBURY OTAGO-SOUTHLAND TEN YEAR FORECAST OF MAXIMUM SINGLE-PHASE TO GROUND FAULT LEVELS.. 16 NORTHLAND AUCKLAND WAIKATO BAY OF PLENTY CENTRAL NORTH ISLAND TARANAKI HAWKE S BAY WELLINGTON NELSON-MARLBOROUGH WEST COAST CANTERBURY SOUTH CANTERBURY OTAGO-SOUTHLAND... 24
4 Forecast fault levels calculation assumptions Calculated fault levels are very dependent on the assumptions used in, and method of, the calculation. Minimum fault level calculations depend on generation and grid asset dispatch assumptions, and are generally used for ensuring the coordination of protection relays between asset owners. Protection coordination has very important consequences for power system security and safety of people and assets. Accordingly, we are not going to publish minimum fault levels which may be misunderstood and used in a way that threatens security and safety. We encourage connected parties to talk with us directly on matters concerning protection coordination. Table 3 and Table 4 list the maximum three-phase fault current and maximum single-phase to ground fault current respectively for all Transpower s transmission buses. Both tables list the 10 year forecast of fault current for existing grid configuration. The listed value is the initial RMS symmetrical short-circuit current (I k ) as defined by IEC The 10 year forecast of maximum fault levels is based on information currently known to Transpower. The values in the tables should be regarded as indicative only. We have modelled committed future transmission upgrades and generation projects using the best information we have at this time. We know that towards the end of the 10 year period, there may be additional transmission upgrades and additional generation required to meet the power and energy requirements of New Zealand. We do not know exactly the nature or location of these future transmission upgrades and new generation. The maximum fault level at a transmission bus 2 may also change where the number of supply transformers increase or get replaced as part of a Service Change to meet load growth or provide supply security. Therefore the maximum short-circuit currents listed should not be relied upon for specifying shortcircuit requirements for new substation equipment. The forecast fault levels provide an early warning of when plant capability may be exceeded. Accordingly, while Transpower endeavours to forecast fault levels accurately, the levels may change for a number of reasons and Transpower does not accept liability for other parties reliance on the fault values contained in the forecast. We encourage asset owners to consult with us for detailed information on maximum fault levels at specific sites relating to new equipment connection. The Connection Code (5.1(h)) puts an obligation on Transpower and the customer to ensure equipment connected to the grid does not cause the maximum short-circuit power and current limits in Appendix B Table B2 of the Connection Code to be exceeded on or nearby to the grid. Table 1 shows the short-circuit power and limits in Table B2 of Appendix B of the Connection Code. Note that the fault levels at some buses are already near or exceed these values. Table 1: Maximum short-circuit power and current limits Nominal voltage (kv) Maximum short-circuit power and current limits (MVA) (ka) , , , , , This report includes the maximum fault level for all Transpower s transmission buses, which encompasses customer point of service. 4 Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved.
5 We have calculated maximum fault levels in Table 3 and Table 4 using the 2001 IEC method. The values are the initial RMS symmetrical short-circuit levels. The fault levels have been calculated on the following basis: All generating units and all transmission assets are assumed to be in service. A full representation of the existing transmission grid, directly connected generation and embedded generation above 1 MW known to us is assumed. The existing wind farms are assumed to provide only full load current into a fault. Motor loads are not modelled. The breaker time is 0.1 seconds and the fault clearing time is 1 second. The fault impedance is zero ohms. Future committed changes to the power system including transmission upgrades and new generation detailed in the 2015 Transmission Planning Report. We represented new transmission lines in the model with electrical parameters estimated from the best matches with existing lines of the same conductor type. We have represented committed generation in our power system model with their electrical parameters scaled from the latest example which their type is known to us. We based the timing of these connections on open discussion with the asset owner, and from the generator s website. The actual commissioning date may vary. See Table 2 the assumption of fault current contributions from future generation Table 2: Fault current contributions from future generation Category Technology / application Fault current contribution (per unit of capacity) Thermal Coal, diesel, combined cycle gas turbine, open cycle gas turbine, gas-fired peaker, cogeneration 2.87 Thermal Geothermal 3.60 Hydro Peak hydro, stored hydro, run of river 3.67 Wind Wind 0.0 Solar Photovoltaic 0.0 Load Interruptible load, demand side response 0.0 Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved. 5
6 Ten year forecast of maximum three-phase fault levels Table 3: Ten year forecast of maximum three-phase fault levels (ka) Grid exit point Transmission bus NORTHLAND Bream Bay 33 kv Bream Bay 220 kv Marsden 110 kv Marsden 220 kv Maungatapere 110 kv Maungaturoto 33 kv Maungaturoto 110 kv (T1) Maungaturoto 110 kv (T2) Wellsford 33 kv Wellsford 110 kv (T1) Wellsford 110 kv (T2) AUCKLAND Albany 33 kv Albany 110 kv Albany 220 kv Bombay 33 kv Bombay 110 kv Drury 220 kv Glenbrook 33 kv (T4/T5) Glenbrook 33 kv (T6) Glenbrook 220 kv Henderson 33 kv Henderson 110 kv Henderson 220 kv Hepburn Road 33 kv Hepburn Road 110 kv Hobson Street 110 kv Hobson Street 220 kv Huapai 220 kv Mangere 33 kv Mangere 110 kv Mount Roskill 22 kv Mount Roskill 110 kv Otahuhu 22 kv Otahuhu 110 kv (T2/T4) Otahuhu 110 kv (T3/T5) Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved.
7 Otahuhu 220 kv Pakuranga 33 kv Pakuranga 220 kv Penrose 22 kv Penrose 33 kv Penrose 110 kv Penrose 220 kv Silverdale 33 kv Silverdale 220 kv (T1) Silverdale 220 kv (T2) Southdown 220 kv Takanini 33 kv Takanini 220 kv (T5) Takanini 220 kv (T8) Wairau Road 33 kv Wairau Road 220 kv Wiri 33 kv Wiri 110 kv (T1) Wiri 110 kv (T2) WAIKATO Arapuni 110 kv (North Bus) Arapuni 110 kv (South Bus) Atiamuri 220 kv Cambridge 11 kv Cambridge 110 kv (T3) Cambridge 110 kv (T4) Hamilton 11 kv Hamilton 33 kv Hamilton 110 kv Hamilton 220 kv Hangatiki 33 kv Hangatiki 110 kv Hinuera 33 kv Hinuera 110 kv Huntly 11 kv Huntly 33 kv Huntly 220 kv Karapiro 110 kv Kinleith 11 kv (T1A) Kinleith 11 kv (T2) Kinleith 11 kv (T3A and T3B) Kinleith 11 kv (T5) Kinleith 33 kv Kinleith 110 kv Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved. 7
8 Kopu 66 kv Kopu 110 kv (T3) Kopu 110 kv (T4) Lichfield 110 kv (T1) Lichfield 110 kv (T2) Maraetai 220 kv Ohakuri 220 kv Ohinewai 220 kv Piako 110 kv Te Awamutu 11 kv Te Awamutu 110 kv Te Kowhai 33 kv Te Kowhai 220 kv Waihou 33 kv Waihou 110 kv Waikino 33 kv Waikino 110 kv Waipapa 220 kv Whakamaru 220 kv BAY OF PLENTY Aniwhenua 110 kv Edgecumbe 33 kv Edgecumbe 110 kv Edgecumbe 220 kv Kaitimako 33 kv Kaitimako 110 kv Kaitimako 220 kv Kawerau 11 kv (T1/T2) Kawerau 11 kv (T6) Kawerau 11 kv (T7) Kawerau 11 kv (T8) Kawerau 11 kv (T9) Kawerau 11 kv (T11/T14) Kawerau 110 kv Kawerau 220 kv Matahina 110 kv Mt Maunganui 33 kv Mt Maunganui 110 kv Okere 110 kv Owhata 11 kv Owhata 110 kv Rotorua 11 kv Rotorua 33 kv Rotorua 110 kv (Tarukenga 1) Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved.
9 Rotorua 110 kv (Tarukenga 2) Tarukenga 11 kv Tarukenga 110 kv Tarukenga 220 kv Tauranga 11 kv Tauranga 33 kv Tauranga 110 kv Te Kaha 11 kv Te Kaha 50 kv Te Matai 33 kv Te Matai 110 kv Waiotahi 11 kv Waiotahi 50 kv Waiotahi 110 kv CENTRAL NORTH ISLAND Aratiatia 220 kv Bunnythorpe 33 kv Bunnythorpe 110 kv Bunnythorpe 220 kv Dannevirke 11 kv Dannevirke 110 kv (T1) Dannevirke 110 kv (T2) Linton 33 kv Linton 220 kv (T2) Linton 220 kv (T3) Mangahao 33 kv Mangahao 110 kv (T3) Mangahao 110 kv (T4) Mangamaire 33 kv Mangamaire 110 kv Marton 33 kv Marton 110 kv (T1) Marton 110 kv (T2) Mataroa 33 kv Mataroa 110 kv National Park 33 kv National Park 110 kv Nga Awa Purua 220 kv Ngatamariki 220 kv Ohaaki 220 kv Ohakune 11 kv Ohakune 110 kv Ongarue 33 kv Ongarue 110 kv Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved. 9
10 Poihipi 220 kv Rangipo 220 kv Tangiwai 11 kv Tangiwai 220 kv Tararua Central 220 kv Te Mihi 220 kv Tokaanu 33 kv Tokaanu 220 kv Waipawa 11 kv Waipawa 33 kv Waipawa 110 kv (T1) Waipawa 110 kv (T2) Wairakei 33 kv Wairakei 220 kv Woodville 11 kv Woodville 110 kv TARANAKI Brunswick 33 kv Brunswick 220 kv Carrington St 33 kv Carrington St 110 kv Hawera 33 kv (T1/T2) Hawera 33 kv (T3) Hawera 110 kv Huirangi 33 kv Huirangi 110 kv Junction Road Tee 110 kv Kapuni Tee 110 kv McKee Tee 110 kv Motunui 11 kv (T3) Motunui 11 kv (T4) Motunui 110 kv New Plymouth 33 kv New Plymouth 110 kv New Plymouth 220 kv Opunake 33 kv Opunake 110 kv (T4) Opunake 110 kv (T5) Stratford 33 kv Stratford 110 kv Stratford 220 kv Taumarunui 220 kv Wanganui 33 kv Wanganui 110 kv Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved.
11 Waverley 11 kv Waverley 110 kv HAWKE S BAY Fernhill 33 kv Fernhill 110 kv Redclyffe 33 kv Redclyffe 110 kv Redclyffe 220 kv Tuai 110 kv Whakatu 33 kv Whakatu 220 kv (T3) Whakatu 220 kv (T4) Whirinaki 11 kv (T1) Whirinaki 11 kv (T2) Whirinaki 11 kv (T3) Whirinaki 220 kv WELLINGTON Central Park 11 kv (T11) Central Park 11 kv (T12) Central Park 33 kv Central Park 110 kv (T3) Central Park 110 kv (T4) Central Park 110 kv (T5) Gracefield 33 kv Gracefield 110 kv (T5) Gracefield 110 kv (T6) Greytown 33 kv Greytown 110 kv (T2) Greytown 110 kv (T3) Haywards 11 kv Haywards 33 kv Haywards 110 kv Haywards 220 kv Kaiwharawhara 11 kv (T1) Kaiwharawhara 11 kv (T3) Kaiwharawhara 110 kv (T1) Kaiwharawhara 110 kv (T3) Masterton 33 kv Masterton 110 kv Melling 11 kv Melling 33 kv Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved. 11
12 Melling 110 kv (T1/T3) Melling 110 kv (T2/T4) Paraparaumu 33 kv Paraparaumu 220 kv (T1) Paraparaumu 220 kv (T2) Pauatahanui 33 kv Pauatahanui 110 kv (T1) Pauatahanui 110 kv (T2) Takapu Road 33 kv Takapu Road 110 kv Upper Hutt 33 kv Upper Hutt 110 kv West Wind 110 kv (Circuit 2) West Wind 110 kv (Circuit 3) Wilton 33 kv Wilton 110 kv Wilton 220 kv NELSON-MARLBOROUGH Argyle 110 kv Blenheim 33 kv Blenheim 110 kv Stoke 33 kv Stoke 66 kv Stoke 110 kv Stoke 220 kv WEST COAST Arthurs Pass 11 kv Arthurs Pass 66 kv Atarau 110 kv Castle Hill 11 kv Castle Hill 66 kv Dobson 33 kv Dobson 66 kv Dobson T11 (110 kv) Dobson T12 (110 kv) Greymouth 66 kv Hokitika 66 kv Inangahua 110 kv Kikiwa 11 kv Kikiwa 110 kv Kikiwa 220 kv Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved.
13 Kumara 66 kv Murchison 11 kv Murchison 110 kv Orowaiti 110 kv (Circuit 1) Orowaiti 110 kv (Circuit 2) Otira 11 kv Otira 66 kv Reefton 110 kv (Circuit 1) Reefton 110 kv (Circuit 2) Waimangaroa 110 kv (Circuit 1) Waimangaroa 110 kv (Circuit 2) Westport 11 kv Westport 110 kv (T1) Westport 110 kv (T2) CANTERBURY Ashburton 33 kv Ashburton 66 kv Ashburton 220 kv Ashley 11 kv (T5) Ashley 11 kv (T3) Ashley 66 kv Bromley 66 kv Bromley 220 kv Coleridge 11 kv Coleridge 66 kv Culverden 33 kv Culverden 66 kv Culverden 220 kv (T22) Culverden 220 kv (T23) Hororata 33 kv Hororata 66 kv Islington 33 kv Islington 66 kv Islington 220 kv Kaiapoi 11 kv Kaiapoi 66 kv Kimberley 66 kv (T1) Kimberley 66 kv (T2) Southbrook 33 kv Southbrook 66 kv Waipara 33 kv Waipara 66 kv Waipara 220 kv (T12) Waipara 220 kv (T13) Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved. 13
14 SOUTH CANTERBURY Albury 11 kv Albury 110 kv Aviemore 220 kv Bells Pond 110 kv Benmore 220 kv Black Point 110 kv Livingstone 220 kv Oamaru 33 kv Oamaru 110 kv (T1) Oamaru 110 kv (T2) Ohau A 220 kv Ohau B 220 kv Ohau C 220 kv Studholme 11 kv Studholme 110 kv Tekapo A 11 kv Tekapo A 33 kv Tekapo A 110 kv Tekapo B 220 kv Temuka 33 kv Temuka 110 kv (T1) Temuka 110 kv (T2) Timaru 11 kv Timaru 110 kv Timaru 220 kv (T5) Timaru 220 kv (T8) Twizel 33 kv (T18) Twizel 33 kv (T19) Twizel 220 kv Waitaki 11 kv (T28) Waitaki 33 kv (T28) Waitaki 220 kv OTAGO-SOUTHLAND Balclutha 33 kv Balclutha 110 kv Berwick 110 kv Brydone 11 kv Brydone 110 kv Clyde 33 kv Clyde 220 kv Cromwell 33 kv Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved.
15 Cromwell 110 kv (T5A/B) Cromwell 110 kv (T8) Cromwell 220 kv (T5A/B) Cromwell 220 kv (T8) Edendale 33 kv Edendale 110 kv Frankton 33 kv Frankton 110 kv (T2) Frankton 110 kv (T4) Gore 33 kv Gore 110 kv (T2/T3) Gore 110 kv Gore 220 kv (T11) Gore 220 kv (T12) Halfway Bush 33 kv (T1/T2) Halfway Bush 33 kv (T5) Halfway Bush 110 kv Halfway Bush 220 kv Invercargill 33 kv Invercargill 110 kv Invercargill 220 kv Manapouri 220 kv North Makarewa 33 kv North Makarewa 220 kv Naseby 33 kv Naseby 220 kv Roxburgh 110 kv Roxburgh 220 kv South Dunedin 33 kv South Dunedin 220 kv Three Mile Hill 220 kv Tiwai 220 kv Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved. 15
16 Ten year forecast of maximum single-phase to ground fault levels Table 4: Ten year forecast of maximum single-phase to ground fault levels (ka) Grid exit point Transmission bus NORTHLAND Bream Bay 33 kv Bream Bay 220 kv Marsden 110 kv Marsden 220 kv Maungatapere 110 kv Maungaturoto 33 kv Maungaturoto 110 kv (T1) Maungaturoto 110 kv (T2) Wellsford 33 kv Wellsford 110 kv (T1) Wellsford 110 kv (T2) AUCKLAND Albany 33 kv Albany 110 kv Albany 220 kv Bombay 33 kv Bombay 110 kv Drury 220 kv Glenbrook 33 kv (T4/T5) Glenbrook 33 kv (T6) Glenbrook 220 kv Henderson 33 kv Henderson 110 kv Henderson 220 kv Hepburn Road 33 kv Hepburn Road 110 kv Hobson Street 110 kv Hobson Street 220 kv Huapai 220 kv Mangere 33 kv Mangere 110 kv Mount Roskill 22 kv Mount Roskill 110 kv Otahuhu 22 kv Otahuhu 110 kv (T2/T4) Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved.
17 Otahuhu 110 kv (T3/T5) Otahuhu 220 kv Pakuranga 33 kv Pakuranga 220 kv Penrose 22 kv Penrose 33 kv Penrose 110 kv Penrose 220 kv Silverdale 33 kv Silverdale 220 kv (T1) Silverdale 220 kv (T2) Southdown 220 kv Takanini 33 kv Takanini 220 kv (T5) Takanini 220 kv (T8) Wairau Road 33 kv Wairau Road 220 kv Wiri 33 kv Wiri 110 kv (T1) Wiri 110 kv (T2) WAIKATO Arapuni 110 kv (North Bus) Arapuni 110 kv (South Bus) Atiamuri 220 kv Cambridge 11 kv Cambridge 110 kv (T3) Cambridge 110 kv (T4) Hamilton 11 kv Hamilton 33 kv Hamilton 110 kv Hamilton 220 kv Hangatiki 33 kv Hangatiki 110 kv Hinuera 33 kv Hinuera 110 kv Huntly 11 kv Huntly 33 kv Huntly 220 kv Karapiro 110 kv Kinleith 11 kv (T1A) Kinleith 11 kv (T2) Kinleith 11 kv (T3A and T3B) Kinleith 11 kv (T5) Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved. 17
18 Kinleith 33 kv Kinleith 110 kv Kopu 66 kv Kopu 110 kv (T3) Kopu 110 kv (T4) Lichfield 110 kv (T1) Lichfield 110 kv (T2) Maraetai 220 kv Ohakuri 220 kv Ohinewai 220 kv Piako 110 kv Te Awamutu 11 kv Te Awamutu 110 kv Te Kowhai 33 kv Te Kowhai 220 kv Waihou 33 kv Waihou 110 kv Waikino 33 kv Waikino 110 kv Waipapa 220 kv Whakamaru 220 kv BAY OF PLENTY Aniwhenua 110 kv Edgecumbe 33 kv Edgecumbe 110 kv Edgecumbe 220 kv Kaitimako 33 kv Kaitimako 110 kv Kaitimako 220 kv Kawerau 11 kv (T1/T2) Kawerau 11 kv (T6) Kawerau 11 kv (T7) Kawerau 11 kv (T8) Kawerau 11 kv (T9) Kawerau 11 kv (T11/T14) Kawerau 110 kv Kawerau 220 kv Matahina 110 kv Mt Maunganui 33 kv Mt Maunganui 110 kv Okere 110 kv Owhata 11 kv Owhata 110 kv Rotorua 11 kv Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved.
19 Rotorua 33 kv Rotorua Rotorua 110 kv (Tarukenga 1) 110 kv (Tarukenga 2) Tarukenga 11 kv Tarukenga 110 kv Tarukenga 220 kv Tauranga 11 kv Tauranga 33 kv Tauranga 110 kv Te Kaha 11 kv Te Kaha 50 kv Te Matai 33 kv Te Matai 110 kv Waiotahi 11 kv Waiotahi 50 kv Waiotahi 110 kv CENTRAL NORTH ISLAND Aratiatia 220 kv Bunnythorpe 33 kv Bunnythorpe 110 kv Bunnythorpe 220 kv Dannevirke 11 kv Dannevirke 110 kv (T1) Dannevirke 110 kv (T2) Linton 33 kv Linton 220 kv (T2) Linton 220 kv (T3) Mangahao 33 kv Mangahao 110 kv (T3) Mangahao 110 kv (T4) Mangamaire 33 kv Mangamaire 110 kv Marton 33 kv Marton 110 kv (T1) Marton 110 kv (T2) Mataroa 33 kv Mataroa 110 kv National Park 33 kv National Park 110 kv Nga Awa Purua 220 kv Ngatamariki 220 kv Ohaaki 220 kv Ohakune 11 kv Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved. 19
20 Ohakune 110 kv Ongarue 33 kv Ongarue 110 kv Poihipi 220 kv Rangipo 220 kv Tangiwai 11 kv Tangiwai 220 kv Tararua Central 220 kv Te Mihi 220 kv Tokaanu 33 kv Tokaanu 220 kv Waipawa 11 kv Waipawa 33 kv Waipawa 110 kv (T1) Waipawa 110 kv (T2) Wairakei 33 kv Wairakei 220 kv Woodville 11 kv Woodville 110 kv TARANAKI Brunswick 33 kv Brunswick 220 kv Carrington St 33 kv Carrington St 110 kv Hawera 33 kv (T1/T2) Hawera 33 kv (T3) Hawera 110 kv Huirangi 33 kv Huirangi 110 kv Junction Road Tee 110 kv Kapuni Tee 110 kv McKee Tee 110 kv Motunui 11 kv (T3) Motunui 11 kv (T4) Motunui 110 kv New Plymouth 33 kv New Plymouth 110 kv New Plymouth 220 kv Opunake 33 kv Opunake 110 kv (T4) Opunake 110 kv (T5) Stratford 33 kv Stratford 110 kv Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved.
21 Stratford 220 kv Taumarunui 220 kv Wanganui 33 kv Wanganui 110 kv Waverley 11 kv Waverley 110 kv HAWKE S BAY Fernhill 33 kv Fernhill 110 kv Redclyffe 33 kv Redclyffe 110 kv Redclyffe 220 kv Tuai 110 kv Whakatu 33 kv Whakatu 220 kv (T3) Whakatu 220 kv (T4) Whirinaki 11 kv (T1) Whirinaki 11 kv (T2) Whirinaki 11 kv (T3) Whirinaki 220 kv WELLINGTON Central Park 11 kv (T11) Central Park 11 kv (T12) Central Park 33 kv Central Park 110 kv (T3) Central Park 110 kv (T4) Central Park 110 kv (T5) Gracefield 33 kv Gracefield 110 kv (T5) Gracefield 110 kv (T6) Greytown 33 kv Greytown 110 kv (T2) Greytown 110 kv (T3) Haywards 11 kv Haywards 33 kv Haywards 110 kv Haywards 220 kv Kaiwharawhara 11 kv (T1) Kaiwharawhara 11 kv (T3) Kaiwharawhara 110 kv (T1) Kaiwharawhara 110 kv (T3) Transpower New Zealand Limited 2016.All rights reserved. 21
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