Impedance-Based Simulation Models. for Energy Storage Devices in. Advanced Automotive Power Systems

Transcription

1 Impedance-Based Simulation Models for Energy Storage Devices in Advanced Automotive Power Systems Von der Fakultät für Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Ingenieurwissenschaften genehmigte Dissertation vorgelegt von Diplom-Ingenieur Stephan Buller aus Aachen Berichter: Universitätsprofessor Dr. Rik W. De Doncker Universitätsprofessor Dr.-Ing. Henning Wallentowitz Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 16. Dezember 2002

2 Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Buller, Stephan: Impedance-Based Simulation Models for Energy Storage Devices in Advanced Automotive Power Systems / Stephan Buller. Aachen : Shaker, 2003 (Aachener Beiträge des ISEA ; Bd. 31) Zugl.: Aachen, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 2002 ISBN AACHENER BEITRÄGE DES ISEA. Herausgeber: Universitätsprofessor Dr. ir. Rik W. De Doncker Leiter des Instituts für Stromrichtertechnik und Elektrische Antriebe der RWTH Aachen (ISEA) Aachen D 82 (Diss. RWTH Aachen) Copyright Shaker Verlag 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. Printed in Germany. ISBN ISSN X Shaker Verlag GmbH P.O. BOX D Aachen Phone: 0049/2407 / Telefax: 0049/2407/ Internet: info@shaker.de

3 Acknowledgements 3 Acknowledgements This thesis has been written during my time as research associate at the Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA) of Aachen University. Having finished the work, I want to express my deep gratitude to the people who supported me during the recent years. First of all, I want to thank Prof. Dr. Rik W. De Doncker for giving me the opportunity to work for more than five years at ISEA. During this time, I worked on a number of exciting projects in the field of battery research. As supervisor, Prof. De Doncker encouraged me to focus on impedance-based storage simulation which finally became the topic of my thesis. Numerous fruitful discussions with Prof. De Doncker helped to form this piece of work to its present shape. I am also very grateful to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Henning Wallentowitz who accepted the role as second supervisor of this thesis. This work is based on fundamental research work which has been partly performed by former colleagues, especially by Dr. Eckhard Karden. I learned a lot during our common time at ISEA and even after this time, Dr. Karden was always available for interesting scientific discussions. The thesis itself underwent careful corrections by Dr. Eckhard Karden, Dr. Abderrezak Hammouche and Antje Nölle. Working at ISEA has always been a great pleasure. The harmonic atmosphere is due to the outstanding cooperation of all scientific and non-scientific employees. Special thanks to my colleagues in the battery research group - you are a great team. The following students contributed with their thesis or their practical assistance to this research work: Holger Blanke, Olaf Elsen, Birger Fricke, Thorsten Giesen, Ronald Große, Joep Jacobs, Karl Kyrberg, Dirk Linzen, Martin Piechoczek, Marc Thele, Toni Viscido and Klaus Winter. I am also grateful to the Ford Forschungszentrum Aachen (FFA), especially to Dr. Daniel Kok and Dr. Lutz Gaedt for supporting this research project. Not only the financial support by FFA but also frequent meetings and discussions strongly helped to develop the presented storage models. Finally, I want to thank my parents Alois and Gertrud Buller for guiding my education and giving me the chance and the freedom to follow my scientific interests. Last but not least, I am grateful to my girlfriend Andrea Scheepers for her patience during the time when I spend most of my time with batteries and with the preparation of this thesis. Aachen, December 2002 Stephan Buller

4 4 Contents Contents 1 INTRODUCTION ADVANCED AUTOMOTIVE POWER SYSTEMS Propulsion concepts for new vehicles V vehicle power supply system Energy storage systems for 42 V systems New demands on energy storage systems Available storage technologies Monitoring and management systems Design methods of vehicle power systems IMPEDANCE-BASED MODELING APPROACH Requirements of the device models Models of energy storage devices Impedance spectroscopy Measuring principle Instrumentation Microcycle approach General modeling algorithm Selected storage technologies SUPERCAPACITORS Theory Design and working principle of supercapacitors...34

5 Contents The electrolytic double layer Impedance of porous electrodes Impedance spectra Equivalent-circuit model LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES Theory Design and working principle of Li-ion batteries Impedance of porous electrodes with charge transfer and diffusion Impedance spectra Equivalent-circuit model Model topology Model parameterization VALVE-REGULATED LEAD-ACID BATTERIES Theory Design and working principle of VRLA batteries Thermal properties of VRLA batteries Impedance spectra Equivalent-circuit model Model topology Model parameterization MATLAB/SIMULINK IMPLEMENTATION ZARC elements Approximation by means of one RC circuit Approximation by means of series-connected RC circuits Representation of the non-linearities Porous electrodes and diffusion impedance Scalability of the model VERIFICATION AND DISCUSSION OF THE MODELS... 88

6 6 Contents 8.1 Impedance-based linear battery models Supercapacitors Verification of the model Application example Discussion Li-ion batteries Verification of the model Discussion VRLA batteries Verification of the model Possible simplifications of the model Application example Discussion SUMMARY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX List of abbreviations List of symbols and constants Data sheets of the investigated storage systems S-Function: I_Calculation Deutsche Zusammenfassung (German Summary) Curriculum Vitae...138