Vehicle to Grid Interaction in the Smart Grid

Transcription

1 Vehicle to Grid Interaction in the Smart Grid Henning Lohse-Busch, Ph.D. Smart Grid in the USA Hannover, Germany April 5 th, 2011

2 Disclaimer The focus is on the interface between the Smart Grid and Electric Vehicle Charging This a research engineers perspective on the challenges This presentation is based on work of Theodore Bohn and Keith Hardy who are the Smart Grid expert at ANL 2

3 US National Laboratories for DOE Research Pacific Northwest Idaho Nat l Lab. Lawrence Berkeley Argonne Brookhaven Lawrence Livermore Nat l Renewable Energy Lab. Sandia Los Alamos Oak Ridge 3 3

4 Argonne National Laboratory Is One of Department of Energy s Largest Research Facilities A national laboratory, chartered in 1946 Operated by the University of Chicago and others for the U.S. Department of Energy Major research missions include basic science, transportation, and advanced energy technologies About 2,901 employees, including about 1,001 scientists and engineers, of whom 751 hold doctorate degrees Annual operating budget of about $470 million (~80% from DOE) 4

5 Unique Facilities Coupled with a Depth of Expertise in Basic Science and Applied Engineering pushes the Frontiers of Transportation Research at Argonne Transportation Hutch APS x-rays Materials Research Battery electrodes Fuel cell catalysts Tribology Basic and Applied Combustion Research End of Life Vehicle Recycling Advanced Powertrain Research Facility Testing and Validation Fuel Cell and Battery Testing Autonomie GREET High Performance Computing Modeling and Simulation 5

6 Outline US initiatives for electrified vehicles: a driver for Smart Grid Development Plug-in Electric Vehicles Initiatives EV and charging Demonstrations Smart Grid Communication and Metering Components UMAN Compact Metrology Home Getway Codes and Standards for Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Electric vehicle codes and standards play a key role in deployment of interoperable charging and communication infrastructure. Harmonization of those standards on a global basis, even though they are not identical, ensures that they are compatible. 6

7 US initiatives for electrified vehicles: a driver for Smart Grid Development 7

8 Electrified Vehicle Goal: 1,000,000 Plug-In Vehicles by 2015 This goal includes BEVs and PHEVs. Technologies enabled by Lithium Ion battery technology advances. Announced OEM production plans total 1.2 M EVs by 2015 cumulatively (further OEMs are expected to market EVs) DOE s actions: Investments (R&D and productions), Demonstrations and Incentives 3 and 2.4 billion dollars investment loans in Battery Facilities and support for EV component With more research and incentives, we can break our dependence on oil with biofuels, and become the first country to have a million electric vehicles on the road by President Barack Obama, 2011 State of the Union 8

9 IEA Roadmap Targets for EV/PHEV* Roadmap Vision industry and governments should attain a combined EV/PHEV sales share of at least 50% of LDV sales worldwide by These EV and PHEV production and sales targets will be very challenging to achieve and will require strong policies in countries around the world to move rapidly toward this transition to new vehicles and fuels. *Technology Roadmap, Electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EV/PHEV), International Energy Agency

10 PHEV / EV Global Volume Estimate Importance of harmonization increases with vehicle volume.

11 U.S. Spending Considerable Resources on Infrastructure and Data Collection 11

12 Transportation Electrification Demonstration Activities ECOtality North America AWARD: $114.8M Deployment of 14,850 Level 2 Charging Stations, plus 320 DC Fast Chargers, in 8 major metropolitan areas Demonstration of 5,700 Nissan Leaf EVs and 2,600 Chevy Volt E-REVs Instrumentation of vehicles and infrastructure Coulomb Technologies AWARD: $15M Deployment of approximately 4,600 public and private charging stations in 9 U.S. Cities

13 The Grid gets Smart with Sensors and Actuation together with Faster and Real Time Communication Goals of the smart grid Increase grid efficiency, safety and reliability Enable decentralized power generation (customer can put power back in the grid) Flexibility of power source (choice of upstream supplier and source) Improve the economy by creating green collar jobs Electric grid Sensing Smart meter Communication WiFi, Satelite, radio, PLC Actuation Charger Functions of the smart grid It s the current electric grid with it s power generation, transmission and distribution with planned improvements It s more resilient and reliable, through faster sensing and faster action to isolate problem areas with improved decision support Load adjustment through smart appliances and smart meters with HAN A dynamic pricing signal may influence consumer behavior Dynamic/Auto demand response to loading Net metering enables decentralized power generation (example: individual renewable power generation) 13

14 Smart Vehicle-Grid Interface Requires standard connectivity/communication protocols to minimize impact on automotive industry and utilities/grid operators (cost, complexity, reliability) 14

15 Smart Grid Communication and Metering Components 15

16 1347kWh LT AC EV TOU: 3 Cost: $0.05 4:45 pm 77 o F FreedomCAR Grid Interaction Tech Team (GITT) Smart Meter Home Gateway EVSE Support a transition scenario to large scale grid-connected vehicle charging with transformational technology, proof of concept and information dissemination The GITT addresses connectivity between light duty plug-in vehicles, the charging infrastructure and the electric power grid, focusing on the following: Reduced Cost of Electric Charging Infrastructure Harmonization of Global Connectivity Standards Enabling Technology Development Enhanced Viability of Fast/Consumer-Friendly Charging Managed Vehicle Charging Loads Consistent with Smart Grid 16

17 Universal Metropolitan Area Network Issue: Lead: Lack of universal communication capability necessitates different hardware and software solutions for products in different countries ANL T. Bohn (w/umich-dearborn) Objective: Develop single radio solution that supports a variety of global standards, including Zigbee, UMAN, etc. eliminating the need for different communication modules Approach: Develop capabilities for single chip software defined radio (SDR)in VHDL programming language Physical layer specs defined by IEEE (zigbee), IEEE c/d (China and Japan version) and IEEE g (UMAN) Several modulation modes: FSK, MPSK, Q-QPSK and OFDM in multiple bands including MHz, MHz, and MHz U-MAN sub-mhz frequency range listed here for different countries has better signal penetration through buildings than typical 2.4GHz WiFi or Zigbee wireless 17

18 Compact Metrology Issue: Lead: A dedicated branch circuit, electric meter and standard charging receptacle will be required to charge a plug-in vehicle in the US; the additional cost could impact plug-in vehicle sales ANL T. Bohn (w/viola Enterprises, Universal Gridworks, 2G Engineering) Objective: Develop a low-cost End Use Measurement Device (EUMD) to replace the additional dedicated electric meter - Revenue-grade accuracy (0.3% class ANSI C12) over full temp. range, - SEP2.0/J2847 communication capabilities, - Sized to fit in a standard AC disconnect and - Cost less than $50 in production Approach: Develop flux gate magnetometer-based current sensors; with no core, better than 0.1% accuracy from C and ~30 /pair in volume; integrate communication solutions as they develop 18

19 Home Gateway Issue: Lead: Home area networks (HANs) will utilize smart meters and appliances with communication and control capability (e.g., Zigbee) to manage/balance loads; PEVs are essentially a large appliance must be compatible with the gateway (i.e., SAE J2847 compliant messaging) PNNL K. Gowri (w/anl) Objective: Develop a test fixture to verify compliance with SAE J2847, focusing on vehicle-gateway communication Approach: Emulate EVSE communication with a production gateway to be provided by a supplier; expand to include the utility, EVSE and vehicle as the balance of the system hardware becomes available. 19

20 Next Development of Advanced Communications Architecture for Smart Energy Grid FY 2011 Goal: Expand Software Defined Radio Demo to Multiple Vehicles and Nodes 20

21 Next Compact Metrology Development & Testing FY 2011-Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 FY 2012 End-Use-Measurement Device (EUMD) Flux gate magnetometer sensor proof-of-concept REV1: Custom board, off-the-shelf sensors, Xbee radio REV2: Integrated FGM current sensors and PLC communication Software-Defined Radio Lab/field test at ANL, DTE Energy and SCE SDR in one-chip communication solution using flexible baseband chip (PLC, Zigbee, SUN radio, etc.) Demonstrate performance and cost potential with the supplier community Field test at ORNL solar EV charge station Field test in Europe/Asia Expand application to smart energy community 21

22 Codes and Standards for Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging 22

23 Each type of vehicle has unique charging needs: Plug in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Very limited electric range small battery 5-10 kwhr Charge power 1-3 kw Extended Range Electric Vehicle (EREV) Increased electric range medium battery kwhr Charge power up to 6 kw Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) All electric range large battery >20kWhr Charge power > 6 kw

24 SAE J2953 EVSE-PEV-EUMD-Utility Compatibility Many Combinations of EVs, EVSE and Utility Region Installations Occasional use cable EVSE DC off board charger Utilities? Interoperability?

25 EV range on a miles-per-minute Basis Vehicles carry an on-board AC-to-DC charger that determines typical miles per minute of accumulated recharge range. AC Level 1; 120v/20A branch circuit, 15A continuous (1700W) Charge accumulation rate is 1700W*(3.3miles/kWhr)=~5 miles per hour of charging AC Level 2 (typical) 240v/20A branch circuit, 15A continuous (3400W) Charge accumulation rate is 3400W*(3.3miles/kWhr)=~10 miles per hour of charging AWG12 wiring conductor AC Level 2 (normal) 240v/40A branch circuit, 30A continuous (7200W) Charge accumulation rate is 7200W*(3.3miles/kWhr)=~20 miles per hour of charging AWG10, or equivalent wiring conductor DC Level 2 (fast charging)- 50kW, three phase 480vac supply to offboard unit Charge accumulation rate is 50000W*(3.3miles/kWhr)=~165 miles per hour of charging Only up to 80% SOC; typically not able to be used for an hour of charging. (i.e. 20 minutes) AWG1, or equivalent wiring conductor

26 Charging Rates Based on Available AC branch Current 1 Phase 3kW (16A) 7kW (32A) 14kW (64A) 3 Phase 11kw (16A) 22kW (32A) 43kW (63A) High power Minimal Standard Opportunity Emergency "Range extension" Grandma's Own garage Shopping mall Curbside Highway filling house stations Curbside Gym Employee parking No better option available Over night, at work 95% in 6h While shopping 50% in 30 min. Wait at spot 30 % in 10 min. Wait at spot 80% in 10 min. IEC Type 2 AC China DC Mode 3 China IEC Type 1 IEC Type 2 AC IEC Type 2 DC Type 2 DC(t) IEC Type 1 CHAdeMO DC SAE J1772 / IEC Type 1 / SAE J1772 Hybrid TBD Type 2 DC+ (TBD) EU JP US

27 Codes and Standards Drive for Harmonization (Test Procedures, Hardware, Communication Protocol ) Global Differences in Connectivity AC Charging US EU CHINA JAPAN Single- Phase (1Ø) SAE J1772 TM IEC Type 1 Type 2 SAE J1772 TM * Singleor Three-Phase (1Ø or 3Ø) IEC Type 2 IEC Type 3 SAE and IEC AC standards have common control signals China charge couplers (not standard yet) have unique control signals and overall physical shape Japan CHADEMO standard has unique control signals and overall physical shape DC Charging SAE and IEC working toward harmonization of DC Hybrid charge couplers SAE J1772 TM Hybrid IEC Type 2 Hybrid Mode 3 JEVS G (CHADEMO) * SAE J1772 TM AC connector has also been adopted by Korea and Australia 27

28 AC Charging Connector Options AC Connector: IEC EU AC Connector: SAE J1772 NA / Japan / Korea / Australia AC Connector: China Type 1: Type 2: Type 3:

29 DC Charging Connector- Fast Charge DC Connector: IEC EU DC Connector: SAE J1772 NA DC Connector: CHADEMO Japan DC Connector: China Working to harmonize: Type 1 or Type 2 core, adding DC contacts DC contact location and other physical features are common Common control signals

30 Historical Perspective on Connector Standards (In 1913 there were 30,000 EVs in US) Signed Oct 1913

31 Looking Forward: SAE J2954- Wireless EV Charging - Customer transparency and seamlessness for EV/PHEV charging without having to physically connect. - Smart Grid programmability - Global Harmonization for wireless power transfer Inductive charging: Electromagnetic field used to transfer energy between two objects in close proximity. A charging station sends energy through inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores the energy in the batteries. Magnetic Resonance: Based on coupling when two objects exchange energy oscillating magnetic fields. Occurs when natural frequency each object is approx. the same. Two idealized resonant magnetic coils, shown in yellow. The blue and red color bands illustrate their magnetic fields. The coupling of their respective magnetic fields is indicated by the connection of the colorbands.

32 Almost there 32

33 Conclusion on Smart Grid in the USA from the vehicle perspective The US initiatives for electrified vehicles is a driver for Smart Grid Development Plug-in Electric Vehicles Initiatives: Over 1 million PEVs by 2015 Demonstrations and data collections help understand the vehicle to grid interactions The smart grid uses sensors and actuation together with faster communication Smart Grid goals: Increase grid efficiency, safety and reliability Enable decentralized power generation (customer can up power back in the grid) Flexibility of power source (choice of upstream supplier) Improve the economy by creating green collar jobs Smart Grid Communication and Metering Components are key enablers: Communications standards, Compact metering, Home Getways Codes and Standards for Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charging Electric vehicle codes and standards play a key role in deployment of interoperable charging and communication infrastructure. Harmonization of those standards on a global basis, even though they are not identical, ensures that they are compatible. 33