Smart Grid Power Condi0oning Systems

Transcription

1 Smart Grid Power Condi0oning Systems Allen Hefner Na+onal Ins+tute of Standards and Technology Power Electronics Technologies, and Smart Grid

2 Grid Transformation via Functionality Today s Grid: Electricity is generated by rotating machines with large inertia Not much storage: generation instantaneously matches load using load shedding at large facilities low efficiency fossil generators for frequency regulation Future Smart Grid: High penetration of renewables with power electronic grid interface: dispatchable voltage, frequency, and reactive power response to abnormal conditions without cascading events dispatchable synthetic inertia and spinning reserve (w/ storage) Storage for frequency regulation and renewable variability / intermittency High-speed and high-energy storage options Load-based virtual storage through scheduling and deferral Plug-in Vehicles increase efficiency, provide additional grid storage HVDC, DC circuits, SST, SSCB provide stability, functionality and low cost Microgrids & automation provide secure, resilient operation

3 Some Possible Game Changers Back to Back DC links with short term (mandatory) area balance (µtile the Country) Distributed Inverters (many provided through renewable integra0on) Local Voltage Regula0on - fast! Even sub cycle, can mi0gate exis0ng flicker, increase quality and reliability, achieve voltage regula0on with no tap- changers, line regulators, or capacitors Fault Limi0ng Storage Integra0on (very cost effec0ve as element of renewable power plant) Contributed by: Leo Casey (Google)

4 Electronics can be Transformative BUT different Paradigm and System Readily Controllable (remotely) Supply Real Power, P, Dynamically Reactive power, Q, ( P + jq < S INV ), Dynamically Active Damping (stabilizing) Controllable or Synthetic Inertia Fault Clearing Rapid Dynamics Unbalanced Non-linear sourcing Active Filtering Harmonic cancellation Southern Control Area Generator UF coordination curve Also, high speed series devices would limit faults and enable robust interactive microgrids Frequency (Hz) Time (Cycles) Trip Point per IEEE 1547 Trip Point of Turbines Contributed by: Leo Casey (Google)

5 Power electronics key to affordable, controllable and reliable renewables (e.g. PV) Classic Tradeoffs for Power Conversion - cost - efficiency - reliability Direct Pathways - topologies - switching frequency - devices (WBG) - packaging - integrated systems Indirect Approaches - distributed harvest (MPPT) - reduced system costs - ancillary services, advanced performance (flicker control, voltage control, ) - scale (big vs. small, panel vs. string vs. array, centralized vs. decentralized) - inverter vs BOS Contributed by: Leo Casey (Google) Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductors

6 HV-HF Switch Mode Power Conversion Switch-mode power conversion (Today): advantages: efficiency, control, functionality, size, weight, cost semiconductors from: 100 V, ~MHz to 6 kv, ~100 Hz New semiconductor devices extend application range: 1990 s: Silicon IGBTs higher power levels for motor control, traction, grid Emerging: SiC Schottky diodes and MOSFETs, & GaN higher speed for power supplies and motor control Future: HV-HF SiC: MOSFET, PiN diode, Schottky, and IGBT enable 15-kV, 20-kHz switch-mode power conversion

7 Power Semiconductor Applications Switching speed decreases with voltage SiC enables higher speed and voltage HVDC and FACTS Power distribution, transmission and generation DARPA/EPRI Megawatt Program A. Hefner, et.al.; "SiC power diodes provide breakthrough performance for a wide range of applications" IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, March 2001, Page(s):

8 Drain Current (A) E- 08 DARPA/ONR/NAVSEA HPE Program 10 kv HV-HF MOSFET/JBS 6.5 E E E E- 07 High Speed at High Voltage SiC MOSFET: 10 kv, 30 ns 1.3 E- 07 Time (s) Area= = cm E- 07 T = 25 o C 1.6 E ns /div 1.7 E- 07 Vd 1.9 E- 07 Id 2.0 E Drain-Source Voltage (V) 0 V Silicon IGBT: 4.5 kv, 2us 1us /div 3000 V A. Hefner, et.al. Recent Advances in High-Voltage, High-Frequency Silicon-Carbide Power Devices, IEEE IAS Annual Meeting, October 2006, pp

9 ARPA-e ADEPT NRL/ONR 12 kv SiC IGBT 4.5 kv SIC-JBS/Si-IGBT Future option SiC IGBT: HV, high Temp, 1 us Low cost now SiC JBS: improves Si IGBT turn-on Sei- Hyung Ryu, Craig Capell, Allen Hefner, and Subhashish BhaRacharya, High Performance, Ultra High Voltage 4H- SiC IGBTs Proceedings of the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposi+on (ECCE) Conference 2012, Raleigh, NC, September 15 20, K.D. Hobart, E.A. Imhoff, T. H. Duong, A.R. Hefner Op+miza+on of 4.5 kv Si IGBT/SiC Diode Hybrid Module PRiME 2012 Mee+ng, Honolulu, HI, October 7-12, 2012.

10 10 kv SiC MOSFET/JBS Half-Bridge Module Model and Circuit Simulation Tj Th Tc Ta Tj Th Tc Ta SiC_MOS2 G2 S2_D1 Si_Sch1 Si_JBS1 Si_Sch2 Si_JBS2 SiC_MOS1 G1 S1 SiC_JBS1 SiC_JBS2 Half-Bridge D2 Tj Th Tc Ta Tj Th Tc Ta Half-bridge module model: 10 kv SiC power MOSFETs 10 kv SiC JBS for anti-parallel diodes low-voltage Si Schottky diodes voltage isolation and cooling stack Validated models scaled to 100 A, 10 kv half bridge module Model used to perform simulations necessary to: optimize module parameters determine gate drive requirements SSPS system integration high-megawatt converter cost analysis

11 SECA: 300 MW ~700 V DC Approx. 500 Fuel Cells ~700 V DC Semiconductors Packaging and Interconnects HF transformers Filter Inductors and Capacitors Cooling System 60 Hz Transformer up to 18 kv Breakers and Switchgear 18 kv AC 345 kv AC $40-$100 / kw Ripple < 2% Stack Voltage Range ~700 to 1000 V IEEE 519 IEEE 1547 Harmonic Distortion Future: HVDC transmission?

12 Estimated $/kw: MV & HV Inverter Transformer & Switchgear Other PE $200 $180 $160 $140 Semiconductor $120 $100 Cooling $80 $60 loss Magnetics $40 $20 $0 loss Inverter Voltage Medium Medium High High High HV-SiC Diode Schottky Schottky Schottky PiN HV-SiC Switch MOSFET MOSFET IGBT HF Transformer Nano Nano Nano Nano Nano 60 Hz Transformer yes yes Risk Level: Low Moderate Considerable High

13 DOE Sunshot - SEGIS-AC, ARPA-E $1/W Systems: A Grand Challenge for Electricity from Solar Workshop, August 10-11, 2010 Goal : 1$/W by 2017 for 5 MW PV Plant $0.5/W PV module $0.4/W BOS $0.1/W Power electronics Smart Grid FuncRonality High PenetraRon Enhanced Grid Value $1/W achieves cost parity in most states!

14 MV Direct Connect Solar Inverter (ARPA-E) Utilize 10kV, 120 A SiC MOSFET Module: Design Developed for DARPA/ONR/NAVSEA WBG HPE Program Already tested at 1 MW-scale system for HPE SSPS requirements MV Solar Inverter Goals: Improve cost, efficiency, size, and weight High speed, series connected to grid: rapidly respond/clear faults, tune power quality G1 D1 S2 S1D2 G2 Contributed by: Leo Casey (Google)

15 High PenetraRon of Distributed Energy Resources Power Communication Smart Grid Renewable/Clean Energy Plug-in Vehicle to Grid Energy Storage Power Conditioning Systems () convert to/from 60 Hz AC for interconnection of renewable energy, electric storage, and PEVs Smart Grid Interconnection Standards required for devices to be utility-controlled operational asset and enable high penetration: Dispatchable real and reactive power Acceptable ramp-rates to mitigate renewable intermittency Accommodate faults faster, without cascading area-wide events Voltage/frequency regulation and utility-controlled islanding

16 Architectures for PEV Fleet as Grid Storage Power Communication Smart Grid Renewable/Clean Energy Energy Storage Plugin Vehicle Fleet

17 Large Inverter with DC Circuits to Fleet PEVs Power Communication DC-AC Smart Grid Renewable/Clean Energy Charging Station (Multiple Vehicles) Energy Storage DC Circuits or DC Bus Storage Asset Management DC-DC DC-DC DC-DC Plugin Vehicle Fleet

18 DC Microgrid: DC- AC with DC Circuits 24 V DC Loads Islandable Microgrid DC-AC Smart Grid 380 V DC Loads DC Circuits / DC Bus Renewable/Clean Energy Energy Storage Device Asset Management DC-DC DC-DC DC-DC Plugin Vehicle Fleet

19 Flow Control Microgrid: AC- AC with AC Circuits DC Options Islandable Microgrid AC-AC Smart Grid Microrid Controller AC Loads & Generators Renewable/Clean Energy AC Circuits Energy Storage Device Asset Management Plugin Vehicle Fleet

20 Microgrid using Disconnect and Local EMS AC Loads & Generators Disconnect Switch Microgrid Controller Islandable Microgrid Smart Grid Renewable/Clean Energy AC Circuits Energy Storage Device Asset Management Plugin Vehicle Fleet

21 PAP 7: Smart Grid ES- DER Standards Task 0: Scoping Document Priori+zed +meline for ES- DER standards Task 1: Use Cases, *EPRI PV- ES Inverter Define requirements for different scenarios Task 2: IEEE for island applica0ons and IEEE for secondary networks Task 3: Unified interconnec0on method with mul0func0onal opera0onal interface for range of a) storage and genera0on/storage. b) IEEE (a) Opera+onal interface (b) Storage without gen c) (c) PV with storage d (d) Wind with storage e) (e) PEV as storage Info exchanges MIC PAPs Task 4: Develop and Harmonize Object Models IEC : Expanded to include Mul+func+onal ES- DER opera+onal interface Harmonized with CIM & Mul+Speak Map to MMS, DNP3, web services, & SEP 2 Task 5: Test, Safe and Reliable Implementa0on Implementa0on UL 1741, NEC- NFPA70, SAE, CSA and IEC

22 EPRI/Sandia NL Smart Inverter IniRaRve Map to Protocols Modbus- Sunspec Iden+fy Needed Func+ons Select a Specific Way to Implement each Func+on Represent in Standard Informa+on Model IEC DNP3 Smart Energy Profile Interest Group, Demonstra+ons, PAP7, IEEE 1547 Smart Inverter Focus Group Published IEC Informa0ve document MMS, Web Services, Other Standards Groups, Funded Efforts courtesy: Brian Seal (EPRI)

23 EPRI/SNL Volt- Var Control FuncRon Utility-Defined Curve Shapes Volt/Var Mode 1 Normal Regulation Simple Broadcast VARs Generated Capacitive Inductive Q1 Q2 V1 V2 V3 Q3 V4 System Voltage Q4 Volt/Var Mode 2 Transmission VAR Support VARs Generated Capacitive Inductive V1 Q1 V2 Q2 System Voltage courtesy: Brian Seal (EPRI)

24 Distributed Renewables, Generators and Storage DRGS Domain Expert Working Group ini0ated September 2011 Iden0fy Smart Grid standards and interoperability issues/gaps for Integra+on of renewable/clean and distributed generators and storage Opera+on in high penetra+on scenarios, weak grids, microgrids, DC grids Including interac+on of high- bandwidth and high- iner+a type devices Focus on Smart Grid func0ons that mi+gate impact of variability and intermirency of renewable generators enable generators and storage to provide valuable grid suppor+ve services prevent uninten+onal islanding and cascading events for clustered devices Ac0vi0es of DRGS DEWG Consistent approaches for generators/storage types and domains Use cases and informa+on exchange requirements Define new PAPs to address standards gaps and issues Subgroups: A- Roadmap, B- Informa+on, C- Microgrid, D- Test, E- Regulatory, F- Interconnec+on

25 ADEPT EFFICIENT POWER CONVERSION Mission Paving the way for more energy efficient power conversion and advancing the basic building blocks of power conversion: circuits, transistors, inductors, transformers, and capacitors. Program Director Year 2010 Projects 13 Total Investment Dr. Tim Heidel $37.7 Million Goals Improve the energy efficiency of electronic devices and power systems Enable high efficiency, high power density power electronics Contribute to the development of a smart grid Highlights Advanced charge storage devices Magnetic materials Advanced solid-state switch technologies Advanced circuit topologies and converter architectures Contributed by: Tim Heidel (ARPA-E) 25

26 ADEPT Program Technical Targets Category Voltage & Power Efficiency Switching Frequency Power Density Applications Fully Integrated, Chip-scale power converters >100V 10-50W >93% >5 MHz >300 W/ in 3 Package integrated power converters >600V 3-10kW >95% >1 MHz >150 W/ in 3 Lightweight, solid-state, medium voltage energy conversion 13kV 1MW >98% >50 khz N/A Contributed by: Tim Heidel (ARPA-E) 26

27 Solar ADEPT EFFICIENT SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS Mission Improve the performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy systems by making the process of converting solar energy to electricity more efficient. Program Director Year 2011 Projects 6 Total Investment Dr. Tim Heidel $14.1 Million Goals Increase the efficiency of solar energy systems Reduce the size of PV components and systems Make solar energy cost competitive with conventional electricity generation Project Categories Cell, module integrated electronics AC modules Lightweight central inverters DOE Goal: 5-6 /kwh fully installed at the MW scale by 2020 Contributed by: Tim Heidel (ARPA-E) 27

28 GENI INCREASING GRID FLEXIBILITY Mission Modernize the way electricity is transmitted in the U.S. through advances in hardware and software that provide greater control over power flows. Program Director Year 2011 Projects 15 Total Investment Dr. Tim Heidel $39 Million Goals Enable 40% intermittent non-dispatchable generation penetration >10x reduction in power flow control hardware >4x reduction in HVDC terminal/line cost Project Categories Power Transmission Controllers Power flow controllers for mesh AC grids. Resilient multi-terminal HVDC network technologies. Grid Control Architectures Optimization of power grid operation; incorporation of uncertainty into operations; distributed control and increasing customer control. Contributed by: Tim Heidel (ARPA-E) 28

29 DOE EERE AMO: Next Genera0on Power Electronics Na0onal Manufacturing Innova0on Ins0tute hrps://www1.eere.energy.gov/manufacturing/innova+on/facili+es/wbg.html