INDEX ART 5, 109, 110, 113, 208

Transcription

1 INDEX Acute respiratory diseases, see respiratory Acquired immune deficiency syndrome, see AIDS Adult Mortality and Morbidity Project (AMMP) 231, 232, 239, 241 Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies 233 Age at first sex 125, , 138, 139, 198, 200, , 241 at first marriage 130, 163, 164 differences between partners 34, 133 gap, see differences between partners mixing 133, 222 of infection 32, 33, 35, 137 patterns 132, 200, 229, , 238, 239, 241 AIDS 2, 4 7, 12, 33, 34, 41, 43 47, 62, 63, , 103, 105, , 123, 126, 135, , 168, , , , , 200, 202, , 218, 224, , mortality 7, 146, 207, , , 247 orphans 7, 46, 109, 146, 207, 208, 230, 247, 248, 251 sceptics 229, 230 Anaemia 69 Sickle cell 69 ANC 156, , 203, 230 Anopheles gambiae 67, 68 Angola 110, 254, 255 Antananarivo 79, 81 87, 89, antenatal clinic surveillance, see ANC antiretroviral drugs 110, 113, 114, 224 ART 5, 109, 110, 113, 208 Basic reproductive number BCG 50, 111, 112 Behaviour change, see also sexual behaviour Benin 110, , 215, 216, 254, 255 Black Death 33, 37, 250 Botswana 17, 110, 141, 146, 196, 203, 215, 216, 256 Broncho-pneumonia 84 Burundi 17, 110, 131, 133, 134, 141, 216 Burkina Faso 3, 10, 130, 133, 134, 141, 216 Bushbuckridge 233 Cameroon 110, 127, 131, 132, 215, 216, 250, Care 2 4, 7, 33, 35, 38, 48, 49, 52, 62, 68, 80, 102, 105, , 114, 124, 140, 145, 196, 203, 208, 209, 224, , 253 Causes of death 4, 27, 52, 55, 57 60, 62, 82 84, 86, 88 94, 96, 230, 232, 233, 235, 241, 247, 248 Central African Republic 110, 133, 175, Chickenpox 33 Child health 48, 140 mortality 4, 19, 41 63, 81 83, 104, 110, 140, 247 Chlamydia 35, 137, 195 CHOICE 109, 111 Circumcision, see male circumcision Civil registration, see vital registration Clark, Sam 231,

2 264 INDEX Climate change 4, Chloroquine resistance 41, 62 Cholera 93, 97 Cofactors 124, 137, 203, 208 Community-level interventions 173 Concordance 157, 158, 162 Condom use 125, 126, 128, 134, 138, 139, 141, , , , , , 204, 206 Congenital disorders 88 Congo 110, 175, 256 Congo DR 110, 220, 256 Contact patterns 27, 29, 38 Choosing interventions that are cost-effective, see CHOICE Cost-benefit analysis 103 Cost-effectiveness 103, 105, 109, 113, 114 intervention 111, 114 analysis 101, 109, 111 Côte d Ivoire , 110, 114, 126, 129, 130, 132, 141, 175, 185, 189, 248, 249, Counseling and testing 109, 141, 145, 169, 208 Couples 5, 126, , , 168, 169 DALY 5, , 109 Data quality 15, 20, 21 Death rate 12, 27, 32, 34, 35, 166, 206, 233, 234, 241 standardized 84 Demographic data 14, 20, 197 Demographic and health survey, see DHS Demographic surveillance systems, see DSS Density dependent transmission 29, 31 Destination area , 176, , 189 Development 3, 7, 12, 14, 21, 27, 34, 38, 41, 52, 67, 68, 74, 80, 97, 105, 111, 114, 124, 139, 140, 146, 175, 190, 195, 197, 203, 208, 209, 229, 245, 246, 249, DHS 5, 44, 47, 50, 51, 82, 83, 96 98, , 133, 136, , , 167, 169, 206, 207, 230, 239 Diarrhoea 48, 57, 58, 80, 91, 92, 96, 103, 105 Diphtheria 49, 50, 105 Directly observed short course treatment, see DOTS Disability-adjusted life years, see DALY Disease of the digestive system 84, 87, 94, 98 Diseases of infancy 97 Dispersion Measure of Mortality 3, 11 15, Divorce 131, 132, 158, 169, 179, 180, 187, 188, DOTS 111, 112 DSS , 233 East Africa 69, Ebola 37 Education 7, 43, 97, 109, 125, 132, 139, 140, , 159, 162, 163, , 196, 204, 205, 249, 252, 253, 258 Effective reproductive number 31 El-Niño 4, 70, Endemic 2, 31 34, 48, 49, 60, 68, 69, 73, 92, 97, 246 EPI 49 52, 54, 62 Epidemic 6, 12, 27, 31 34, 43 46, 55, 60, 63, 69, 71 73, 91 93, 97, 102, 109, 112, 113, , 139, , 195, 196, , , 215, 216, 219, 223, 224, 229, 230, 232, 233, 238, 239, 241, , Epidemic projection package, see EPP Epidemiologic transition 27 Epidemiological modelling 232 EPP 156, 196, 254 Equity 102, 103, 114 Ethical requirement 108 Ethiopia 72, 73, 110, 130, 131, 140, 141, 221 Evaluation of HIV prevention programs, see HIV mass media 143, 189 school-based education 144 community based interventions 144, 145 facility based intervention 145 Evangelical Lutheran church in Namibia 23, 229 Expanded Program for Immunization, see EPI Extended vaccination programme 91, 97 Faithfulness 191 Food crisis 79, 81, 91 93, 96, 139, 246 shortage 4, 79, 81, 89, 93

3 INDEX 265 Force of infection 29 Former Soviet Union, see Russian Federation Frequency dependent transmission 30 32, 35 Gabon 110, 132 GDP 7, 80, 81, 104, 105, 245, , 252, Genetic polymorphism 67, 71 Genital ulcers 137, 139, 204, 205 Ghana 106, 107, 110, 129, 130 Gender inequality 5, 128 Global burden of disease 102, 103, 246 Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria 110, 111, 147 Glucose-6-phosphate-dehyrogenase 69 Gonorrhoea 28, 35, 137, 195 Gross domestic product, see GDP Guinea 44, 73, 106, 107, 110, 133 HAART - see ART Haiti 217, 247 Health expenditure 102, 105, 108, 251, 253 indicators 50 infrastructure 48, 52 priorities 3, 21, 108 program 43, 48, 49, 88, 89, 96, 98, 103, 140 Health Metrics Network 21 Helminthiasis 113 Herpes-simplex 28 Herpes simplex type 2, see HSV-2 Highlands 67 69, 71 74, 97 Highly active antiretroviral therapy, see ART High risk behaviours, see sexual behaviour HIV epidemic 6, 41, 44, 46, 112, 126, 127, 131, 134, 135, 139, 141, 142, 147, 169, 195, 196, , 215, 216, 219, 223, 224, , 246, 249 knowledge 172 incidence 5, 141, 142, 145, 146, 195, 200, 201, 203, 215, 219, 222, 232 infected children 43 prevalence 5, 6, 35, 44 46, 112, , 131, , 141, 142, 145, 155, 156, 164, 165, 175, 185, 189, , , 209, 215, 216, 219, , 230, 231, 248, 254, 255, 257 prevention 6, 109, 112, 124, , 155, 209 transmission 6, 124, 136, 137, 139, 141, , 155, 156, 190, 195, 196, 203, 208 trends 141 HSV-2 137, 138, 146, 205 Human development indices 12, 14, 256 Human immunodeficiency virus, see HIV IEC 96 Immunity 4, 28, 31, 32, 36, 51, 67 69, 71, 74, 92, 97 Immunization 49, 52, 55, 58, 105, 111, 112 Impact 3, 6, 7, 12, 27, 29, 33 35, 49, 50, 73, 79 82, 84, 86, 87, 89, 91, 93, 97, 102, 108, 112, 113, , 156, 171, 172, 195, 200, 202, 205, 208, 215, , 229, 231, 232, , INDEPTH , 235, 241 models 229, 232, India 15, 16, 18, 22, 37, 42, 43, 97, 106, 107, 138, 218, 247, 249 Inequality 5, 20, 21, 128 Inequity 124 Infant mortality 3, 11, 13, 14, 17 20, 22, 42, 43, 62, 88, 124 rate 13, 14, 18, 206 Infertility 35, 36 Influenza 28, 29, 37, 84, 91, 93 Injections 51, 123, 203, 205 Isoniazid 217, 224 Kazakhstan 17, 256 Kenya 4, 69 73, 106, 107, 110, 125, 127, , 146, , 220, 223, 249, 250, 252, 256 Labour productivity 250 Land use change 68, 71 Lesotho 110, 127, 132, 256 Life expectancy at birth 11 19, 21, 22, 41, 85, 96, 247 Life histories 28 Macroeconomics 252 Madagascar 4, 70, 72, 79 98, 106, 107, 110 Malaria 2, 4, 29, 33, 41, 49, 55, 56, 58, 61 63, 67 74, 80, 83, 84, 89, 91 93, 95, 96, 103, 105, 113, 132 mortality 41, 49, 61, 62, 67, 68 prevention 48, 49 resistance 41, 62, 63, 68

4 266 INDEX Marriage 5, 6, 55, 127, 128, 130, , 139, , 190, 204 cohabitation 126, 130, 132 previous marriage 155, 158, , 169 Maternal health death 69, 83, 84, 94, 1 8, 109, 124, 140 Malawi 110, 129, 130, 141, 196, 215, 216, 219, 220 Male circumcision 5, 138, 146, 195, 203 Malnutrition 58, 80, 92, 105 Maternal and child health 140, see also MCH Mauritius 44, 110, 140 MCH 48, 49 Measles 28, 31 33, 49, 50, 55, 58 62, 83, 84, 89, 91, 92, 96, 103, 105 Measurement 11, 48, 70, 113, 195, 209 Meningitis 32, 112 Micro studies 247 Migrant internal 6, 171, 177, , international 171, 172, , , Migration 3, 5, 6, 31, 37, 55, 68, 81 84, 126, 127, 132, , , 191, 192, 203, 207, 251 Millennium Development Goals 12, 21, 140 Mobility 3, 6, 126, 127, , 182, 185, 191, 192 Model life tables 84, 229, 231, 241 Moldova 106, 107, 256 Mother-to-child transmission of HIV 109, 141, 247 Moral issues 114 Mortality, adult 3, 11, 19, 21, 104, 155, 195, 196, , 209, 229, , 235, 238, 241 age pattern 229, , 238, 239, 241 age-specific 84, 86, 164, 166, 168, 229, 235, 241 AIDS 7, 146, 147, 207, , , 247 child, see child mortality convergence 11 13, data 4, 14, 20, data quality 15, 20, 21 dispersion Measure of Mortality 3, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21 distribution 11, 20 divergence 11, 18 excess 6, 85, 86, 97, 98 global trends 3, 12 HIV associated 155, 164, 169, 207 increase 85, 86, 169, , 239, 241 infant, see infant mortality measurement 22 neonatal 57 peak 79, 91, 93 rate 12 14, 18, 20, 27, 33, 34, 58 60, 69, 83 85, 89 91, 94, 103, 110, , 196, 205, 206, 216, 232, 233, 235, 247 reversals 12, 15, 18, 19, 21 trends 2, 3, 14, 42, 44, 45, 47, 52, 56, 89, 91, 230, 233 Mother and child health programs (MCH) 48, 49 Mount Kenya 71 Mount Kilimanjaro 71 Mozambique 80, 110, 130, 141, 196, 250 M. tuberculosis 215, 216, 219, 222, 223 annual risk of M. tuberculosis infection 219, 223 Multiple partnerships 156, 190, 191 Mumps 28, 33 Namibia 6, 110, 129, 130, 203, 229, , 239 Natural history 27, 28, 35, 230, 231 Neisseria Gonorrheoa, see gonorrheoa Neonatal mortality, see mortality neonatal Neonatal tetanus 49, 51, 55, 57 Nevirapine 109, 208 Niger 73, 110, 133, 136 Nigeria 110, 129, 130, 133, 145 Non-communicable diseases 104, 232, 239 Nutritional deficiencies 4, 79, 80, 84, 86 90, 92 94, 98 Orphans 7, 46, 109, 146, 207, 208, 230, 247, 248, 251 Parasitic diseases 79, 83, 94, 93, 95, 96 Partners, sexual 31, 35, 123, 126, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134, 136, 138, 143, 144, 177, 190, 191, 204, 205 Perception of risk 171, 172, 176, 178, 182, 185, 187, 190, 191 Perinatal diseases 88 Philippines 247 Plague 29, 33, 97, 250 Plasmodium falciparum 70

5 INDEX 267 Pneumonia 33, 58, 84, 89, 91, 93, 103, 105 Poliomyelitis, polio 33, 49, 50, 105 Polygamy 128 Population attributable fraction 222, 223 Population observatories 41, 47, 52, 54, 56 58, 62 Population surveillance 55, 133, 135 Poverty 2, 3, 5, 37, 68, 80, 114, , 139, 144, 146, 147, 230, 245, 246, 248 Premature birth 57, 59 Pregnancy 43, 48, 51, 69, 73, 74, 126, 218 Prevalence HIV 5, 6, 35, 44 46, 112, , 131, , 141, 142, 135, 155, 156, 164, 165, 175, 185, 189, , , 209, 215, 216, 219, , 230, 231, 248, 254, 255, 257 Primary health care 48, 49, 52, 62, 196, 203 Principal components 6, 229, , 240, 241 Projections 7, 43, 44, 205, 206, 229, 241, 247, 250, 254 back projection 230 Prophylaxis 224 Protective strategy 171, 192 Pulmonary Hantavirus Syndrome 37 Registers, church 229, 233 Resource allocation 102 Respiratory infections 84, 93, acute 37, 84, 95 Return area 172, 174, 176, 182, 183, 185, 190, 191 Routes of transmission 28, 30, 176, 185 Rubella 28, 33 Rural population 41, 52, 54, 55, 62, 195, 197 Russian Federation 3, 12, Ruwenzori Mountains 71 Rwanda 4, 69, 72, 73, 110, 127, , 141, 220, 256 SARS 37 Senegal 4, 6, 41, 45 54, 56 58, 62, 63, 73, 110, 127, 171, 172, , 183, 185, , 215, 216 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, see SARS Sex, sexual behaviour 32, 143, 144, 155, 158, 183, 190, 191, 205 casual 126, 134, 190 commercial 131, 132, 145, 156, , 183, 184, 217 high risk 203, 204, 241 transactional 5, 126, , 139 ratio 126, 166, 167, 198 Sexual activity 131, 132, , 144, 177, 206, 241 Sexually transmitted disease, see STD Sexually transmitted infection, see STI Sickle cell anaemia, see anaemia Sierra Leone 110, 127 Socio-economic status 125, 126, 204 South Africa 6, 72, 106, 107, 110, 112, 123, , 132, , 143, 146, 173, 196, 203, 222, 223, 229, 230, , 236, 239, 247, 248, 251, 252, 256 Sri Lanka 106, 107, 247 STD 35, 109, 113, 218 STI 6, 30, 35, 36, 109, 123, 124, 127, , 145, 172, 175, 176, 191, 195, 203, 205, 208 Stigmatisation 189 Surveys sexual behaviour 169 Susceptibles 29, 31, 32, 36 Swaziland 110, 127, 249, 256 Syphilis 28, 33, 35, 37, 137, 156, 195 Tajikistan 106, 107, 256 Tanzania 73, 106, 107, 110, 126, 129, 130, 134, , 204, 215, 216, 223, 229, 231, 232, 239, 241, 247, 248, 250, 256 TB, see tuberculosis Testing, see VCT Tetanus 49 51, 55, 57, 105 Thailand 137, 222, 247, 256 Treatment 7, 34, 35, 38, 43, 46, 73, 97, 102, , 138, 139, , 157, 206, 209, 215, 222, 224, 251, 257 Threshold population size Trends 1 3, 11 21, 41, 42, 44, 45, 47, 52, 55, 56, 62, 72, 89, 91, 96, 134, 141, 158, 178, , 215, 223, 230, 233 Trichomonas vaginalis 205 Tuberculosis 2, 6, 28, 29, 33, 49, 50, 83, 84, 93 98, , 105, 109, tuberculosis incidence 216 impact of HIV on Uganda 35, 123, , 133, , , 208, 218, 221, 231, Ukraine 256 UNAIDS 43 45, 147, , 207, 209, 245, 254

6 268 INDEX United Nations 11, 13, 20, 42, 43, 84, 108, 140, 158, 197, 256 Urbanization 3, 5, 124, 174, 175 Vaccination coverage 32, 38, 49 52, 54, 61, 206 programs 32, 33, 54, 91, 97 VCT 109, 112, 141, 145, 146, 155, 169, 208, 218, 224, 230 Verbal autopsy 55, 58, 61, 230, 233, 239 Voluntary Counseling and testing, see VCT Vulnerability 4, 33, 93, 124, , 146, 147, 172, 173, 246, 254 West Africa 32, 70 WHO 11, 20, 50, 51, 83, 97, 104, 105, , 196, 252 Whooping cough 96, 105 Widowhood 204, 206 World Health Organization, see WHO Young people 5, 27, , 130, , 156, 157, 195, 205, 208, 222, 241 Zaïre 220 Zambia 110, , 133, 136, 2137, 145, , 164, , 196, 215, 216, 218, 248, 250, 256 Zimbabwe 6, 72, 110, 126, 127, 129, , 136, , , 215, 216, 229, 230, , 236, 239, 241, 256