New trends in electron accelerators development

Transcription

1 PlasTEP seminar: New trends in application of modern electron beam generation in air pollution Warsaw, New trends in electron accelerators development Zbigniew Zimek Centre for Radiation Research and Technology Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology Dorodna 16, Warsaw, Poland

2 INTRODUCTION

3 PROGRESS IN INDUSTRIAL ACCELERATORS DEVELOPMENT - Adaptation of the accelerators primary built for scientific experiments; - Electron energy and beam power increase in certain accelerators constructions; - Accelerators for R&D, pilot plants and industrial facilities; - Computer control system for accelerator start up, full operation and technological process management; - Reliability improvement according to industrial standards; - Accelerator technology perfection (electrical efficiency, cost); - Accelerators for MW power beam level; - Compact and more efficient accelerator constructions; - Very low energy, powerfull accelerators.

4 Penetration [g/cm 2 ] = 0.37(Energy [MeV]-0.2) for one side treatment and equal entrance and exit doses Electron energy Although there are many different types of accelerators offering a wide range of performances ratings, only few would be suitable for particular application (Marshall R. Cleland, 1992). Average beam power Productivity [kg/h] = 3600 x Power [kw] x Utilization efficiency /Dose [kgy]

5 Criterions of accelerators selection Criterion of selection Fundamental accelerator parameters Electron energy Average beam power Terms of accelerator purchase Price Producer Terms of delivery and installation Warranty conditions Exploitation cost Auxiliary accelerator parameters Scan performances Auxiliary parameters Measure and control Main components and systems Accelerator external supply service Remarks The basic requirements which define technological abilities and facility productivity Economical aspects of accelerator purchase which define investment and exploitation costs; period of time needed for facility completion Auxiliary parameters which may characterize accelerator quality and provide necessary data for facility design

6 Facility general assumptions Irradiation zone dimensions and arrangement, Process throughput, Operation schedule, Seasonal requirements, Vertical or horizontal beam direction, Reliability of the accelerator (availability), Remote accelerator operation, Factory assembling test and commissioning conditions, Warranty conditions, Post warranty service, Staff training, Facility certification (equipment, safety, personnel).

7 Radiation process effectiveness Acceptable price of 1 W electron beam power Type of radiation process Product characteristics $/W Semiconductors modification $/W Radiation sterilization <2.5 $/W Flue gas treatment Low dose Small scale High unit price Medium dose Large scale Medium unit price Low dose Very large scale No commercial value

8 Accelerators for radiation processing Direct accelerator Single cavity Linear accelerator HV cable from Coaxial cable from Waveguide from DC power supply RF generator source of microwaves

9 Accelerators for radiation processing (achievements) Accelerator type Parameter Direct DC RF MHz Linear microwaves GHz Av. beam current Energy range Beam power <1.5 A MeV ~500 kw <100 ma MeV 700 kw <100 ma 2 10 MeV 100 kw Electrical efficiency % % %

10 DIRECT ACCELERATORS transformer type

11 List of transformer accelerator producers PCT Prod. & Mfg., LLC, formerly RPC Industries, USA ESI - Energy Science, USA RDI - Radiation Dynamics, USA (IBA) Wasik Associates, USA AEB Inc., USA (closed down), NHV - Nissin High Voltage, Japan SHI - Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Japan Electron Crosslinking AB, Sweden High Voltage Engineering Europe, Netherlands BINP - Institute of Nuclear Physic, Russia SIEA - Sci. Inst. of Electrophysical Apparatus, Russia Vivirad, France Res. Inst. of Automation for Machine-Building, China Inst. of Nuclear Studies, Establishment for Nuclear Equipment, Poland EB TECH Co., Ltd., Korea BINP collaboration

12 Capability of D.C. Power Supply for transformer accelerators Accelerator Power line transformer Ratings kV ma Cockckroft- Walton kv ma HF Transformer kv 30 ma Dynamitron kv 1-70 ma Frequency 50/60 Hz 1-3 khz khz khz Insulation Oil/SF6 SF6 SF6 SF6 Efficiency >90 % % 85 % % Remarks Low energy High power High energy High power Large High energy Low power Compact High energy Low eff.

13 Miniature Electron Beam Tube Min-EB Voltage kv Beam power 8-50 W USHIO / AIT

14 33 cm 27 cm Advanced Electron Beam Inc. emitter module 14

15 Window Support Grid AEB Inc. emitter development Heated Filaments Window Support Grid 41 cm x 6.3 cm beam window 21 cm diameter module 79 cm overall length 15

16 AEB Inc. LOW ENERGY ELECTRON MODULE

17 AEB Inc. Emitter Module

18 Advanced Electron Beams Inc. had been a maker of electron emitter equipment for sterilization of packaging and other applications, which aim to use less energy and other resources than conventional approaches. AEB Inc. was founded in 1999 supported by 50 M$ and closed down in "It was a really innovative, transformative technology that had lots of applications", "It just was too hard to take the science and industrialize the science, Technology just proved to be too difficult to commercialize. 18

19 Facility for surface sterilization Acclerating section STERSTAR Beam scanner Energy 200 kev Power 700 W Current 3,5 ma Scanning up to 20cm AC power 10 kva Size 40x40x80 cm Linac Technologies Zbigniew ZIMEK, INCT, Warsaw, Poland 19

20 Low energy in line facility for surface sterilization Electron energy 200 kev Beam power 1 kw Accelerator dimension: 0.45x0.7x1.10 m Unit dimension: 75x200x250 cm Manufacturer: IBA Zbigniew ZIMEK, INCT, Warsaw, Poland 20

21 Low energy accelerators for surface treatment

22 HV electrode Generator Isolator Safety rings Gun Section Multiplier Prressure tank CASCADE ACCELERATOR Motor Efficiency 67% Goal: 2 MeV; 200 kw 22

23 ELV 12 coreless transformer accelerator Electron energy 1 MeV Beam power 400 kw Frequency 1000 Hz One power supply Three scanners BINP, Russia 23

24 HV electron accelerator Electron-25 1 MeV; 500 kw 1 pressure tank, 2 focusing coil, 3 scanning magnet, 4 scanner, 5 output foil.

25 Mobile accelerator systems

26 SINGLE CAVITY ACCELERATORS single pass or multi-pass systems

27 RF accelerator producers ( MHz) INP - Institute of Nuclear Physic, Russia IBA - Ion Beam Application, Belgium Denki Kogyo Co, Japan KAPRA Research Association, Korea

28 ILU 6 ELECTRON ACCELERATOR INP, Russia Resonator Scanner Energy 1,2-2,5 MeV Beam power 20 kw Frequency 127 MHz

29 ILU 10 accelerator 5 MeV, 60 kw 1 vacuum tank, 2 copper toroidal cavity, 3 magnetic lens, 4 ion pumps, 5 grid-cathode unit, 6 outlet device, 7 coupling loop support, 8 vacuum capacitor, 9 RF generators.

30 ILU-10 Energy 5 MeV Beam power 50 kw

31 ILU 12 ELECTRON ACCELERATOR Electron energy: 5 MeV Beam power: 100/300 kw Frequency: 176 MHz RF power: 450 kw Auslender V.L. et all., EPAC 2002, Paris, France

32 ILU 12 ILU 14 32

33 ILU 14 Variant 1 2 Generator tube 5xGI-50A 5xGI-50A Energy, MeV Beam power, kw Accelerating structure efficiency, % Total efficiency, % 26 32

34 10 MeV ELECTRON ACCELERATOR RHODOTRON TYPE 1. Resonator 2. Tetrod 3. Water cooling system 4. Support 5. Electromagnet 6. Vacuum pump TT 1000: do 700 kw; 7 MeV (100 ma) do 500 kw; 5 MeV (100 ma) TT 300: do 200 kw; 10 MeV (20 ma) do 135 kw; 5 MeV (27 ma) TT 200: do 100 kw; 10 MeV (10 ma) do 100 kw; 5 MeV (20 ma) TT kw; 10 MeV (3.5 ma) Frequency MHz

35 Rhodotron TT 300, IBA, USA Electron energy: 5-7 MeV Beam power: 200 kw

36 NFI; Japan: Irradiation Room with EB and X-ray Ports

37 IBA Rhodotron 5 MeV; 500 kw (X-ray)

38 Accelerator type FANTRON-I Electron energy 10 MeV Beam power 100 kw Frequency 159 MHz Efficiency 45 % H-j. Kwon i inni, EPAC, 2000 M-j.Park i inni, EPAC, cm 38

39 LINEAR ELECTRON ACCELERATORS

40 Linear electron accelerator producers (microwaves GHz) Varian, USA L-3 Communicationsm, PSD, USA RPC Technologies, USA American Science & Engineering, Inc., USA Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Japan Mevex, Canada Technical Systems Ltd, UK Thomson CSF, France Res. Inst. of Electrophysical Apparatus, Russia RIA TORYI, Russia Res. Inst. of Automation for Machine-Building, China Inst. of Nuclear Studies, Establishment for Nuclear Equipment, Poland

41 Res. Inst. of Electrophysical Apparatus, Russia Parameters RF Energy Source Working frequency, MHz UEL-10-10S Klystron KIU-147A MODEL UEL-3- UEL-8-5S 2.5S Magnetron MI-262 Klystron KIU-168 UEL-3-1S Magnetron M Energy, MeV Beam power, kw Pulse repetition

42 Accelerator UEL-10-10S; 10 MeV, 10 kw 42

43 Standing wave linear accelerators L3 Communication (SureBeam), USA Energy/beam power Frequency RF source Energy source Switch 5 MeV/15 kw S Klistron PFN Tyratron 10 MeV/18 kw S Klistron PFN Tyratron 5 MeV/150 kw L Klistron Indukc. IGCT 10MeV/150kW L Klistron Indukc. IGCT 43

44 Sterilization facility STERBOX Energy Beam power Scanning Height Width 3 MeV 3 kw 50 cm 1 m 0,3 m Manufacturer: LINAC TECHNOLOGIES 44

45

46 GETINGE LINAC SterStar in-line electron beam surface sterilization uses 3 KeVAC low-energy accelerators, 200 kev energy beam, to sterilize the product surface only. SterBox in-line electron beam sterilization tunnel uses 1 or 2 MeVAC medium-energy accelerators, each producing a 3 MeV, 4 MeV or 5 MeV energy beam. This unit provides complete sterilization of single-use medical devices or pharmaceutical products. Beam energy and materials handling systems are customized for the product to be sterilized. SterRoom e-beam sterilization system contains one or two high-energy high power CIRCE accelerators with a 10 MeV 20 kw beam, suitable for production plants or service centers. LINAX x-ray generator is an OEM product with a 4 MeV to 10 MeV accelerator. It is used by integrators for imaging of trucks and containers, and testing of large industrial parts. 46

47 LINEAR ELECTRON ACCELERATOR Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd. Electron energy 4 MeV; Length 60 cm; Weight 20 kg 47

48 American Science & Engineering, Inc. Energy 4 MeV; X-band 9303 MHz; control interface PLC; Acceleration section RF length 40 cm 48

49 Continous way (cw) electron accelerator Beam current 50 ma Electron energy 0,6 MeV Beam power 30 kw Length 0,8 m Frequency 2,45 GHz Efficiency 40 % A.S. Alimov i inni,

50 SINP MSU 60 KW, 1.2 MEV COMPACT CW LINAC FOR RADIATION TECHNOLOGIES Beam energy: 1.2 MeV Beam current: 0 to 50 ma Maximum beam power: 60 kw Length: 1.3 m Gun/klystron HV 15 kv Power consumption: ~150 kw Electrical efficiency: ~40%

51 TH2104 High freqency sources TH 2158 TH 2089 Klystron Pulse power Average Frequency Efficiency power TH MW 45 kw 2856 MHz 48 % TH MW 250 kw 1300 MHz 45 % TH 2089 cw 1100 kw 352 MHz 62 % 51

52 OUTPUT AND BEAM SCANNING DEVICES 52

53 A. B. 5 Different configuration of accelerator output device (A triangular scanning, B parallel beam): 1 electron beam; 2 scanning magnet, 3 scanner; 4 correction electromagnet; 5 output foil

54 BEAM SCANNING ILU 6 1, 3 Vacuum system; 2, 4 Scanning and switching magnet; 5 Exit window; 6 Irradiated cables or wires 54

55 Double beam path scanning horn Golubenko Y. et all., INP 97-7, Russia

56 DOUBLE SIDE BEAM SCANNER (IBA)

57 DOUBLE SIDE BEAM SCANNER

58 ELECTRON-10 ( MeV; 50 kw) 1 Primary winding; 2 Secondary winding; 3 Pressure vessel; 4 Electron source; 5 Accelerating tube; 6 Scanning device; 7 Vacuum pump; 8 Vacuum chamber; 9 Outlet window; 10 Turning magnet; 11 Radiation shielding. A.S. Ivanov, V.P. Ovchinnikov, M.P. Svinin, N.G. Tolstun, PAC 1993, Washington, USA 58

59 LINEAR SCANNING SYSTEM CAARI 2002 Denton, Texas November 13, 2002 VACUUM CHAMBER ELECTRON BEAM TITANIUM ELECTROMAGNET 59

60 ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ACCELERATOR IMPLEMENTATION Producer Energy Beam Power Price Price (accelerator type) [MeV] [ma] [kw] [M$] [$/W] IBA, Belgium (UHF) RDI, U.S.A. (DC) NHV, Japan (DC) Vivirad,France(DC) INP, Russia (UHF) NIIEFA,Russia (DC) ,9 3.8 INP, Russia (DC)

61 Remarks Characteristics steps can be recognized in the past of accelerator development. Present stage of accelerator technology perfection includes: cost effectiveness, reliability, compactness, very low energy and introduction of MW beam power level, Major industrial accelerator producers are located in USA, Russia, Japan and Belgium. Several other countries including China and Poland are capable to produce accelerators on limited scale, Any practical accelerator construction must be compromise between size, efficiency and cost, The progress in accelerator technology is not a quick process but can be easily noticed in longer time scale, Appropriate accelerator selection should be performed to meet all technical and economical conditions for successful process implementation, 61

62 Highly trained personnel is not required to run modern accelerators because of simplicity of their operation under computer support, Accelerator reliability is very important for any industrial facility. Life time of certain accelerator components should be extended to meet industrial standards, Spare parts and major maintenance service are usually available from the manufacturer of the accelerator, High frequency accelerators are more costly to operate due to their more complex construction and much more expensive spare parts like klystrons and magnetrons, New accelerators constructions can frequently offer better economic and technical characteristics but only long time operation can revile weak points of certain accelerator construction in practical industrial conditions. 62