High Performance Micro RC

Transcription

1 Things You Should Know Before You Get Started: TM Microbatics Connectors The sockets on the Microbatics system go all the way through to accomodate stacking. If you find that your wires are pulling free during your high power maneuvers you may push your wire through slightly and give it a little bend to retain it. When removing these wires you will need to clip the small bend off. Pulling the bend through the sockets will ruin them. BLC-1 Keep Your Signal Clean Small bend to retain wire. Keep it small so that it doesn't touch other wires. JST Adaptor The Microbatics system does filter your signal, and does a good job of sustaining flight when conflicting signal occurs. However, high power modules and their wires can create too much radio noise when positioned too close to the RX module. Direct your wires away from the RX module and give it some space. Also, direct your antenna along the shortest route away and perpendicular to high power wires. RX-101 CM-1 NEVER PLUG THINGS INTO THE SYSTEM WHEN IT IS POWERED UP High Performance Micro RC Version Dynamics Unlimited (C) 2005 Dynamics Unlimited. This document may be copied and distributed provided it is complete, unmodified and with this copyright notice intact. We shouldn't have to say this... but the Microbatics system is capable of delivering a lot of power. A stray live wire making contact in the wrong place can toast your system and cause A LOT of heat. ESC Operation Both the BLC-1 and the RX-101 are disabled until the activation procedure is followed. Beeping and Flashing The RX-101 will respond with flashes when you are starting up and when you are starting-up configuring and/or calibrating so you will need to watch for the flashing light. The RX-101 will also generate beeps if port 7 has an actuator plugged into it. It will also "wag its tail" upon startup if this is an actuator on your rudder channel. Low Battery Warning The RX-101 will let you know if you have a low battery. You will start to hear the throttle pulse. The pulsing should not effect flight but will allow you to decide when to chop the throttle. If you are using actuators, you will also start to hear a "grinding" sound when they move during low battery warning. More Support Because we know that our products are only as good as our customer support. You can also use our very handy configuration wizard at:

2 Table Of Contents Welcome to Microbatics 2 RX-101 Receiver Introduction RX-101 Receiver Set-up RX-101 Quick Start Options #1 uni-directional motor w/actuators #1 Uni-directional motor with bi-directional motors #2 Uni-directional motor with Servos #3 Uni-directional Motor with 2 servos and 2 actuators Quickstart for BLC-1 Brushed Motor Hook-up Actuator Hookup (Magnetic and/or Motor) Servo Hookup RX-101 Receiver Startup Calibrate to your transmitter 14 Configure your RX BLC-1 Single Cell Brushless ESC BLC-1 Set-up 19 Configuring your BLC-1 21 Trouble-shooting 23 Warnings 24 Warranty, Updates, and Replacement Program 25 Ratings Congratulations on purchasing some of the most advanced Micro-RC equipment on the market. There is a lot you can do with the Microbatics system and you will likely be discovering new applications and configurations for a long time. Your imagination is the limit. So, dream, have fun and enjoy the freedom that our Microbatics team has provided. RX-101 Receiver Introduction The RX-101 Microbatics receiver operates on the standard 72MHz, 35MHz, 50MHz, or 36MHz air bands and will recognize and respond to 7 outputs from your transmitter. The RX-101 comes with an integrated CM-1 controller which is capable of channel mixing, is stackable and will remain compatible with future Microbatics products. Although this is a "single cell" receiver, you will find that there are applications that allow you to use more than one cell at a time such as in brushless and stacked applications, but each cell remains a single cell in its application. This allows you to keep things light and add power delivery only when and where needed. You will also find that the RX-101 is cabable of driving several types of motors, servos, actuators, and lights from any of the 7 outputs on the control module. Should you find that the 7 outputs aren't enough for your application, you can simply plug-in another control module with or without an additional battery depending on your power needs. This makes a huge variety of combinations, that were previously unavailable, possible. The RX-101 is the Microbatics wide-band version and will need 10 channel spacing to avoid intereference. 1 2

3 RX-101 Receiver Set-up The RX-101 has been color coded in order to make set-up and port identification easier. Battery Connector Quick-Start Options We know that you want to get in the air as quickly as possible, so we have made quick-starts for some more common configurations. Have Fun Your RX-101 comes Factory set to Quickstart #1 Quickstart #1...1 Uni-directional brushed or brushless motor output... Up to 3 actuator outputs PAGE 5 Quickstart #1...1 Uni-directional brushed or brushless motor output Antenna Socket Ground for JST Adaptor and Lights Brushed ESC Output Ports...Up to 3 bi-directional motor outputs...1 Uni-directional brushed or brushless motor output...up to 5 servos...one LED with "rotating beacon" effect. PAGE 5 Quickstart #2 PAGE 6 RX-101 Receiver Module G P Uni-directional brushed or brushless motor output Quickstart #3 CM-1 Control Module -AND-...up to 2 servos: AILERON, ELEVATOR -AND-...up to 2 actuators: ELEVATOR, RUDDER PAGE 7 Crystal Socket Stackable Port if after doing a Quickstart you are not getting appropriate throws, or you feel that your plane is being over controlled, you may want to use our simple calibration routine on Page 14 to get the most from your transmitter. This may be useful if you are using actuators or a lower end transmitter. 3 4

4 Quick-Start #1 Brushed Motor w/actuators or Bi-directional Motors Plug the RED or postive motor wire into RED port P the BLACK motor wire into BLUE port 1. Plug actuators into GREEN output ports as follows: Ailerons: Ports 2 and 3 Elevator: Ports 4 and 5 Rudder: Ports 6 and 7 Bi-directional motors are configured the same as actuators and can be used with this configuration. -Turn on transmitter with throttle all the way down. - plug in battery to activate receiver. -move your throttle from the full down to full up and then down again to arm the ESC. Do a controls check. If you find that an actuator or motor is moving in the opposite direction of what you would like, simply reverse the two output ports that it is plugged into or reverse the channel on your transmitter. Be sure to read the Magnetic Actuator manual to learn all of your options for installing magnetic actuators on your vehicle To return to this setting after other configurations, plug in receiver and hold elevator down until light flashes once. Release stick. You may have to go through a few cycles of flashing to get to the one that fashes once To return to Quickstart #1 Servo Hook-up with Brushed motor For easy use of servos, we suggest the JST adaptor. This makes the use of servos a simple matter of plugging them in. Quick-Start #2 Be sure that your servos have a positive center: a red wire to the center of the JST connector before pluging them in. Plug JST adaptor into BLACK port G, RED port P, etc...making sure that the colors on both modules line-up. Plug servos in from left to right as pictured: Ailerons, Elevator and Rudder. You may then plug the RED motor wire into the RED port and BLACK motor wire into the BLUE port that is on the BLUE section of your JST adaptor. If all you have is one motor and servos, then you may configure your receiver following these few steps: -Turn on your transmitter. -Place throttle in the full down position. -Plug in the battery to activate receiver. -Place elevator stick in the full down position -Hold until receiver plays 2 beeps or flashes 2 times. It may take a few blankcycles of flashing to get the one that flashes 2 times. Release stick. Your receiver is now programmed to drive servos and you will NOT have to repeat the last 2 steps on future start-ups. Always start-up receiver with transmitter on and the throttle all the way down A E R 2 flashes Once start-up is complete, Move throttle from full down to full up and down again to end configuration mode and activate receiver. 5 6

5 Servo Actuator Combinations For this application we suggest the 2 port JST adaptor. This makes the use of servos a matter of plugging them in. Quick-Start #3 Be sure that your servos have a positive center: a red wire to the center of the JST connector before pluging them in. Plug JST adaptor into BLACK port G, RED port P, etc...making sure that the colors on both modules line-up. Plug servos in from left to right as pictured: Ailerons, Elevator You may then plug the RED motor wire into the RED port and BLACK motor wire into the BLUE port that is on the BLUE section of your JST adaptor. Quick-Start #3 (continued) Servo Actuator Combinations (Continued) Here are the steps for configuring this quickstart: -Turn on your transmitter. -Place throttle in the full down position. -Plug in the battery to activate receiver. -Place the elevator stick in the full down position as shown. -Hold until receiver plays 3 beeps or flashes 3 times. It may take a few blankcycles of flashing to get the one that flashes 3 times. Release stick 3 beeps or 3 flashes Plug-in your actuator/actuators according to illustration. You may choose to use either a servo or actuator for Elevator in this configuration. Your receiver is now programmed to drive this combination of servos and actuators and you will NOT have to repeat the last 2 steps on future start-ups A E E R Once start-up is complete move your throttle from full down to full up and down again to end configuration mode and to activate your reciever. Always start-up receiver with the transmitter on and the throttle all the way down Continued on next page

6 If you need only one uni-directional motor see Quickstarts on Pages 4-8 Quick Start BLC Brushless Motor with Microbatics BLC-1 Brushed Motor Capabilities Plug in actuators or servos as described for your quickstart. Then, plug your 3 motor wires into the BLUE section of your Microbatics Brushless Motor Controller and the YELLOW, RED, and BLACK wires from your Brushless Motor Controller into the color matched Stackable Port. One of the remarkable features of the Microbatics CM-1 Control Module is the wide variety of motor setups one could have. For most applications you will be only requiring one unidirectional Brushed or Brushless motor. A single CM-1 can have: The Factory Default Setting of 3 independent bi-directional motor drivers -or- 3 independent actuator drivers (GREEN ports 2-7) and one independent uni-directional motor driver. (Red port P and Blue port 1) ***Note bi-directional motor setting is the same as the actuator setting and you can drive more than one motor on each port if they are controlled by the same channel from your transmitter*** *** SPECIAL NOTE- If you are using a brushless speed controller other than a Microbatics Brushless Motor controller, do not plug it into the stackable port. -oryou may also program it with your transmitter to drive 7 independent uni-directional brushed motors or any combination of uni-directional and bi-directional motors. When you have finished hooking up your motors, see the programming instructions on Page 15 Because high power applications create radio noise, you will want to position your brushless controller and wires somewhat away from your receiver It takes any one output port 1-7 and one Power port P to run each independent unidirectional motor (The single P port can serve up to 7 Individual uni-directional motors as shown on black motors on illustration) Follow the configuration steps for your actuator and/or servo setups on Pages 4-8 For your safety and convenience, the BLC-1 is not armed upon start-up. When you are ready, move your throttle from the full down to the full up and back again. Your BLC-1 is now ready to function. Uni-directional Motors l Do a controls check. If you find that an actuator or motor is moving in the opposite direction of what you would like, simply reverse the two output ports that it is plugged into. If your brushless motor is turning in the opposite direction of what you would like, you may switch the direction by flipping your landing gear switch or reversing 2 of the 3 motor wires which are plugged into the BLUE section of your BLC-1 a on cti ire ors -D B i Mo t Always start-up receiver with the transmitter on and the throttle stick all the way down It takes any adjacent 2 ports 1-7 to run a bi-directional motor as shown on Blue motors in illustration. G P

7 If you need only one uni-directional motor and actuators see Quickstarts on Page 5 Servo Capability Actuator Set-Up Your CM-1 Control Module comes factory set to handle 3 independent actuators and a brushed and/or Microbatics -controlled, brushless motor. Actuators may be plugged into any two adjacent GREEN output ports 2-7. (NOTE: if you aren't reserving BLUE output port M for a brushed motor or light, then you may also use it as a port for actuators) Actuators, (magnetic, or coreless motor type), require two adjacent output ports each. You may use up to 3 actuators with a single CM-1 control module. Each output port must have a minimum of 5 ohms each plugged into them when in use. (Treat muscle wire actuators like unidirectional motors both in hook-up and configuration.) The Microbatics CM-1 Control Module that comes with your RX-101 is cabable of driving up to 6 independently controlled servos at once. Of course, you can mix and match your servos with any of the other components that the Microbatics system is capable of driving. Check to see if your setup is included in one of our Quickstarts on pages 4-8 If not, see Configuration on page 15 For easy use of servos, we suggest the JST adaptor. This makes the use of servos a simple matter of plugging them in. Be sure that your servos have a positive center: a red wire to the center of the JST connector before pluging them in. Plug JST adaptor into BLACK port G, RED port P, etc...making sure that the colors on both modules line-up. Plug servos in from left to right as pictured: Ailerons, Elevator and Rudder. You may then plug the RED motor wire into the RED port and BLACK motor wire into the BLUE port that is on the BLUE section of your JST adaptor. Coreless Motor Type Actuator Magnetic Coil Type Actuator Be sure to read the Magnetic Actuator manual to learn all of your options for installing magnetic actuators on your vehicle Aileron stick Elevator stick Rudder stick A E R G P

8 RX-101 Startup Once you have your receiver configured for your type of outputs there are a few things you will need to pay attention to. Always start-up receiver with the transmitter on and the throttle all the way down We know... we say that alot, but the RX-101 actually requires the throttle to be all the way down before it is plugged in so that it can automatically identify the type of transmitter you are using and function properly. If it is started with the transmitter turned off or the throttle in the wrong position, you may experience improper channel mapping or reversed and/or reduced throttle, actuator and servo response. Calibrate to Your Transmitter If you aren't getting full throws or if your getting full throws before your stick is at its limit, you may want to Calibrate your receiver to your transmitter. Note, calibration is only neccessary if your throws are unsatisfactory or you wish to program a special pin configuration. All Microbatics stackable modules (those plugged into the stackable port) will be calibrated to your transmitter as well, if they are plugged into the stackable port during this process. You can repeat this process when you add new modules if you'd like Calibration Routine 1. Place your throttle in the full down position. Once your receiver is plugged in, you may either enter calibration/configuration mode (see page) or activate your receiver by moving your throttle stick from full down to full up and back down again. Your receiver comes configured for 1 brushed motor on RED port P and BLUE output port 1 -And- 3 actuators or Bi-directional motors on GREEN ports Plug in receiver. 3. hold your aileron stick to the left until blanklight flashes. 5. Move your left stick down and blankthen clockwise into all extremes. 6. Move your right stick down then blankclockwise into all extremes. Step 5 Step 6 Aileron stick Elevator stick Rudder stick 7. Move all switches and knobs, if blankany, to their extremes. 8. Place both sticks into a corner at blankthe same time to save settings. G P Restart your Receiver Your receiver is now calibrated. You will not have to repeat this process unless you would like to calibrate your receiver to another transmitter

9 Configuration We have provided a step-by-step wizard at: The Microbatics CM-1 Control Module is capable of driving unidirectional motors, bi-directional motors, bomb-drop actuators, bidirectional actuators, lights, blinking lights, standard servos and brushed or brushless ESCs. Quick-Starts You may want to check the quickstart section on Pages 4-8 to see if your set-up has a quick-start available. The General Routine is: Indicate Port To Be Configured Receiver blinks light twice see page 17 for reference If you haven't already, you must first calibrate your reciever so that it will better understand your commands when configuring. See Page 14. Begin Configuration To enter configuration mode, Plug in your RX-101 with your throttle in the full down position. Place your rudder stick to the left and hold until light turns on. Light turns on Put both sticks in neutral position. Sticks are in neutral position when buzzing stops and light is off. Light is off Move left stick to the left and back to center to enter the rx-101 port configuration mode. light is off Your Receiver is now waiting for configuration commmands Indicate Function Receiver blinks light 3 times Indicate Stick, Knob or Switch on Your Transmitter Receiver blinks lights 4 times actuator If you selected a mixed item for this port you will also select your second stick. SAVE motor servo servo light If this is an LED use a number at this time to select your speed of flashing Go back to step 1 -or- You will now need to restart your RX-101 You may take your time, start with any port, configure only the ports you would like, and repeat for as many ports you would like before saving.

10 Fading 1 or bi-directional motor 2 MIXED 3 MIXED servo Microbatics BLC-1 Single Cell Brushless Speed Controller The Microbatics BLC-1 is a 0.5gram single cell brushless speed controller that packs quite a punch. It will autostart and run a large variety of brushless motors, no flicking required. It can be driven by the Microbatics stackable port or any servo driving port. When mounted in the slip-stream, meaning, in the open airflow provided by the propeller, it can handle: -continuous draw of 3 amps. -10 second bursts of 3.5 amps -2 second bursts of 5 amps. Blinking 5 or bi-directional motor 4 6 MIXED 7 servo When using a brushless motor, we highly recommend using a high discharge battery such as the Microbatics E-3Dcell. Regardless of its current draw during use, a brushless motor takes more current when starting. While the Microbatics BLC-1 will run from any receiver's servo port, there are a few extra features you can enjoy when the BLC-1 is plugged into the Microbatics control module that comes with your receiver. Out of the box, the BLC-1: - Will auto-detect your throttle and place the on-the-fly reverse switch blankon channel 5 from your transmitter. (great for backing away from blankwalls if you are flying indoors) - Is a Microbatics stackable module, meaning you can drive more blankthan 20 (Twenty) at once Programmable for: - Unidirectional throttle - Bidirectional throttle - Unidirectional throttle with a reverse switch - Can be configured to any of the seven channels SAVE If your motor won't start-up or is parked, meaning something is keeping the propeller from turning, for any reason, immediately put throttle to the full down position. This will keep your speedcontroller and motor from burning out.

11 BLC-1 Set-up with MIcrobatics CM-1 BLC-1 Set-up with a Non-Microbatics Single Cell Receiver For your safety and convenience, the BLC-1 is not armed upon start-up. Move your throttle from full down to full up and then down again to activate. Your BLC-1 is now ready to function. For non-microbatics single cell receivers, you will be plugging your YELLOW, signal wire into the servo port and RED power and BLACK ground into the power and ground on the receiver. Plug the motor wires into the BLUE section of your BLC-1 Micro JST connectors and some servo ports are not rated for the current draw that the power line will carry to the brushless controller. This is why the battery is wired straight to the BLC E-3Dcell 300mAh 4.5A If you are hooking up to a Microbatics RX-101 then all you will need to do is plug the YELLOW, RED, and BLACK wires from your BLC-1 into the color matched Stackable Port. non-microbatics single cell receiver Because the BLC-1 is a stackable module, you may power it with its own dedicated battery. For your safety and convenience, the BLC-1 is not armed upon start-up. Move your throttle from full down to full up and then down again to activate. Your BLC-1 is now ready to function. Each brushless controller may be powered by the Microbatics CM-1 control Module or its own battery. If you choose to power it with its own battery, the ground will also need to be tied into the control module's ground as shown. E-3Dcell 300mAh 4.5A Note: this configuration still requires a battery on the control module 19 20

12 Configuration Of BLC-1 in Stackable Port When the BLC-1 is plugged into the Microbatics stackable port, it is programmable to run as a bi-directional motor, uni-directional motor, or the factory default: uni-directional motor with a reverse switch. If you haven't already, you must first Calibrate to your transmitterwith your BLC plugged into the stackable port before configuring see Page 14 Begin Configuration To enter configuration mode, plug-in your RX-101 with your throttle in the full down position. move your throttle stick to the right and hold until light comes on The General Routine Is: Choose mode: Move Right Stick Bi-directional Motor Choose Transmitter Channel: Choose the stick switch or knob you would like your BLC-1 to respond to. Uni-directional Motor Factory default Uni-directional Motor with Reverse switch Up Left Down light stays on Put both sticks in neutral position. Sticks are in neutral position when light is off. light is off Choose reverse channel Factory default is channel 5 If you chose a uni-directional motor with reverse switch then you must now choose the switch you would like to activate the reverse Move left stick to the right and back to center to enter the BLC-1 configuration mode. light flashes and then is off Your BLC-1 is now waiting for configuration commmands. Your BLC-1 is now configured you will need to restart your receiver to reactivate it

13 Troubleshooting: Repeated or In-use Restarting: 1. Insufficient or low battery. The surges from starting a motor can be too much for a low battery. If charging your battery does not improve the situation, you may want to upgrade your battery. We recommend the Microbatics E-3Dcell. 2. Too much load. A shorted or low-ohm device may be plugged into the control module or brushless controller. You may have to un-plug everything and add them one at a time to see which is causing the problem. The BLC can be powered straight from the battery. Even if you don't have a second battery, wiring it directly to the battery instead of through the stackable port may improve stability. See Page 19 for information on wiring the BLC to the battery seperately. 3. Insufficient wiring. Wires that are too long or not rated to handle the current required by the motors can cause the power levels to drop. Loud actuator output or pulsing motor (CM-1 only): 1. This is the low-battery warning. If your battery isn't low, there may be too much load on it. see item 1 Servos don't move or are making a grinding noise and not working: 1. Actuators and servos "speak" different signals. If they aren't responding well, you may need to configure the receiver to output the correct signal. This may just be a matter of restarting your receiver under good radio conditions, with the transmitter on and the throttle all the way down FIRST. 2. If they are grinding and not working, then you may have them configured for the wrong device. Motor or actuator moves the wrong direction: 1. Flip the wires. Servo moves the wrong direction: 1. Flip your transmitter's reverse switch for that channel. If you have calibrated, you should re-calibrate so the receiver learns the new channel orientation. Configuration doesn't work: 1. The receiver only knows up, down, left and right based on calibration. If you haven't yet calibrated, changed your transmitter reverse switches, changed transmitters, or significantly changed the trim, you should recalibrate. This will re-set what the CM-1 knows about what each stick means. 23 Troubleshooting continued Channels don't start well centered, or don't have good proportion: 1. Before the CM-1 is calibrated, it determines the approximate center and range of sticks by looking at how far down the throttle is. While this isn't true for some cheaper transmitters, having the trims centered will help make the channels more predictable. If this isn't helpful, you may want to consider running the calibration routine. Brushless motor won't start: 1. Be sure all three wires are connected. A brushless motor can still jitter with two wires connected. Also, be sure that the motor doesn't have too much load. The BLC-1 can't start motors that accelerate too slowly. Radio problems: 1. Make sure there is no-one on a channel within 10 channels of yours. Make sure the antenna is perpendicular to most other wires, is sufficiently long (more than 6 inches), and properly plugged in. Make sure your crystal is plugged in. Make sure your transmitter antenna is all the way out. If you are doing a ground check, expect the range to be about 50% less than normal (the ground opposes the antenna). 24 Warnings: Do not exceed listed ratings. As far as current, heat is the hardware's biggest enemy. The higher your amperage, the more important it is to have the circuits in the open, moving air. If you're going to violate your warranty, PLEASE, avoid getting burned, and keep your parts cool. Do not use multi-cell packs or exceed 4.2 volts. This will produce burns, boils and smoke, do permanent damage to the output hardware, and it may shatter the heatsink. If you're going to violate your warranty by doing this, work on a non-combustable surface, and wear safety glasses and gloves. The RX-101 is a single-conversion receiver. It needs 10 channel spacing (on either side) to prevent crosstalk. Do not allow your motors to "park". A non-spinning or malfunctioning motor can burn itself out and the parts that drive it.

14 Warranty policy: All Dynamics Unlimited products come with a 1 year Warranty from date of purchase against original defects in materials or workmanship. Should a product fail to perform for either of the above reasons Dynamics Unlimited will repair or replace it with an equivalent product at no charge to the owner within 45 days of receipt of the device. For information regarding this warranty please call Instant Replacement Plan: This plan may be applied to the Microbatics system components at any time. It entitles the owner, for any reason, to initiate an unlimited number of discounted exchanges of the Microbatics product. Replacement product will be shipped by Dynamics Unlimited within three business days (subject to availability) upon verification of authorized credit card. The credit card will be authorized for full replacement cost upon initiation of replacement and authorization over the amount of discounted replacement charges will be removed upon receipt of product or verification of tracking number by Dynamics Unlimited. In the event that Dynamics Unlimited does not receive the product or verified tracking number of item to be replaced within 14 days, the authorized credit card will be charged for full replacement cost. Owner of product will ship by carrier of their choice so long as that carrier and shipping method used provides a tracking number for that package. Dynamics Unlimited will not accept responsibility for a package that has been shipped via a carrier or service that does not provide tracking and will charge full replacement price for products lost in the mail. Microbatics Free Updates Plan: Every Microbatics product comes with free updates for one full year from purchase. This will help you to stay the coolest kid on the block. Ratings: Input voltage: 2.5 to 4.2 volts (sustained) Input current: BLC-1: <10mA, plus motor RX-101: <15mA, plus output ports Standard micro-servo: 80mA each Output current: BLC-1: 3A continuious, 3.5A bursts, 5A for 2 seconds (startups). CM-1: 2.5A per port, not to exceed 8A total, including draw from the stackable port. CM-1: Min 5ohms per port. Input signals (BLC-1 and CM-1): 5-volt tolerant BLC-1 Brushless Controller: Automatic startup Automatic timing advancement (increases efficiency) Automatic timing retardation (increases acceleration) Automatic restart on stall Automatic reverse Signal filtering Manual, transmitter specific, throttle range calibration Throttle chop at 6% Resolution of 256, 100KHz (inaudible) PWM Maximum commutation rate: about 2000 full cycles/sec. (about 120,000 RPM on an inrunner) Signal input: Stackable port: Full pulse train, 2.5 volts regulated. Servo ports: 1ms-2ms pulses, 5-volt tolerant. Control module: Micro-actuators: Resolution of 512, 20KHz (low-audibility) dithered PWM Motors: Resolution of 256, 20KHz (low-audibility) dithered PWM Servos: Resolution of 6125, standard pulse-train, positive pulses, 1ms to 2ms, recalibrated (asynchronous to the transmitter) Signal input / stackable port: 2.5 volts regulated, raw pulse train Low-battery warning at 2.9 volts: PWM becomes audible and motor channels pulse (not enough to interfere with flight) To use the Microbatics instant replacement, order at or call Monday thru Friday 10:00am-4:00pm EST