Power Electronics to Improve the Performance of Modern Power Systems

Transcription

1 Power Electronics to Improve the Performance of Modern Power Systems Case Studies on Multi-Terminal HVDC Transmission Systems and Truck-Mounted Transformers a report on subtask 1-1 Armin Teymouri

2 Wind Trends of wind turbine sizes and rating of power electronics : Degrees of freedom in designing wind turbines: Generator types Power electronics Speed control systems Aerodynamic power limits 2 [1]

3 Wind Popular Topologies A. DFIG with Partial-Scale Power Converter [1] B. A/SG with Full-Scale Power Converter [1] 3

4 Wind Grid integration performance comparison [1] 4

5 Technology Challenges for Power Electronics in Wind Turbine Systems Wind A. Levelized Cost of Energy D. Future Technologies for Wind Power Integration B. Grid Integration Features C. Reliability [2] 5 [1]

6 year PV electricity cost qreasons: cents/kwh 14 cents/kwh Solar 1. Increased efficiency and reduced system losses - 41 cents/kwh 2. Developments in power electronic sytems- 30 cents/kwh material cost of 3 consecutive generations of PV inverters [3] Reasons for PV inverter cost reduction over the years: Increase in inverter rated power, Reduction of component costs as a result of higher number of components, Reduced production time due to automation, Functionality integration of inverter doing several tasks by one component. 6

7 Solar Concepts for the distributed power electronics in PV systems: [4] The use of string or modular PE topologies decreases the effects of module mismatch or partial shading. 7

8 q Benefits of PV Power Electronics Solar A. Decreased Lost Power C. Improved Safety-Arcing [5] [4] B. Cracked Cell Impact Mitigation D. EnablingCreative Designs q Challenges of PV Power Electronics A. Reliability B. Interoperability C. Cost D. Parasitic Losses 8

9 Classical transformer basics Based on magnetic core and Aluminum windings Oil based/dry cooling Fixed voltage/current/power ratio and low frequency SST Performance characteristics overview. [7] [6] [7] MV-SST (a) weight breakdown (b) cost breakdown. 9

10 SST Topologies q degrees of freedom in selecting SST topologies SST A. Partitioning of the AC/AC power conversion B. Partial or full phase modularity C. Partitioning of medium voltage 10 [7]

11 Challenges A. Availability and selection of power semiconductors SST C. Protection SST faults B. Noise emissions vibration acoustic noise Perfect choice for low noise SST design Ferrite Fe-based amorphous alloy Co-based amorphous alloy Nano-crystalline material (power density and efficiency) [7] Semiconductor failure (V/I limiter) Error in control systems Error in measurements Insulation breakdown D. Needfor multi-disciplinary education E. Limited university MV-power electronics 11

12 Mechanical circuit breaker flaws SSCB Not being able to affect the peak current. Limited short circuit current rating. q Selected topologies Limited number of high current clearances. SSCB advantages Higher speed Involvement in power quality issues [8] SSCB problems Higher voltage drop Higher power dissipation Non-zero off-state leakage current Need for heat sink and EMI protection 12

13 Power electronics can provide a controllable interface between the ESS, DER, and the grid, making the deliverable power comply with the grid codes and utility schemes. Storage Major industrial solutions available: [9] 13

14 Driving technology trends towards the application of power electronics 1. Wide Band Gap Semiconductors (WBG) 2. Multi-level Converters WBG Devices Si-based technologies Max. temperature allowed: 200 C Max. voltage allowed: 6.5 kv By some expert accounts, we have less than a decade left to extract additional performance before silicon capability is at its theoretical maximum. Front-running solution: SiC & GaN SiC/GaN Features: Better conduction and switching properties Smaller, faster, and more efficient than Si Greater durability Good commercial availability 14

15 Efficiency changes by replacing Si with SiC or GaN DC-to-DC conversion efficiency from 85% to 95% AC-to-DC conversion efficiency from 85% to 90% DC-to-AC conversion efficiency from 96% to 99% WBG Devices Challenges Design optimization Reliability Exploiting full material quality Si, SiC, GaN, and diamond physical properties Summary of Si, SiC, and GaN properties [10] [11] 15

16 qwide Band Gap Impactson Medium Voltage Power Delivery System Application in SST: WBG Devices [12] qwide Band Gap Impactson High Voltage Power Delivery System No current commercial application. Potential applications in HVDC. SiC has shown a X increase in the ratio of V*f for high voltage devices q Wide Band Gap Impactson Renewable Energy Systems and Clean Transportation PV, wind, electric vehicles, and motor drives Current voltage level: V Currently developed devices are based on SiC. 16 [12]

17 Driving technology trends towards the application of power electronics 1. Wide Band Gap Semiconductors (WBG) 2. Multi-level Converters Multi-level Converters qmulti-level converter classification: Applications 1. Energy and power systems 2. Production 3. Transportation [13] 17

18 References [1] F. Blaabjerg, K. Ma, Future on Power Electronics for Wind Turbine Systems, IEEE JOURNAL OF EMERGING AND SELECTED TOPICS IN POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 1, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER [2] Levelized cost of new generation resources in the annual energy outlook 2013, U.S. Dept. Energy, U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Washington, DC, USA, 2013, [Online]. Avaiable: [3] J. Friebe, M. Meinhardt, Future Challenges of Power Electronics for PV-Inverter, PCIMEurope 2015, May 2015, Nuremberg, Germany. [4] T. Kaur, Solar PV Integration in Smart Grid Issues and Challenges, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 7, July 2015 [5] S. Kurtx, C. Deline, J. Wohlgemuth, Opportunities and Challenges for Power Electronics in PV Modules, NationalCenter for Photovoltaics, ARPA E Workshop, February 8, 2011, Arlington, VA. [6] Power Transformers Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast, , Transparency Market Research, November 2, 2013, (accessed December 12, 2013) [7] ] J. W. Kolar and G. Ortiz, Solid-State-Transformers: Key Components of Future Traction and Smart Grid Systems, in Proc. of the International Power Electronics Conf. (IPEC), May [8] C. Meyer, S. Schroder, R. De Doncker, Solid-State Circuit Breakers and Current Limiters for Medium-Voltage Systems Having Distributed Power Systems, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 19, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER [9] US Department ofenergy, Global energystorage database. [Online] Available: Access on: Aug. 25, [10] J. Millan, A. Perez, A Survey of Wide Bandgap Power Semiconductor Devices, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 29, NO. 5, MAY [11] P. Gammon, Silicon and the wide bandgap semiconductors, shaping the future power electronic market, 14 International Conference on Ultimate Integration of Silicon, [12] A. Huang, Wide bandgap power devices and their impacts on power delivery systems, 2016 IEEE International ElectronDevices Meeting, [13] J. Rodri, S. Kouro, I. Leo, et. Al, Multilevel Converters: An Enabling Technology for High-Power Applications Multilevel converters generate voltage and current waveforms of improved quality, that can be used to power drives for trains and other vehicles, and many other applications. Proceedings of IEEE, Vol. 97, No. 16,