Storage as a Wholesale Market Participant Thursday, June 14 2pm ET/11am PT

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3 Storage for Resilience Part 1: Applications and Technologies Thursday, April 12 2pm ET/11am PT Part 2: Deploying Storage for Resilience Thursday, May 10 2pm ET/11am PT Storage as a Wholesale Market Participant Thursday, June 14 2pm ET/11am PT Rate Design Trends for Behind-the-Meter Storage Thursday, July12 2pm ET/11am PT To register, go to: Funding for this series is provided by the US Department of Energy 3

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5 Grid Modernization Research at Sandia: Grid Modernization and Resilient Infrastructures - ExternalDrivers March 2018 Presentation by C.Hanley Our 21 st Century needs a 21 st Century grid to adapt to new threats, energy sources, and economic drivers. Cyber Security Threats Physical Threats Extreme Weather Events Reliability/Resiliency Needs Aging Infrastructure New GenerationSources Customer Participation Electric Vehicle Market 5 Sandia National Laboratories is a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA

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19 Grid Resiliency with Ensemble Sandia / Strategen Grid Resiliency Webinar 12 April, 2018 John Berdner Sr. Dir. of Regulatory Strategy Donny Zimmanck Principal Engineer, Ensemble

20 Enphase Global Footprint Enphase in more than 700,000 systems in 110+ countries; 16Million+ Micros Enphase Energy, Inc.

21 The Enphase Home: Complete Energy Solution Generation Management Enphase Energy, Inc. Energy Hub Storage Consumption

22 What is Resiliency? For solar system owners it provides a different answer to an old question So you are telling me my grid tied solar system doesn t work if the power is out? Yes, because inverters are required to shut down during outages No, you will have at least some power during outages no matter the size of your system. Grid resiliency is the ability of the grid to break apart and reassemble during major events while providing some reasonable level of service to customers Has been challenging in the past due to regulatory restrictions IEEE 1547 (2018) adds new functionality making resiliency easier to implement Voltage and frequency droop, Ride through, wider trip limits, interoperability requirements IEEE and provide micro-grid control structures. The highest level of resiliency is achieved when every customer can supply their own power independently or as part of an arbitrarily defined grouping, up to and including the entire bulk power system, i.e. grid tied Enphase Energy, Inc.

23 The IQ8 Inverter Ensemble building block The Swift ASIC Grid on a chip 7 th generation hardware 295VA with 450VAOL 97% Efficient Grid-forming/supporting Advanced droop control Stable under all load conditions Stable under all linkage impedances Bi-directional Can be used with PV or with Energy Storage Enphase Energy, Inc.

24 Sub-cycle Characteristics The IQ8 can emulate a virtual impedance Controller accurate up to about 10kHz This could provide additional benefits to the grid Improve THD, improve power-factor on transformers, dampen sub-cycle harmonics, Enphase Energy, Inc.

25 Distributed vs. Central Control Many AC coupled backup solutions today use a Master-Slave topology Master = Voltage Source Slaves = Current sources IQ8 microinverter uses hierarchical control Same control architecture used by The Grid. Primary Control à Stability Embedded DSP in each inverter > 100 khz 100% autonomous and distributed = ROBUST Secondary Control à Quality PLC broadcasts to all microinverters in system at ~ 1 Hz Not distributed, but also not mission critical Tertiary Control à Economy PLC multi-casts every 5-15 minutes Re-optimize energy flow Enphase Energy, Inc.

26 Hierarchical Control is Universal Same controller used for on-grid and off-grid Off-grid Sets intertie schedule to 0W and 0VA, i.e. power flow to grid is zero since the system is isolated from the grid. Tie-line bias control sets bias to maintain V/F targets of the islanded system Grid-tied or tied to sister system(s) or tied to another generator Telemetry sent to upstream controller defining capability downstream of intertie point Upstream controller sets biased intertie schedule via API (SUNSPEC) Secondary control biases maintain schedule Tertiary control biases maintain schedule at lowest cost of operation Enphase Energy, Inc.

27 Enphase Energy, Inc. Example: Ensemble On-grid to Off-grid transition

28 Hierarchical Control is Scalable Aggregation of data and control means that the controller at each level only needs to handle a fixed number of nodes Enphase Energy, Inc.

29 Hierarchical Control is Robust Graceful degradation System can function even when tertiary and secondary control systems fail Tertiary control failure à system may have sub-optimal area economy Secondary control failure à system V/F may fluctuate Primary control is distributed System can tolerate unexpected loss of multiple resources Loss of 1 microinverter instantly picked up by primary regulation of other inverters This make microinverter based systems especially reliable, as now even the smallest systems have built in redundancy Enphase Energy, Inc.

30 Hierarchical Control is Flexible Master-less framework simplifies setup PV inverters can t tell the difference between a charging AC coupled battery and a load, nor do they care Master-less system is easy to modify All inverters are plug-and-play AND hot-swappable with touch safe connectors Power can be increased at any time by simply adding more microinverters Storage can be added at any time simply by adding battery coupled microinverters AC coupled architecture can work with other equipment Legacy inverters Grid-tied inverters from other manufactures Can even use Rule 21 AGF functions to work with Primary Controllers Enphase Energy, Inc.

31 Early Field Testing Results Zimmanck Residence 8 microinverter system 6 connected to batteries 2 connected to PV modules ~ 2.4 kw, 3.6 kwp ~ 9.6 kwh of energy storage Backing up entire house Refrigerator Microwave Gas furnace Various consumer electronics Various lighting loads Incandescent, CFL, LED Wife watching Netflix Enphase Energy, Inc.

32 How low can you go? Early Observations Good brown-out V/f droop control and lenient ride-through is key Loads surprisingly tolerant of brown-outs, intolerant of voltage spikes Full-sized compressor refrigerator 4 inverters à Easily starts, but brown-out resets some digital clocks and WiFi router 6 inverters à Brown out noticeable on some lights, but clocks, PC, and WiFi router are able to ride-through without reset Microwave oven Causes noticeable dimming of lights when system is partially loaded, but still popped my popcorn 1.5 HP deep well-pump Brown-out violates even wide ride through ranges,(expected) Estimate 4 additional microinverters needed to maintain IEEE 1547 Category III ride through limits Enphase Energy, Inc.

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34 PXiSE Advanced Control Technology (ACT) For Power Grid Resiliency Lee Krevat 2018 PXiSE Energy Solutions, LLC. All copyright and trademark rights reserved. PXiSE is a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of Sempra Energy.

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37 Challenges With Traditional Control Technology Significant spinning reserve results in inefficient use of fuel Renewables are curtailed due to droop control limitations Percentage of renewables are capped, even though they are less expensive than imported fuel Existing distributed energy resources are not well-leveraged during grid disturbances and outages to provide resilience 4

38 Resiliency Federated Network of Microgrids PXiSE ACT controlled energy storage reduces spinning reserve up to 100%, reducing fuel cost significantly more than projectcost PXiSE ACT precisely controls frequency, removing the need to curtail due to instability concerns PXiSE ACT optimizes resources across the grid and removes the requirement to cap the percentage of less expensive renewable energy PXiSE ACT leverages existing DERs during grid disturbances and outages Connected clusters of resourcesare seamlessly reconfigured into microgrids Microgrids are reconnected in the most efficient configuration as grid stabilization progresses 5

39 Funded By Fuel Savings AGC Controlled PXiSE Controlled AGC Controlled 60 Hz Generators can be run optimally to save diesel no spinning reserve Less diesel burned for automatic generation control No curtailment of renewables Remove cap on concurrent renewable generation capable of zero inertia control 6

40 Substation BESS with Fast Voltage Control and microgrid capability PXiSE SCADA Capability to Coordinate BESS & Distributed BESS and/orinverter PXiSE Feeder Resiliency UseCase Distribution Inverter with Fast Local Voltage Control and feeder microgrid Additional Services Autonomous fast frequency control Resource adequacy Dynamic line ratings Backflow alerting Renewable energy Spinning reserve And others Seamless islanding and reconnection to grid for resiliency during a grid outage Inverter-based voltage protection for substation circuits due to grid voltage disturbance Voltage reduction conservation to any set point with only an inverter for a neighborhood or customer with high power quality requirements feeder microgrid function can be added with energy storage 7

41 Superior Power Quality for IncreasedResilience PXiSE ACT uniquely enables precise power quality at the location of an inverter by communicating setpoints 60 times per second Real-time power quality monitoring frequency, voltage, powerfactor Voltage conservation reduction to precisesetpoint Rule 21 compliance assured, keeping distributed resources online Voltage sink mitigation across multiple circuits with substationplacement Precise reactive energy / power factor control 8

42 Distributed Resilient Operations PXiSE ACT performs patented analytics on data provided by standard, off-the-shelf PMU sensors Provides real-time alerts based by evaluating line rating specifications versus precise, dynamic, real-time line ratings based onresistance Historical analysis on resistance data enables precise accuracy in planning for linecapacity increases or energy storage to defer line capacityupgrade Back flow measurements inform operators enabling proactive network modifications potentially, the addition of energy storage as asolution 9

43 PXiSE All-Standard Solution Components The PXiSE ACT controller software runs on a standard server and can be located in the substation or operations control center A standard PMU at the point of measurement communicates data to ACT 60 timesper second. PMUs are often already present An inverter is installed at the point of control. Based on patented algorithms, PXiSE commands the inverter every cycle to precisely managevoltage Energy storage enables the inverter to precisely control frequency and powerfactor Fast communications translates to precise control. Fiber is preferred, but fastwireless technology is acceptable 10

44 PXiSE Advanced Control Technology SCADA & Fast PMU Input Data Precisely Mitigates Grid Disturbances and Optimizes Value 60 Times/Second Fast Advanced Control Intelligence and OSIsoft PI Data Historian Included PXiSE TakeAvailable Apply Patented Technologies 1 High-speed 2 with Software Algorithms 3 Industry inside an IndustrialComputer Standard Data Fast, Precise Control Decisions to Inverter Optimize Value of Energy Assets through Real-time Operations Continuously streamed in a fast, closed-loop feedback design Leverages industry standard syncrophasors (PMUs), to measure time-synchronized, high resolution data at 60 samples per second PMUs are inexpensive and commonly deployed in standard utility hardware Leverages ubiquitous OSIsoft PI historian to provide visualization and analytics on a proven platform Deployed on standard ruggedizedservers from numerous vendors Standards enable integration inunder one month 11

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