Battery Power Management

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1 Battery Power Management for Portable Devices Yevgen Barsukov Jinrong Qian ARTECH HOUSE BOSTON LONDON artechhouse.com

2 Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Foreword xv 1 Battery Chemistry Fundamentals and Characteristics Introduction Battery Fundamentals and Electrical Behavior Under DC and Transient Conditions General Battery Characteristics Chemical Capacity and Energy Battery Impedance Usable Capacity Power Capability and the Ragone Plot Durability, Cycle Life, and Shelf-Life Self-Discharge Properties Monitoring and Safety Overview of Different Battery Technologies Lead Acid Nickel Cadmium Nickel Metal-Hydride Lithium Ion Battery 34 v

3 vi Battery Power Management for Portable Devices Battery Chemistries Overview 43 References 43 2 Battery Charger Techniques Lead-Acid Battery Charger NiCd and NiMH Battery Charger Nickel-Based Battery Charge Characteristics and Charge Profile NiMH Battery Charger Design Example Li-Ion and Li-Polymer Battery Charger Li-Ion and Li-Polymer Charge Characteristics and Principle Charge Temperature Qualification and JEITA Guideline Linear Battery Charger Switch-Mode Battery Charger Switch-Mode Battery Charger Design Example USB Battery Charging Port Detecting and Self-Enumerating Charger Battery Charger and System Interactions Dynamic Power Management Battery Charger System Bus Voltage-Based Dynamic Power Path Management (DPPM) Charger Input Current-Based Dynamic Power Management (DPM) Linear Charger Switch-Mode DPM Battery Charger with Power Source Selector Narrow Voltage Direct Current (NVDC) DPM Battery Charger Battery Charging System Topology Comparisons Battery Charger Design Examples in End Equipment Tablet Charger Design Example Notebook and Ultrabook Battery Charger Design Example LiFeP04 Battery Charger Wireless Charging Technology 87

4 Contents vii 2.9 Solar Charging System 88 References 91 3 Battery Safety and Protections Introduction Safety Events Triggered External to the Battery Pack Overvoltage Applied to a Battery Pack Overdischarge Overcurrent During Discharge Overcurrent During Charge Safety Events Triggered Inside the Battery Pack Pack Internal Short Circuit Cell Overvoltage Cell Internal Short Circuit Final Thoughts 109 References Cell-Balancing Techniques: Theory and Implementation Introduction Types of Battery Cell Imbalance That Affect the Charge/Discharge Voltage State-of-Charge (SOC) Imbalance Total Capacity Differences Impedance Differences Effect of Imbalancing on Performance Premature Cell Degradation Through Exposure to Overvoltage Safety Hazards Resulting from Overcharged Cells Early Charge Termination Resulting in Reduced Capacity Early Discharge Termination Hardware Implementation of Balancing Current Bypass Charge Redistribution 127

5 Battery Power Management for Portable Devices Charge Shuttles Inductive Converter-Based Cell Balancing Balancing Algorithms Cell Voltage Based SOC Based SOC and Total Capacity Based Summary Battery Fuel Gauging: State of Charge, Remaining Capacity, and State of Health Indication Introduction State ofcharge and Accuracy Definitions Basic Battery Remaining Capacity Monitoring Methods Voltage Correlation Voltage Correlation with IR Correction Hardware Implementation of Voltage Correlation Coulomb Counting: Current Integration Method Coulomb Counting with Voltage-Based Early Learning Hardware Implementation of Coulomb Counting Gauging Advanced Gauging Methods: Impedance Track Basic Concept Voltage Correlation in IT Full Chemical Capacity (C^J Update in IT Battery Impedance Update in IT Thermal Modeling to Account for Temperature Effects on Usable Capacity Load Modeling Bringing It All Together: Predicting Usable Capacity and Energy for Present Conditions State of Health Hardware Implementation of IT Algorithm Host-Side and Pack-Side Gauging Summary 173

6 Contents ix 6 System Considerations Introduction Battery Pack Electronics: General Considerations Battery Pack ESD Design Considerations ESD Fundamentals Where Does the Current Flow During ESD Hits? ESD Design Hardening Pack Insertion Issues Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Solutions EMI Solutions in the Battery Management Unit EMI Design Considerations in Battery Charging System Applications Measuring the EMI Conducted EMI Approach for Minimizing Conducted Differential Noise Approach for Minimizing Common Mode EMI Noise Minimizing the Radiated EMI Power Components and PCB Thermal Design Considerations Assuring That an Intended Battery Is Used with the Device: Authentication 201 References Design Examples: Complete Battery Solutions for Specific Portable Systems Introduction Cell Phones and Smartphones Battery Selection Battery Pack Electronics Battery Charging Tablet Computers Battery Pack Electronics Battery Charging 218

7 X Battery Power Management for Portable Devices 7.4 Notebook PCs Battery Selection Battery Pack Electronics Battery Charging Ultrabooks Battery Selection Battery Pack Electronics Charging and Power Architecture Ultrabook Battery Charger Design Example Digital Cameras Battery Pack Electronics Battery Charging Industrial and Medical Handheld Devices Battery Selection Battery Pack Electronics Battery Charging Conclusion 235 About the Authors 237 Index 23?

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