California Air Resources Board

Transcription

1 ARB Update on HFC Emissions Reductions Efforts California Air Resources Board May 2017 Glenn Gallagher

2 The Future of Refrigerants is Low-GWP U.S. EPA SNAP Program, European Union, Kigali Amendment signatories, and ARB agree: Refrigerants will be low-gwp. Very low-gwp or sort of low-gwp? When will this happen? Natural or synthetic? 2

3 Problem: HFC emissions are growing Emission Trends of ODS and ODS substitutes (hydrofluorocarbons) (as ODS are phased out, HFCs increase) 3

4 HFC Emissions in CA Insulating foam 6% Propellants 7% Solvents, fire suppressants 1% Refrigerants 86% 5

5 HFC Emissions in CA by Sector Propellants 7% Mobile AC + Transport Refrig 19% Insulating Foam 6% Solvents, Fire Suppressants 1% Commercial Refrigeration (> 50 lbs.) 36% Residential AC 10% Residential Refrigeration 1% Commercial AC 14% Commercial Refrigeration (< 50 lbs.) 6% 6

6 HFC Production/Consumption Global Phasedown Schedule HFC Consumption compared to Baseline 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% A5 Developed Countries Consumption Cap Non-A5 Developing Countries (Group 1) Consumption Cap Non-A5 Developing Countries (Group 2: Gulf Coast Countries, India, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan) Consumption Cap 6

7 Impact of Global Phasedown on California HFC Reduction Goals Phasedown alone will not reach the 40% HFC reductions required in CA by 2030 by Senate Bill 1383 Lag time 8-20 years between reductions in production and actual emissions reductions (installed base of existing equipment with slow turnover) Need additional HFC reductions 7

8 40 HFC Projected Emissions (MMTCO 2 E) in CA with Global HFC Phasedown 35 MMTCO 2 E (100-year GWP) CA Emissions Goal 2030 HFC Emissions BAU, No Phasedown, No New Measures 40% Reductions from CA 2013 Baseline

9 HFC Projected Emissions (MMTCO 2 E) in CA with Global HFC Phasedown Scaled To California HFC Emissions BAU, No Phasedown, No New Measures MMTCO 2 E (100-year GWP) CA Emissions Goal 2030 Kigali Amendment HFC Supply (not Emissions) 40% Reductions from CA 2013 Baseline

10 MMTCO 2 E (100-year GWP) HFC Projected Emissions (MMTCO 2 E) in CA with Global HFC Phasedown Scaled to California HFC Emissions BAU, No Phasedown, No New Measures Kigali Amendment HFC Supply (not Emissions) Likely HFC Emissions as Result of Kigali Amendment 5 CA Emissions Goal % Reductions from CA 2013 Baseline

11 40 35 HFC Projected Emissions (MMTCO 2 E) in CA with Global HFC Phasedown Scaled to California HFC Emissions BAU, No Phasedown, No New Measures 30 MMTCO 2 E (100-year GWP) Years Too Late Kigali Amendment HFC Supply (not Emissions) Likely HFC Emissions as Result of Kigali Amendment 5 CA Emissions Goal % Reductions from CA 2013 Baseline

12 HFC Rulemaking to begin Summer 2017 Prohibit refrigerants with GWP 150 or greater in new nonresidential stationary refrigeration equipment Sales restriction on refrigerants with GWP 2500; followed four years later by restriction on GWP

13 HFC Regulations (cont.) Potential Exemptions for New Equipment: Refrigeration systems < 50 pounds Very-low temperature < -50 C (-58 F) Exemption to High-GWP Sales Restriction: Recycled or reclaimed refrigerants 13

14 Stationary Air-Conditioning ARB has proposed < 750 GWP in new AC systems Not in rulemaking 2017 (codes & standards are not ready) 14

15 To Achieve Lower-GWP for AC, Codes & Standards Must Be Updated Lower-GWP (<750) candidates for AC are A2L (very slightly flammable). A2L is functionally not allowed right now. ASHRAE, AHRI, UL, DOE, all working together to update codes & standards. Updated codes may not be in force until

16 ARB Next Steps Continue to work on codes and standards updates to allow more low-gwp refrigerants Research contract for low-gwp feasibility of convenience-store size refrigeration Notice of HFC rulemaking Summer 2017 Workshops and public input Board Approval

17 A few questions that ARB hears from endusers somewhat skeptical of the need for low-gwp requirements: 17

18 If the Refrigerant Does Not Leak or Is Managed Properly, Then What s the Problem? Leaks happen. Annual leak rates have been reduced, but not all leaks are preventable. End-of-life losses are significant. Use the better refrigerant at the start. 18

19 Why GWP Limits? Why Not Set a Performance Standard for total carbon footprint of system? Great idea, however.. Difficult to set standards for facilities and systems that differ greatly. What is the right baseline system? R-22, R-404A, R-407A, R-410A? Enforcement challenges anticipated. 19

20 Why not just let the global HFC phase-down work? Takes too long, too much excess GHG emitted in the meantime. California must follow its own HFC reductions regulations (SB 1383) which cannot be met through a phase-down alone. 20

21 A few more questions Q: Are HFOs Environmentally Friendly? A: ARB defers to U.S. EPA acceptance; we do not have a separate refrigerant approval program. Q: What about the TFA issue? A: TFA, or trifluoroacetic acid, is a breakdown product of HFOs in the atmosphere. TFA is a known toxin to aquatic life. We are monitoring the effects of TFA. So far, water concentrations are below toxic levels. 21

22 Q: Aren t HFOs just going to be phased out like the other F-gases? A: Yes, if TFA concentrations ever build up to toxic levels. Such conditions would likely take many decades. Q: Are any refrigerants regulation-proof? A: About years from now, think water vapor, air, and magnetic refrigeration. 22

23 Thank you, Questions?

24 SLCP, Contact Information SLCP Strategic Plan at: Glenn Gallagher (Staff Lead) Pamela Gupta (Manager)