ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT for NYARUGOTE HEALTH CENTER, UGANDA

Transcription

1 ENERGY NEEDS ASSESSMENT REPORT for NYARUGOTE HEALTH CENTER, UGANDA Produced for the UN Foundation Energy for Women s and Children s Health Initiative By African Solar Designs Ltd Report number: UG 063 Audit date: 13/03/2015 1

2 Contents 1 Summary Introduction and Methodology Purpose of document Methodology Nyarugote Health Center, Description Site location and layout Medical services Women s and children s health services Site infrastructure Current Energy Status Electrical and thermal energy summary Electrical energy systems Electrical energy demand Thermal energy demand Energy systems management Recommendations System recommendation: 3 kw Facility-level micro-grid Technical details of proposed power system Estimated cost breakdown

3 1 Summary This Need Assessment Report presents an overview of the energy situation at Nyarugote Health Center and provides recommendations on the best way to meet the center s critical energy loads, particularly those requiring electricity. The assessment takes a demand-led approach to evaluating potential power solutions, recognizing that energy is a means to improved health services, not an end in itself. The assessment attempts to capture the full suite of power-dependent health services at the center, while prioritizing those services and issues most relevant to women and children. This is in recognition that women and children generally bear the brunt of inadequate primary health care services, especially in resource-constrained environments. An on-site audit was carried out at Nyarugote Health Center, an HC II level health facility 1 in Uganda. The facility serves the local community at Nyarugote trading center and its surroundings. It offers family planning, antenatal, delivery and pediatric care as specialized women s and children s health services. Current energy situation: The facility is off-grid with the nearest connection point located more than five km from the site. The site therefore depends on off-grid energy systems for electricity. It currently has one solar photovoltaic (PV) system with a total capacity of kilowatts (kw), of which all is currently operational. The facility has an estimated current daily electrical demand of 0.2 kilowatt hours (kwh)/day that is fully met by the existing system. Proposed solution: Nyarugote Health Center is recommended to have a 3 kwp Facility-level micro-grid to meet a future modeled daily energy demand of about 10.9 kwh/day. The power system voltage should be 48 volts direct current (VDC) for the solar supply and 240 volts alternating current (VAC) for the power supply. The proposed facility-level micro-grid has a medium potential of being expanded into a community mini-grid, based on a preliminary assessment of distance to and number of nearby households and businesses. It is recommended that all buildings should be connected to the facility-level micro-grid and wired to 240VAC with sockets and fittings. This should be done using appropriately sized cables and sited poles according to Uganda electrification standards 2. Remote monitoring of the system and load limiters in staff quarters should be used as part of a holistic energy management approach. The total cost 3 of the proposed solar PV system for the facility is estimated at between US$ 12,960 and US$ 21,450, based on low/high-end equipment costs for Uganda. The table below summarizes proposed power solutions for this facility. Table 1.1: Proposed energy solution for critical loads at Nyarugote Health Center 4 Critical Need Current Energy Situation Immediate Solution (proposed energy source) Lighting Solar PV - operational, kerosene Facility-level micro-grid 1 A further description of health facility levels in Uganda is found in the Country Summary. 2 Uganda adheres to International Electricity Commission (IEC) standards, outlined further in the Country Summary. 3 Cost estimates include all power system components, transportation, installation, taxes (if applicable) and a contingency amount. They do not include remote monitoring or any recommended appliance costs. 4 Abbreviations used in this table include Information and communications technology (ICT) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). 3

4 Critical Need Current Energy Situation Immediate Solution (proposed energy source) ICT None Facility-level micro-grid Staff electricity None Facility-level micro-grid Water pumping None Facility-level micro-grid Refrigeration LPG LPG Sterilization No heat-based sterilization LPG 4

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6 2 Introduction and Methodology 2.1 Purpose of document This report presents the results of an energy audit and needs assessment conducted for the Nyarugote Health Center. It provides a detailed assessment of the center s energy usage (demand and supply) and makes recommendations for how to improve the availability and quality of energy services at the facility. The recommendations offer suggestions on ways to conserve energy/reduce costs, while maintaining reliable power supply to ensure continued provision of health care services to the community women and children in particular. This report was prepared with support from and as part of the United Nations (UN) Foundation s Energy for Women s and Children Health initiative in Uganda, which seeks to help map the energy needs of government health facilities across Uganda and design electricity solutions to address those needs. 2.2 Methodology A three-step process was used to develop this report. The first step involved identifying Nyarugote Health Center for inclusion in this initiative. The facility was chosen (along with roughly 99 other health facilities) following a consultative process with key energy and health sector stakeholders in Uganda. Criteria included high maternal and child health vulnerability or mortality, as well as low electricity access. The government of Uganda approved the inclusion of Nyarugote Health Center in this analysis. The second step involved conducting an on-site energy audit 5 on 13 rd March 2015, including interviews with available staff. Auditor teams were trained by African Solar Designs (ASD) prior to the audits and used a survey tool designed by ASD and UN Foundation specifically for this work. The tool is based on the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Powering Health site evaluation tool. Following the audits, ASD carried out a comprehensive analysis of the data collected on site, using international best practices to evaluate the most cost effective, sustainable systems to meet the power needs of health care practitioners and patients. An accompanying Country Summary report consolidates analysis and recommendations for all facilities in Uganda. 3 NYARUGOTE HEALTH CENTER Description 3.1 Site location and layout NYARUGOTE HEALTH CENTER is located in Nyarugote trading center, Nyabubare sub-county, Bushenyi district. The facility is an HC II health center (registration number 5 in Bunyeshi), established in The site is located in an area with a population of about 3,900 people, majority of them being farmers. The vicinity has small business premises, including a salon and a video hall. NYARUGOTE HEALTH CENTER site area is shown in more detail in Figure Tebusweke Semakula completed the energy audit under the supervision of ASD and Konserve consult 6

7 Figure 3.1: Site map of NYARUGOTE HEALTH CENTER and the surrounding community in Error! Reference source not found. 3.2 Medical services This facility provides outpatient services including maternity, reproductive health services and pharmacy. A summary of key operational information is shown below. Table 3.1: Key operational information for the NYARUGOTE HEALTH CENTER Key Information Opening hours 7 Days of the week open Monday - Friday Number of buildings 2 Full-time medical staff 4 Support staff 2 Number of beds 9 Estimated number of 500 outpatients per month Male Female 70% 30% Figure.3.2: Proportion of male and female outpatients treated per month 7

8 Figure.3.3: The outpatient block 3.3 Women s and children s health services At the NYARUGOTE HEALTH CENTER, there are two midwives. Women s and children s health care offered at the facility includes: family planning, antenatal, delivery and pediatric services. The main health issues reported by women visiting the facility include: (i) malaria, (ii) urinary tract infection, (iii) respiratory tract infection and (iv) delivery complications. The main children s health issues reported include: (i) malaria, and (ii) respiratory tract infection. The maternity ward at the facility is open for 24 hours daily. The following is a snapshot of the services available for women at this facility: Table 3.2: Maternal health care at NYARUGOTE HEALTH CENTER Maternal Health Summary Number of maternity beds 9 Number of full time women s health staff 2 Housing provided on-site for women s health staff Yes Day birth Night Birth 60% 40% Approximate number of births per month 10 Figure.3.4The proportion of births during the day and night per month 8

9 3.4 Site infrastructure Medical services buildings: The site contains the following buildings: Outpatient department block Maternity building Figure.3.5: Medical officers walk towards the maternity building Staff housing: NYARUGOTE HEALTH CENTER site also includes housing for some of their medical staff, including one midwife. There are two staff units, all of which have no electricity supply. 9

10 Figure 3.6: Staff housing units at Nyarugote health center Sanitation: There are four pit latrines with slab on site, none of which has lights. Waste at this site is separated into bio-medical and organic waste, where there are separate disposal procedures and areas for each type. Waste disposal utilities available are a rubbish pit and a placenta pit. On-site water services: There is no running water on site. The source of water is rain harvesting, where water is collected and delivered through gravitational flow. There is an estimated 10,000 liter (L) water storage capacity on site. Caregiver infrastructure: The facility offers family and friends of inpatients a sleeping area. 4 Current Energy Status 4.1 Electrical and thermal energy 6 summary Energy sources Nyarugote Health Center does not have grid electricity and is located more than five km from the nearest connection point. Existing off-grid systems at the site are summarized below and discussed in more detail in Sections 4.2 and 4.4. Table 4.1: Summary of off-grid energy on-site Energy Source Number of Systems Total Capacity Solar PV kw LPG 1 13kg gas cylinder Kerosene n/a n/a 6 Thermal energy sources are associated with heat production and include wood, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene, gasoline, etc. 10

11 Energy applications During the site audit, a census of energy dependent appliances was taken. The table below shows energy applications at both the medical departments and staff housing. Table 4.2: Details of energy consuming appliances on-site Application Detail Qty Current Energy Source GS PV Ke Ma LPG WC SWH Grid Lighting Interior LED 7 4 Security LED 1 Lantern 1 Refrigeration and Vaccine fridge 1 cold chain Water heating Stove Water supply Rain water-gravity fed n/a Energy Applications at Medical Departments Lighting Lantern Staff housing Current energy source codes: GS = Genset, PV = Photovoltaic, Ke = Kerosene, Ma = Manual, LPG = LPG gas, WC= Wood/Charcoal, SWH = Solar Water Heating, Grid = National Grid. Colored dots: Green = Operational, Red = System Failure 4.2 Electrical energy systems The primary electrical sources at the site are solar PV systems. An overview of the off-grid power systems is given in Tables 4.3 and 4.4. Only one of the staff houses has an off-grid power system. Table 4.3: Summary of medical department electrical power systems System Description 8 Applications Comments Solar PV system 1 (Maternity) -195Wp Solar Modules -200Ah sealed lead acid batteries -12V system -Phocos charge controller - Lighting - System is operational. - Donated by subcounty officials. -Installation date unknown. The total installed generating capacity at the facility is kw, of which all is currently operational. See Figure Light emitting diode (LED) 8 Abbreviations used in Tables 4.3 and 4.4 include watt peak (wp), ampere hours (Ah), and liters (L). 11

12 Total installed solar capacity = kw Mat lights, 100.0% Figure 4.1: Installed and working generating capacity onsite. Green = operational and red = faulty Figure 4.2: solar PV array on the maternity block 4.3 Electrical energy demand The facility has a relatively low energy demand. Figure 4.3 illustrates the electrical consumption of the equipment audited during the site visit. The total electricity demand on-site is 0.2 kwh/day. Daily energy requirement [kwh] Lighting The critical electrical loads currently powered at this site are: Lighting 4 to 12 hours a day, 3W, maternity and security lights are working Operational Figure 4.3: A breakdown of the current electrical demands by application and operational status 12

13 Figure 4.4: An LED bulb in the maternity 4.4 Thermal energy demand This health facility has thermal energy demands in addition to the electrical demands discussed above. The site audit indicated that LPG and kerosene are used at the health facility though fuel records were unavailable at the time of the audit. Table 4.5: Summary of thermal energy use at the health facility Thermal source Applications Comment LPG -Refrigeration -13kg gas cylinder refilled by DHO as soon as gas is reported to be exhausted. -Monthly consumption unknown Kerosene -Lighting -Water heating -Monthly consumption unknown 13

14 Figure 4.5: Kerosene powered lantern and stove at the health center 4.5 Energy systems management A brief assessment of the current procedures and challenges for managing the off-grid energy systems follows. Table 4.6: Management and maintenance of existing energy systems Parameter Existing system meets health facility needs Spare parts available on site or by request Training on equipment use provided upon installation Manual(s) available for use of system Procedure in place for repair / replacement of parts Specific person on site responsible for system maintenance Budget available for system maintenance Guard or other security on site to protect from system theft Site Assessment No, it only powers maternity lights No Unknown Unknown Yes Report to the sub county officials. The health center in charge. Unknown Staff on site double up as security. 14

15 5 Recommendations 5.1 System recommendation: 3 kw Facility-level micro-grid System design overview Nyarugote Health Center has an estimated current daily electrical demand of 0.2 kwh/day that is fully met by the existing system. Future modeled daily energy demand 9 will be about 10.9 kwh/day. The following system is recommended to meet the forecasted demand: Table 5.1: Proposed system overview Parameter Electricity demand Type of configuration System size (kw) System voltage Mini-grid potential Value 10.9 kwh/day Facility-level micro-grid 3 kw Power supply: 240VAC PV System: 48VDC Medium potential for community mini-grid. 1 9 This figure is based on a modeled future load in which six essential energy demands were identified for all sites: lighting (interior, security and medical), refrigeration, medical equipment, ICT (phone charging and computer), staff housing and water pumping. Site-specific characteristics determined calculations on what these loads even if not presently on site might be in future. The figure includes a 20% growth factor, with an additional 25% to account for system losses. More detail regarding the load modeling is in the Country Summary. 15

16 Figure 5.1: Suggested layout of the system Summary of services to be supplied by proposed energy system Table 5.2: Proposed energy for essential services on site Key Energy Service Proposed Energy System Recommended Appliance Upgrades Lighting Facility-level micro-grid All 12VDC lighting fixtures should be replaced or be converted to 240VAC. Security, general lighting and specialized high intensity LED theatre lights to be supplied. Security lighting [4] General lighting [12] Delivery lamp [1] ICT Facility-level micro-grid 240VAC sockets for cell phone charging, a computer and a printer. Refrigeration LPG in the short term Upgrade to an energy efficient electric vaccine fridge powered by the micro-grid in the long term. Water pumping Facility-level micro-grid A submersible water pump that matches water requirements at the facility should be considered. 16

17 Key Energy Service Proposed Energy System Recommended Appliance Upgrades Sterilization Staff electricity needs LPG sterilization should be considered in the short term. The facility-level micro-grid cannot supply power for sterilization. Two staff units to be connected to 240VAC micro-grid [limit to one socket per staff unit]. Steam sterilizer Load limiters should be installed in staff quarters for energy management purposes. 5.2 Technical details of proposed power system This section describes in more detail the 6 kw facility-level micro-grid proposed for the site. The solar PV array has been sized to provide sufficient energy to meet the future modeled daily energy demand, in which in which 20% energy growth has been accounted for. A back-up diesel generator has been included in the system design to allow for 100% power reliability for those days where solar resource is limited yet the facility still requires power. Power System Equipment The proposed off-grid solution consists of a solar PV 10 array generating DC electricity into a DC bus where a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) charge controller charges the batteries. Through a pure sine wave inverter the DC electricity is converted into AC for the final delivery to the health facility. A generator is included as an optional feature in the event the site wants to provide backup for full-time power 11. The following diagram illustrates the two main components of the proposed system: Power system equipment (blue dotted line) and Different consumption units (loads) that the power system provides power to (red dotted line.) 10 Uganda has strong solar resources and less well understood wind resources. Wind is highly site specific and was not assessed as part of this work. 11 For backup power to a PV/battery system, a diesel generator is generally preferable as it is dispatchable (available on demand), can be used to recharge existing batteries in times of low solar resource, and is more cost effective than additional batteries for the same purpose. For the limited portion of the time that the solar resource isn't available (e.g. rainy days), a small generator is most effective. 17

18 Figure 5.2: Proposed system design Technical description of power system Table 5.3: Details of the proposed system TECHNICAL PARAMETER 3kW Solar Photovoltaic Array Capacity (Watts) Total Inverter Nominal Capacity (Watts) Total Inverter Maximum Capacity (Watts) Charge Controller Size Total Battery Bank C (Ah) 10 Battery Bank Voltage (Volts) Diesel Generator Size (kva) 3000 (W) 3000 (W) 3600 (W) To match max current from solar array + 25% 781 (Ah) 48 (V) (kva) 18

19 The above table details the solar array peak capacity in Watts, the total nominal and maximum capacity of inverter(s) in Watts, the battery bank capacity for 2.5 days of autonomy (Amp-hours) and the DC bus system voltage. The charge controller size (Amps) should be 25% greater than the current coming from the solar array to allow potential overcurrent flows while protecting the equipment. Detailed technical standards for equipment accompany the Country Summary document. Remote monitoring of the system for proper management. Mounting structure to be provided depending on where the system will be mounted - ground or roof top. Necessary upgrades for appliances and wiring All buildings should be connected to the facility-level micro-grid wired for 240VAC with sockets and fittings. This should be done using appropriately sized cables and sited poles. Uganda electrification standards should be used for all of these systems. Internal 240VAC wiring will be completed for: The outpatient department building The maternity building The toilet block Water pump staff quarters Operational features of system A brief description of expected service levels and parameters follows; full technical specifications are provided in the Country Summary: Solar power should provide 100% of the power supply. Systems should be equipped with online monitoring equipment that will allow remote assessment of operational status and energy use. Systems should be designed so they can be expanded if necessary. The distribution system should be designed for eventual connection to the national grid. In particular the cable size will have to match the local country standards for grid interconnectivity. 5.3 Estimated cost breakdown The total cost, including taxes, of the proposed solar PV system ranges between US$ 12,960 and US$ 21,450. Table 5.4 provides a cost breakdown for the main components of a solar PV installation per unit (Watt) of power. 19

20 Table 5.4: Cost breakdown of proposed system EQUIPMENT OTHERS Item USD/Watt Lower limit Higher limit USD/kWh PV Modules Structure/Mounting MPPT Charge Controller Battery bank Inverter Balance of System Distribution costs Transportation Installation Contingencies TOTAL BEFORE TAXES TAXES VAT and Duty * Solar equipment in Uganda is VAT and Duty exempt TOTAL AFTER TAXES TOTAL COST FOR A 3KW SYSTEM US$12,960 US$21,450 BACK-UP GENERATOR Lower Value (USD) Upper Value (USD) Cost per KVA 1,000 1,200 Cost for a kva Generator 4,000 5,400 Notes 1. PV Modules are monocrystalline or polycrystalline. 2. Battery bank Flooded Lead acid. 3. Balance of System (BoS) 10% = 15% of the equipment total costs. Includes all electrical accessories required for installation wiring, switches. 4. Transportation costs calculated according to the distance of the HC from the capital Kampala. 5. Installation costs calculated per country local costs. 6. Contingencies -5% - 10% of the total system costs. 7. VAT =18% and import duty = 6%-15% depending on the type of product.however, solar energy equipment were VAT and duty exempt at the time this study was done. 8. Generator costs have not been included. The generator capital cost has been provided in a separate table, as this power system equipment is optional equipment that allows for 100% power reliability to the health facility but at relatively high operating cost for fuel. Costs for remote monitoring systems vary depending on the level of data collection, and as such have not been included in the above calculations. A typical facility-level micro-grid monitoring system is usually under US$1,