Smart coordinated management of electricity in flexible buildings and the distribution network

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1 Smart coordinated management of electricity in flexible buildings and the distribution network Tomislav Capuder University of Zagreb Faculty of electrical engineering and computing Zagreb Energy Congress 2017 Zagreb, 15th December 2017 Project co-funded by European Union funds (ERDF, IPA)

2 What are the goals? Reducing carbon consumption Developing renewable sources Empowering consumers Boosting growth and jobs (green) 2

3 How do we achieve these goals? Integrating high performance RES Smart homes Resilient, secure and smart energy system (ICT) Efficient energy system in buildings and industry Efficiency transport (batteries) CCS...? ICT Are we doing it the right way? 3

Each action results in a reaction Energy systems the most complex technical systems in the

regulatory/policy changes, Adjustments regulating a deregulated environment?

time Efficient utilization of all available solutions/technologies SYSTEM PLANNING REAL-TIME

4 Each action results in a reaction Energy systems the most complex technical systems in the world, The most dynamic market and the most resistant system when it comes to regulatory/policy changes, Adjustments regulating a deregulated environment? The focus should be on: Extracting multiple, system level, benefits Acting and reacting on time Efficient utilization of all available solutions/technologies SYSTEM PLANNING REAL-TIME SYSTEM OPERATION Text REGULATRY ACTIONS, POLICY REVISIONS ENERGY SYSTEM "LIFE CYCLE" Text OPERATIONAL PLANNING OF THE SYSTEM 4

5 Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER It is not just about the electricity COAL CO 2 S BSS EH CHP GB TS Interaction of multiple energy infrastructures electricity, gas, heat, BSS Battery

water, transport Coordination and efficient Controler usage of known technologies to gain Hydrogen Heat highest benefits Gas/Fossil fuel Electricity Energy flow Power to gas,

5 5 Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER It is not just about the electricity COAL CO 2 S BSS EH CHP GB TS Interaction of multiple energy infrastructures electricity, gas, heat, BSS Battery Storage System EH Electric heating unit CHP Combined heat and power unit GB Gas boiler PHEV/EV Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle/electric vehicle TS Thermal storage cooling, water, transport Coordination and efficient Controler usage of known technologies to gain Hydrogen Heat highest benefits Gas/Fossil fuel Electricity Energy flow Power to gas, power to heat What multiple benefits can we gain by doing this Cut down operational costs by up to 50% Cut down CO 2 emissions by up to 40% Cut down primary energy usage by up to 40% 5

6 6 Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER We cannot just add renewables Just adding RES More reserve expensive More CO 2 emissions why did we do it? Multiple benefits approach - Liberalizing market, establishing new services, enabling new entities market access Less reserve (example Germany), Less CO 2 emissions (goals achieved), Lower primary energy consumption. 6

7 7 Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER Active consumers are the future However..its about the entire system and not ONLY consumers Concepts and technologies Smart prosumers 50% of electricity produced locally Energy communities Uber like models microgrids, virtual power plants, V2G Storage technologies Batteries, MES, EV Old and new market and system entities System operators Regulators Suppliers/retailers Aggregators Smart, independent prosumers 7

8 Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER Prosumers a step beyond retrofitting Multiple benefits come from smart management of energy: All energy needs (electricity, cooling/heating, transport), Both

8 8 Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER Prosumers a step beyond retrofitting Multiple benefits come from smart management of energy: All energy needs (electricity, cooling/heating, transport), Both production and consumption, Prosumers energy systems ICT and data/information are essential, The key is: what do we do with the data! Why don t we recognize prosumers in our legislation? 8

9 Modular control Projec 3Smart Budget: Duration:

10 Smart Buildings Buildings static objects? Labelled according to kwh/m 2 /year consumption likewise it is estimated the amount of energy saved by building renovation, or the amount gained with renewable energy setup on the building What happens with the building hour to hour, minute to minute? Buildings are an orchestra of many individual technical systems in buildings without coordination all those systems are simply reactive to local variables or time-programmed e.g., heating in the zone is on/off when thresholds are reached batteries are filled in the night and discharged during the day the shape of energy exchange with utility grids is coincidental and non-controllable 10

11 Smart Buildings Many such non-controllable buildings coincidentally produce large peaks and sags of energy consumption on the grid peaks result in higher losses in the grid and may overload the grid equipment high variance of energy consumption makes it difficult to assure proper supply conditions (voltage) distributed generation may induce overvoltage increased expenses for the grid, reluctance to renewable energy integration 11

12 What if?...if we can orchestrate the building subsystems such that energy consumption is reduced and energy exchange with the grids becomes controllable while the comfort remains intact 12

13 Example 1 Sunny day during heating No coordination: The room is heated up simultaneously with warmer, sunny day -> overheating effect -> discomfort occurs non-necessarily spent heating energy With coordination: Predictive controller reduces/stops heating well before the sunshine event and remains permanently within comfort temperature bounds well exploited free energy from the Sun 13

14 Example 2 Peak consumption No coordination: Cooling is turned on at 7:00 in the morning, cooling elements in all zones start at the same time and produce a huge peak power consumption -> unfavorable from the perspective of the distribution grid high power peak can significantly increase energy costs for the building With coordination: Cooling elements in zones are synchronized in energy draw such that power peaking is avoided power peaking kept under the prescribed limit 14

15 Smart Building Approach Relies on the existing hardware low hardware investment costs Coordination as a service switchable on-off via software The service is modular separate modules for different building levels Mutually coordinated in any configuration 15

16 Multiple level controllability Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER Modularity of the coordination service Separate modules for different building levels Mutually coordinated in any configuration 16

17 Functional prototype on FER Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER 38 fully controllable zones Desktop application Mobile application 17

18 What if......if the building can receive different energy price signals over different time periods of consumption from the energy market:... and the building through the coordination mechanism adapts to these prices by selecting/optimizing its energy exchange profile that keeps the comfort intact and has the lowest cost...and in this way by summing up many buildings the grid reshapes its load profile... and reduces energy losses while increases its equipment lifetime 18

19 Grid-building coordination Coordination within the building, within the grid and between the building and the grid is technically possible...how we do it? Predictive control and mathematical optimizations Exploiting their naturally featured market-based mechanisms for correlating prices and consumptions...but can we make it economically viable? If we can easily impose coordination over the existing systems in their variety, yes! needed energy management tool adaptable to different building configurations...are we allowed to do it? If we can align with regulatory framework and remove barriers need to influence the regulatory framework on technically sound basis 19

Benefits of coordination Operator - Security, reliability, resiliency, independency Challenge - Services and communication with new prosumers How? When? Why? With who?

PLATFORM Investment driven - ID ( /kw, /kwh, /kvar, /kvarh) Technical constr.

20 Benefits of coordination Operator - Security, reliability, resiliency, independency Challenge - Services and communication with new prosumers How? When? Why? With who? Aggregator - New entity, serves as a connection of system and prosumers, BRP System operator Supplier/Retailer Service requirements Costs Intra-day rescheduling Independent Aggregator OPTIMIZATION PLATFORM Investment driven - ID ( /kw, /kwh, /kvar, /kvarh) Technical constr. - TC ( /kw, /kwh, /kvar, /kvarh) Energy price DA ( /kwh, /kvarh) Intra-day balancing IB ( /kw, /kwh, /kvar, /kvarh) Cost curves DA schedule Corrected ID sched. Aggregated flexibility providers (storage) Energy Market Energy cost Intra-day balancing Ancillary service market Single day-ahead price signal DA + availability for ID, TC Single intra-day price IB + utilization for ID, TC Benefits: Prosumers (higher profit, lower consumption), The operator lower grid losses, The system less reserve, less CO 2 emissions 3 Smart - Smart buildings for Smart Grids for Smart Cities 20

EG3 report "Regulatory Recommendations for Tomislav the Deployment Capuder, UNIZGFER of Flexibility, 2015.

21 EG3 report "Regulatory Recommendations for Tomislav the Deployment Capuder, UNIZGFER of Flexibility, TSO DSO interface from the market perspective Active consumers Generators Commercial domain- Supply Supply and flexibility Flexibility purchase contacts Information exchange Supplier Aggregator Balancing group Financial adjustment mechanisms Balancing group Power exchange market Commercial domain - flexibility Flexibility procurement Grid access and generation management Distribution network constraint management DSO Exchange of data TSO DSO interface Balancing/ ancillary!3!1 Regulated domain TSO!2!1 TSO-DSO data exchange relevant for mutual contrats and resposibilities!2 TSO and transmission system user data exchange!3 Exchange of data between users (trans.and dist.) for procurement of ancillary and balancing energy services 21

22 Aggregators Aggregating distributed providers of flexibility Opportunities for aggregators to increase profit for their porfolio members, Services for the system operators, Three layer structure: phisical/technical, data, financial, Central Aggregator Multiple role aggregators? In-home aggregator Central Agrent Community level aggregator Central aggregator Concentrator Agent Easier exchange of data, Different portfolio means different positioning strategies, means different services (for DSO as well), Easier communication with DSO, Individual agent In home Appliance Individual agent In home Appliance Individual agent EV Charging station Individual agent Community DER device In home Aggregator Community level Aggregator Community level Aggregator 22

23 Legend Physical-technical layer Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER Neighbourhood 1 Prosumer Solar and wind farms Prosumer Community level DER Prosumer Convectional power generators TSO DSO Neighbourhood 2 Prosumer Heavy Industries Commercial users & light industries Prosumer Unidirectional power flow Transmission grid Medium voltage dist. grid NN distribucijska mreža EV charging station Community level DER Prosumer Bidirectional power flow Storage Solar PV Refrigerator Washing Machine EV 23

Legend Financial layer Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER I Energy Markets DAM, IDM, BM I I Solar and wind farms I Supplier/BRP A Convectional

Heavy Industries Commercial users & light industries A Payments for energy use to Supplier B Payments for providing flexibility from in

to Community level Aggregator for flexibility from DER + EV-CS F Settlement for congestion management in distribution grid G Settlement

24 Legend Financial layer Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER I Energy Markets DAM, IDM, BM I I Solar and wind farms I Supplier/BRP A Convectional power generators TSO DSO G F D Central Aggregator D B E In home Aggregator Community level Aggregator C H Prosumer Technology enablers Heavy Industries Commercial users & light industries A Payments for energy use to Supplier B Payments for providing flexibility from in home appliances C Compensation to Supplier for creating deviations in demand D Payments for flexibility from large consumers E Payments to Community level Aggregator for flexibility from DER + EV-CS F Settlement for congestion management in distribution grid G Settlement for congestion management in transmission grid H Compensation for flexibility + payment for data services I Settlements from DAM, IDM, BM 24

Legenda Information layer Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER Neighbourhood H Supplier/BRP Prosumers A In home aggregator A Prosumers

Industries Commercial users & light industries Data hub A In home consumption/ production data + Dispatch/ Control signals

B Flexibility data + Dispatch/Control signals to & from community level DER & EV-CS C Smart meter data D Flexibility

25 Legenda Information layer Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER Neighbourhood H Supplier/BRP Prosumers A In home aggregator A Prosumers G TSO F DSO E Central Aggregator B B Community level DER Prosumers C D D Community level Aggregator Metering Companies Heavy Industries Commercial users & light industries Data hub A In home consumption/ production data + Dispatch/ Control signals from home appl. B Flexibility data + Dispatch/Control signals to & from community level DER & EV-CS C Smart meter data D Flexibility provision & dispatch for large consumers E Available flexibility schedule for congestion management F Coordination among TSO & DSO G Accepted flexibility schedules + Available flexibility for real time balancing H Market plans Iterative process 25

26 8 pilot sites Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER HEP building Zagreb Strem, Austria Idrija, Slovenia Mostar, B&H Debrecen, Hungary 26

interact Coordinate operation and services between multiple entities (buildings, grid, city, energy

27 27 Tomislav Capuder, UNIZGFER Final remarks Extracting multiple system benefits: Energy efficiency at all levels from producers to consumers It is not only about electricity all energy systems need to interact Coordinate operation and services between multiple entities (buildings, grid, city, energy system) Prosumers smart energy management, not only retrofitting. Contact: Tomislav Capuder, 27

28 Acknowledgement The presented research results are obtained within the project Smart Building Smart Grid Smart City (3Smart) Project co-funded by the European Union through Interreg Danube Transnational Programme (DTP Smart). PROJECT WEB PAGE DISCLAIMER The contents of this presentation are the sole responsibility of its authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union the Interreg Danube Transnational Programme. 28

DG system integration in distribution networks. The transition from passive to active grids

DG system integration in distribution networks The transition from passive to active grids Agenda IEA ENARD Annex II Trends and drivers Targets for future electricity networks The current status of distribution