Moving Renewable Energy to the User

Transcription

1 Moving Renewable Energy to the User Bob Wilson, Energy Systems Engineer, May 17, 2008

2 Outline Objectives & Legislation Moving megawatts Large pipe dreams Power electronics at the RE plant RE= renewable energy Ancillary Services Summary & Conclusions 2

3 Some Colorado Legislation Society wants cleaner sources of electrical energy, Climate change, ozone alerts around Denver, health issues, Clean sources are usually remote from users. Amendment 37 in 2004 The only voter-initiated Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS) Senate Bill set up a procedure for appointing 16 individuals to a task force to create maps of opportunities for Renewable Resource Generation Development Areas. From Governor s Energy Office web site. 3

4 Renewables Portfolio Standards DSIRE: May 2008 *WA: 15% by 2020 OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilities) 5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities) *NV: 20% by 2015 CA: 20% by 2010 AZ: 15% by 2025 MT: 15% by 2015 CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) *10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis) NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs) 10% by 2020 (co-ops) ND: 10% by 2015 *UT: 20% by 2025 SD: 10% by 2015 MN: 25% by 2025 (Xcel: 30% by 2020) IA: 105 MW WI: requirement varies by utility; 10% by 2015 goal OH: 12.5% by 2025 IL: 25% by 2025 MO: 11% by 2020 VT: (1) RE meets any increase in retail sales by 2012; (2) 20% by 2017 NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs) 10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis) ME: 30% by % by new RE NH: 23.8% in 2025 MA: 4% by % annual increase RI: 16% by 2020 CT: 23% by 2020 NY: 24% by 2013 NJ: 22.5% by 2021 PA: 18%¹ by 2020 MD: 20% by 2022 *DE: 20% by 2019 DC: 11% by 2022 *VA: 12% by 2022 HI: 20% by 2020 TX: 5,880 MW by 2015 Minimum solar or customer-sited RE requirement * Increased credit for solar or customer-sited RE ¹PA: 8% Tier I / 10% Tier II (includes non-renewables) State RPS State Goal Solar water heating eligible 4

5 More Colorado Legislation SB : Utilities locate and map energy resource development areas, then plan and file for approvals to build transmission to serve those resource areas, Generators can then compete to develop projects Increased RPS to 20% for Xcel and Aquila, 10% for REAs and municipals. Utilities allowed current cost recovery for their transmission investments Interwest Alliance summary Many more new laws in 2008 Net metering, more 5

6 Generation Development Areas (GDAs) 6

7 Solar GDAs 7

8 Solar Thermal In my opinion, this technology is very desirable: Renewable resource, Must have six hours of thermal storage so generation goes into the evening peak demand. San Luis Valley has only one major transmission line, One proposed path runs from the SLV to Walsenburg over the mountains. What does society want? 8

9 Moving Megawatts,& A Few MegaVArs Extra-high voltage is needed to transport 100 s of megawatts 345 or 500 kv (line-to-line RMS) Trying to move MegaVArs long distance is very inefficient. The RE plant should feed the grid near unity power factor- few VArs in or out, and have dynamic power and voltage response. 9

10 History Many great areas for RE generation are sparsely populated, Hence there are few HV or EHV lines to bring power into the region. In Colorado, west to east. Hence there are few EHV-HV lines to move energy (conventional or RE) out of the region East, SE, or NE, into the Front Range cities. There are constraints (bottlenecks) on & around Colorado transmission. Called TOTs short for TOTal power flows. East-West schism Three asynchronous grids in North America 10

11 The National Transmission Grid Most Major Paths are Congested Colorado is Transmission-Isolated Thanks to Trans-Elect

12 Puget Sound Area Northwest to Canada Alb to BC Western Interconnect Transmission Constraint Areas/Paths Paul-Allston Allston-Keeler PNW Internal North of Hanford Montana to NW West of Broadview Identified by the WCATF For Submission to US DOE April 15, 2006 West of Colstrip NOTES: 1. See Table 4 for Constraint Area Criteria 2. Map identifies all Constraint Areas Idaho-Montana Identified in DOE Tasks 1 and 3 3. Many Constraint Areas are dependent COI PDCI Borah West upon location of future W.I. resources Congested WECC Path Path C Bridger West Constraint Area Nev S. Id Wind Intermountain- Gonder Bonanza West TOT 1A TOT 3 Denver Area SF Bay Area TOT 2C WOR Southwest of Four Corners TOT 2A IID - SCE EOR Cholla-Pinnacle Peak S. Calif. Area Coronado SKing - Kyl N & S. New Mexico Phoenix Tucson Areas 12

13 High Plains Express 13

14 TOT 3 & CO-WY Power Flows TOT 3 Project $318 mm 250 miles 345 kv Line 750 MW 14

15 Eastern Plains Transmission Project Energy from coal in Kansas (?) and RE in Colorado. Ties into Front Range lines. Thanks to Tri-States for the map. 15

16 The HPX, EPTP, TOT 3 Soup WYOMING From Tri-States G&T Energy Resource Zones COLORADO Limon EPTP ARIZONA NEW MEXICO Phoenix Albuque rque Socorro HIGH PLAINS EXPRESS Tucson 16

17 From A. Ellis, PNM 17

18 Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) Topologies Four basic types, based on the WTG technology: Type 1 Type 2 generator Plant Feeders generator Pla nt Fee ders Type 1 Fixed-speed, stall-regulated conventional induction generators PF control capacitors Slip power as heat loss ac to dc PF control capacitors Variable Slip WTG Type 2 Induction generators with variable rotor resistance Variable Speed WTGs Type 3 Doubly-fed asynchronous generators with rotor-side converter Type 4 Asynchronous generators with full converter interface generator Type 3 Type 4 ac to dc dc to ac partia l power Plant Feeders generator ac to dc dc to ac full power Plant Feede rs IEEE PES GM 2008 Tutorial on Wind Generation Modeling and Controls DPWGTF 18

19 Low-Voltage Ride Through Renewable resources (wind) must ride through problems, Such as short-circuit faults (lighting strikes, etc.) That is when the grid needs the resource. Power electronics helps meet LVRT criteria. 19

20 NERC PRC Proposal Proposed NERC Voltage Tolerance (Relay??) Standard Same as proposed WECC PRC-024, except that hat is not included Same as proposed ERCOT, except that recovery goes out to 3 seconds. The hat was dropped in latest proposal 9 cycles Proposed NERC Frequency Tolerance (Relay??) Standard Thanks to Dr. Abe Ellis, PNM 20

21 Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Update Debbie Lew National Wind Technology Center National Renewable Energy Laboratory UWIG Spring Workshop, April 17,

22 Study Footprint (WestConnect outside of California) Control areas: 1) Arizona Public Service 2) El Paso 3) Nevada Power 4) Public Service of New Mexico 5) Sierra Pacific 6) Salt River Project 7) Tristate 8) Tucson 9) Xcel 10) Western Area Power Administration 22

23 Summary Society wants more efficient devices and cleaner sources of energy. Power electronic and power engineering can help. Point Many Projects are working towards the California market. Op. cit. 23

24 Summary The most sustainable form of energy is the energy not used. As PELS professionals, do you: Design for energy efficiency? At home, use CFLs, efficient HVAC, other practices? Enroll your home or company in the Smart Grid program, if you live in Boulder, or maybe in Ft. Collins? 24

25 Questions & Discussion 25