STICK TO GOOD PRINCIPLES, RIGHT APPROACH TO SUCCESS AND SUSTAINABLITY PRODUCT CATALOGUE PETRO-CHEMICALS RANGE

Transcription

1 STICK TO GOOD PRINCIPLES, RIGHT APPROACH TO SUCCESS AND SUSTAINABLITY PRODUCT CATALOGUE PETRO-CHEMICALS RANGE

2 CHAIRMAN S MESSAGE Dear Friends brothers and sisters, g In the name of Allah, most Gracious, most Merciful I feel privileged in penning this message as the Chairman of Tandis International Trading Company (TITC), an organization which is being operated under a firm and financially sound Investment Holding Company, with the mandate for the Sales and Marketing of certain Petroleum Products as well as Construction Materials direct from the Manufacturing Units to the International Market across the globe with over two decades of experience in manufacturing, dealing, marketing and sales of the similar range of products - heading for a brighter and stronger future. Our first and foremost priority is to always ensure quality and consistency in a manner which would keep all loopholes well covered in terms of compromising quality so that all our products are in line with all locally and internationally approved standards and grades. Between April 2014 March 2015, an Intensive international Market Research has been carried out based on which a Special International Business Development Plan has been compiled by our Team responsible for Business Development, Financial Management, International Marketing and Strategies Headed by Mr. Hussain Naseer, from the Republic of Maldives who also used to be the Deputy Consultant in Business Development, International Marketing and Strategies during the said tenure. In May 2015, the said Report has been presented to our Executive Board who found it very interesting, substantial thus approved the Report without further additions or alterations and subsequently, implementation process began early August 2015 which includes expanding International Market Share for all our products, upgrading the corporate website, introducing unbeatable and challengeable tariff, introducing flexibility and leniency in payment terms to trustworthy customers, Introducing Regional Associate Partners, Introducing Country Offices, Categorizing products and follow two major Brands for the said products, Introducing Usance LC/Deferred LC for our Customers, Appointing Regional Executive Directors, etc. We are grateful to the young gentleman, Mr. Hussain Naseer, for his valuable, innovative and long term visions in shaping up the future of this company during his tenure as Deputy Consultant, Business Development, Financial Management, International Marketing and Strategies from April 2014 until April 2015.

3 CHAIRMAN S MESSAGE We believe these are the correct and the most appropriate approaches especially at a time when the UN long lasted Sanctions on the Islamic Republic of Iran is about to be lifted. We have been witnessing a very dynamic environment in Iran hence considering these opportunities; our strategic focus has been on the wholesale and reaching out to the International Market at a far better scale via our Go to Market Strategy, whereby our country and regional units have been establishing their own branches, covering the two broad segments and brands accordingly - with the Asia Pacific Markets emerging to be more attractive and conducive, our strategic moves are to be in the right places at the right time and to reap the best out of such cross border opportunities, thereby enhancing value for shareholders. We are pretty confident that our strategy of branding out via development of a closely knit International Network would yield rich dividends in the years to come, in terms of steady growth of the respective brands of the core businesses, increased market reach, augmented market share and better customer satisfaction. One a different note, I would like to announce that during the last quarter of 2015, we will also be finalizing major investments worth USD200 million targeted to the Asia Pacific in terms of developing at least an up market Resort Hotel, LPG, Petrol and Diesel Storage Tanks targeting the end market, Real Estate and Construction as well as recycling the used petrol and diesel for making engine oil and lubricants. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude and appreciation to all the stakeholders of Tandis International Trading Company, who always have been demonstrating their solidarity in their association with us. I also express my sincere thanks to our team manufacturing units, global associate partners, financing partners, vendors, customers, Ministries and Departments of Governments, local authorities, and all admin and technical executives. I look forward to your continued support and association with us in bolstering our march towards success and deliverance of top quality service. We continue working low profile basis - what we need most is the blessing of Almighty Allah - whilst strongly maintaining the highest standards of ethics and principles taking into consideration that Honesty and Professionalism are the two core competencies which lead to sustainable success. We pray Almighty Allah to keep us on the path of success through the positive feedback and happiness from our customers. We consider our customers satisfaction as the gateway towards our popularity. Dr.M.E.Sheybani

4 CONTENTS 1 PRODUCTS RANGE 5 PARAFFIN WAX SOLID / WHITE (Paraffin granola) 8 PETROLEUM JELLY (Vaseline) 14 BITUMEN 19 LPG 22 METHANOL 24 SLACK WAX 26 RESIDUE WAX 28 RUBBER PROCESSING OIL (RPO) 32 D2 - DIESEL 36 PETROL 43 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE - AVGAS 55 MAZUT OR CST 180 / 280 / UREA N 46% PRILLED & GRANULAR 69 LIGHT CRUDE OIL 75 ENGINE OILS, GREASES AND LUBRICANTS 76 LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) 79 CONTACT US

5 PRODUCTS RANGE PRODUCTS RANGE PETROLEUM RELATED PRODUCTS FROM IRAN The term petroleum and other liquids encompasses petroleum and petroleum products and close substitutes, including crude oil, lease condensate, natural gas liquids, biofuels, coal-to-liquids, gas-to-liquids, and refinery processing gain. In 1859 Edwin Drake sank the first known oil well, this was in Pennsylvania. Since this time oil and petroleum production figure grew exponentially. Originally the primary use of petroleum was as a lighting fuel, once it had been distilled and turned into kerosene. When Edison opened the world s first electricity generating plant in 1882 the demand for kerosene began to drop. 1

6 PRODUCTS RANGE Rate / mode of quote Ex-WH/FOB/CFR/CIF Subjected to the customer specifications, minimum quantity and other terms and conditions New customers must make the initial three (3) shipments on sight LC basis and henceforth, deferred LC (DLC) will be mainly based on the regular order or contract based orders. Rate also depends on the quantity, regular order, contract basis or standing order status, etc. In order to provide the most reasonable prices, customers could mention the target price in their request for product quotation. Product specifications Depends on the specification the Customer is looking for Accurate specifications of the products depend on many factors such as quality, mix ratio of oil products, oil contents, the refinery which is producing the product/s, etc. But the typical specification which is mostly exported from Iran is mentioned below each product as a reference. Our well experienced and specialist sales and marketing team will be pleased to offer you the appropriate specs for your appropriate purpose. 2

7 PRODUCTS RANGE Quality & Consistency Quality and consistency is unquestionable/guaranteed as we never compromise quality by price We issue product certificate of origin and inspection certificate for all our products How to contact Please the requirement and we will get back to you no later than working hours Friday is a weekly holiday Please check other holidays throughout the year In case of urgent query during a holiday, please use viber, line, whatsapp, skype or even sms to any of the cell/mobile phones. In case of requests from the regions/countries where we have country/regional offices, such orders will have to be channeled through the concerned country/regional offices. 3

8 PRODUCTS RANGE Packing For certain products such as petrol, diesel, etc. bulk delivery and 200L barrel option open. For LPG supply shall be made by iso-tanks as well as by vessels with min.capacity of 3500MT. As with iso-tanks, it differs from 6-12MT, etc. For packing of other products depends on the type of packing that the customer is looking for. Country of Origin /Quality & Grades All our products are of Iran Origin and meets all International Standards and Grades. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION - KEY TO OUR SUCCESS 4

9 PARAFFIN WAX SOLID / WHITE (Paraffin granola) PARAFFIN WAX SOLID / WHITE (Paraffin granola) Top uses of Paraffin Hot-Melt adhesives Candles Agriculture Food Electrical and electronic applications Rubber Matches Cosmetics and pharmaceuticals Textile industry Skiing and surfing material Paper and cardboard 5

10 PARAFFIN WAX SOLID / WHITE (Paraffin granola) Waxed paper for wrapping foodstuffs is well known. Paper on its own does not sufficiently insulate the content, which means that its surface has to be coated with a material that provides an additional barrier to the passage of moisture, micro-organisms and odors and which conserves the aromas and flavors of the packaged products. Paraffin wax meets these requirements perfectly. On the other hand, corrugated cardboard packaging also needs a material such as paraffin wax to provide rigidity and insulation. Chipboard Surface protection, paints and varnishes Candles Paraffin wax is also used in explosives manufacturing, Vaseline, grafts or cork stoppers, among many more. 6

11 PARAFFIN WAX SOLID / WHITE (Paraffin granola) Specification Up to the customer to decide the exact specs as it depends on the oil content - the less content the oil %, the higher the price is. SEMI REFINED PARAFFIN WAX Oil Content 1.5 % Melting Point: 58-60, 60-62, 62-64, NO CHARACTERISTIC RESULT METHOD 1 COLOR 0.2Y IP-17 2 CONGELING 60 ASTM D PENETRATION 11 ASTM D- 4 VISCOSITY at 100 C 7-8 ASTM D POUR. POINT 58 ASTM D-97 6 FLASH POINT 250 ASTM D-92 7 OIL CONTENT 1.5% %2.5/

12 PETROLEUM JELLY (Vaseline) PETROLEUM JELLY (Vaseline) Top uses of Petroleum Jelly Most uses for petroleum jelly exploit its lubricating, coating and moisturizing potentials. Remove eye makeup. Highlight cheekbones. Gloss your lips. Get an even tan. Dry skin tends to soak up excess tanning lotion, leaving skin splotchy. Preserve your fragrance. Dab on pulse points, like your wrists and the sides of your neck, before spritzing on perfume. Your scent will last the entire day. Buff away dry skin. Tame unruly eyebrows. Intensify eye shadow. 8

13 PETROLEUM JELLY (Vaseline) Top uses of Petroleum Jelly (continued...) Protect skin from hair dye. Seal split ends. Stretch your lotion. Get a perfect manicure. Soften skin. Before going to bed, rub petroleum jelly on places where skin is extra-dry, like on your elbows or the heels of your feet. Skin will be super-soft when you wake up. Remove rings. Is a ring stuck on your finger? Petroleum jelly can help it slide off easily. Stop squeaks. Apply to squeaky hinges on doors or cabinets to keep them quiet. Shine shoes. Petroleum jelly can make scuffed patentleather shoes shine like new again. 9

14 PETROLEUM JELLY (Vaseline) Top general uses Medical treatment Skin and hair care Moisture loss Hair grooming Skin lubrication Product care and protection Coating Finishing Lubrication Production processes Mechanical, barrier functions Surface cleansing Pet care Clean-up 10

15 PETROLEUM JELLY (Vaseline) Specification Three grades; Industrial, cosmetics and pharmaceutical grade is the highest Packing: 175kg. New Steel Drums x 80 Drums = 14.M/T. in one 20ft. container. DATA SHEET CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS WHITE PETROLEUM JELLY MEET B.P 2007 GRADE: TAN 600v NO CHARACTERISTIC ACCEPTED LIMIT METHOD 1 Kinematic viscosity at 100 C cSt ASTM D Congealing point C ASTM D Penetration consistency Up to 130(0.1mm) ASTM D Color (Lovibond) Max 1.5Y IP-17 Method A 2 cell 5 Acidity or Alkalinity According to test method B.P Odor Odour less when rubbed on hand 7 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons not more than absorbance of solution 6mg/l naphtalene in -- B.P 2007 Above Spec. is for Cosmetic Grade 11

16 PETROLEUM JELLY (Vaseline) Pharma Grade Technical Specification of Vaseline Grade:ASPJ240a NO CHARACTERISTIC ACCEPTED LIMIT METHOD 1 Kinematic viscosity at 100 C cSt ASTM D Congealing point C ASTM D Penetration consistency More than 150(0.1mm) ASTM D Color (Lovibond) Max 1.0Y IP-17 Method A 2 cell 5 Acidity or Alkalinity According to test method B.P Odor Odour less when rubbed on hand -- 7 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons not more than absorbance of solution 6mg/l naphtalene in 8 Melting Point (C) B.P 2007 Above Spec. is for Pharmaceutical Grade 12

17 PETROLEUM JELLY (Vaseline) Batch No: Pro Date: 15/02/2015 DATA SHEET CABLE JELLY Exp Date: 15/02/2018v NO CHARACTERISTIC ACCEPTED LIMIT METHOD RESULT 1 Drop Melting Point C Min 90 C ASTM-D Kinematic Viscosity at 120 C Min 150 CST ASTM-D Cone 25 C Min 50 (1/10mm) ASTM-D Dielectric Contant (at 23 C 1 MHZ) Max 2.3 ASTM-D-150 Pass 5 O.I.T (at 190 C. cu. Pan) Min 10 minutes ASTM-D-3895 Pass 6 Drop Point Min 90 C ASTM-D Total Acid Value Max 0.05 mg KOH/g ASTM-D-664 Pass 8 Corrosivity Non Corrosivity ASTM-D-130 Pass 9 Volume Resistivity Min 1E14 ASTM-D-1169 Pass 10 Dissipation Factor (at 23 C 1MZ) Max ASTM-D-150 Pass 11 Phase Seperation Max 5 mm IEC Pass 12 Congealing Point C ASTM-D Flash Point Min 200 C ASTM-D Above Spec. is for Industrial Grade 13

18 BITUMEN BITUMEN Top uses of Bitumen Bitumen is an oil based substance. It is a semi-solid hydrocarbon product produced by removing the lighter fractions (such as liquid petroleum gas, petrol and diesel) from heavy crude oil during the refining process. TYPE Agriculture Buildings & Industrial paving APPLICATIONS Disinfectants Fence post coating Mulches Mulching paper Paved barn floors, barnyards, feed platforms Protecting tanks, vats Tree paints (protective) Water & moisture barriers (above and below ground) Floor compositions, tiles, coverings Insulating fabrics, papers Step treads Building papers Caulking compounds Cement waterproofing compounds Glass woll compositions Insulatiing fabrics, felts, papers Joint filler compounds Laminated roofing shingles Liquid roof coatings Plastic cements 14

19 BITUMEN TYPE APPLICATIONS TYPE APPLICATIONS Buildings & Industrial paving Shingles Acoustical blocks, compositions, felts Hydraulics & erosion control Catchment areas, basins Dam groutings Bricks Dam linings, protection Dampproofing coatings, compositions Dyke protection Insulating board, fabrics, felts, paper Ditch linings Masonry coatings Drainage gutters, structures Plaster boards Embankment protection Putty Groynes Soundproofing Jetties Stucco base Levee protection Wallboard Mattresses for levee & bank protection Air-drying paints, varnishes Membrane linings, waterproofing Artificial timber Reservoir linings Ebonised timber Revetments Insulating paints Sand dune stabilisation Plumbing, pipes Sewage lagoons, oxidation ponds Treated awnings Swimming pools Canal linings, sealants Waste ponds Water barriers Backed felts 15

20 BITUMEN TYPE APPLICATIONS TYPE APPLICATIONS Industrial Conduit insulation, lamination Industrial Plasticisers Insulating boards Top uses of Bitumen Paint compositions Papers Pipe wrapping Insulating felts Panel boards Underseal Battery boxes, carbons Electrical insulating compounds, papers, tapes, wire coatings Junction box compound Moulded conduits Black grease Buffing compounds Cable splicing compound Embalming Etching compositions Extenders Explosives Lap Cement Preservatives Printing inks Well drilling fluid Armoured bituminised fabrics Burlap impregnation Mildew prevention Sawdust, cork, asphalt composition Acid-proof enamels mastics, varnishes Acid-resistant coatings Air-drying paints, varnishes Anti-corrosive & anti-fouling paints Antioxidants & solvents Base for solvent compositions Baking & heat resistant enamels Boat deck sealing compound Lacquers, japans Marine enamels Blasting fuses Briquette binders 16

21 BITUMEN TYPE APPLICATIONS TYPE APPLICATIONS Industrial Burial vaults Casting moulds Paving (see also agricluture, hydraulics, railways, reaction) Parking lots, driveways Portland cement concrete underseal Clay articles Roof-deck parking Clay pigeons Pavements, footpaths Expansion joints Soil stabilisation Flower pots Ballast treatment Foundry cores Railways Dust laying Friction tape Paved ballast, sub-ballast Gaskets Paved crossings, freight yards, station platforms Mirror backing Dance pavillions Rubber, moulded compositions Drive-in movies Shoe fillers, soles Recreation Gymnasiums, sport arenas Airport runways, taxiways, aprons Playgrounds, school yards Paving (see also agricluture, hydraulics, railways, reaction) Asphalt blocks Brick fillers Race tracks Skating rinks Bridge deck, surfacing Swimming & wadling pools Crack fillers Tennis courts, handball courts Floors for buildings, warehouses, garages Synthetic playing fields & running track surfaces Highways, roads, streets, shoulders Kerbs, gutters, drainage ditches 17

22 BITUMEN Specification Different grades are available; 60/70 is the most popular. But sometimes depending on customer and country s climate 80/100 grade needed. Specifications CHARACTERISTIC VALUE TEST METHOD Specific 25/25 C ASTM D C ASTM D-5 Softening Point C ASTM D C 100min ASTM D-113 Loss On Heating %wt 0.2max ASTM D-6 Drop In Penetration After Heating % 20max ASTM D-6 & D-5 Flash Point C 250min ASTM D-92 Solubility In TCE %wt 99.5min ASTM D-4 BITUMEN Spot Test Negative *A.A.S.O.T

23 LPG LPG Top uses of LPG Domestic cooking stove, cookers Flame burners and torches for the kitchen Industrial LPG ovens LPG hog spit roasters General uses of LPG Cooking Rural heating Motor Fuel Refrigeration 19

24 LPG Specification Depends on the Customer specs and mix ratios in terms of Propane and Bhutane - can do any mix or specs as per Customer s requirement. Specifications (Propane) PROPERTY UNITS TEST METHOD VALUE Ethane mol % ASTM D max. Propane mol % ASTM D min. Total Butane mol % ASTM D max. Sp.Gr.@ (60 F/ 60 F) --- ASTM D max. Copper Corrosion --- ASTM D a Vapor Pressure psi ASTM D max. Hydrogen Sulfide ppm ASTM D-2420 Negative Total Sulfur ppm IP max. Specifications (Butane) PROPERTY UNITS TEST METHOD VALUE Propane mol % ASTM D max. I-Butan mol % ASTM D min. I-Pentane mol % ASTM D max. Sp.Gr.@ (60 F/ 60 F) --- ASTM D max. Corrosion Number wt.ppm ASTM D a Vapor Pressure@(100 F) psig ASTM D max. Hydrogen Sulfide --- ASTM D-2420 Negative Total Sulfur wt.ppm IP max. Non Volatile Residue vol % ASTM D

25 LPG LIQUID SAMPLE DRAWN BY FSO PERSONNEL GRADE: FULLY REFRIGERATED LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS LIQUID TEST METHOD TEST METHOD Density ASTMD 1657/D Vapor pressure at 37.8 C(100F) PSL ASTMD Correction copper strip 37.8 C ASTM D a Total Sulfur(PPM by weight) ASTM D 3244/D Oil Residue ASTM D 2158 *** Residue O number & R-Number ASTM D 2158 *** Freeze Valve ASTM D 2713 *** Color ASTM D 156 & colorless Distillation end point ASTM D 216 *** Co2 GPA Carbonyl Sulfide PPM by Weight in Liquid *** H2s PPM by Weight in Liquid <1 LIQUID COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS BY ASTM D 2163/D 2165 COMPOSITIONAL MOL % VOL % WEIGHT % Methane Ethane C2H

26 METHANOL METHANOL Top uses of Methanol Methanol is a common laboratory solvent and is also used; Making other chemicals, about 40% of methanol is converted to formaldehyde, and from there into products as diverse as plastics, plywood, paints, explosives, and permanent press textiles. As a fuel Other chemical derivatives of methanol include dimethyl ether, which has replaced chlorofluorocarbons as an aerosol spray propellant, and acetic acid. Dimethyl ether (DME) also can be blended with liquified petroleum gas (LPG) for home heating and cooking, and can be used as a diesel replacement for transportation fuel. Methanol-to-Olefins/Methanol-to-Propylene (MTO/MTP), among others processes such as: Metathesis, Propane Dehydrogenation (PDH), High Severity FCC, and Olefins Cracking, is a new and novel lower-cost chemical process for on-purpose propylene production technology of high interest to the petrochemical marketplace, to supply the tight market for propylene. 22

27 METHANOL Specifications ITEMS TEST METHOD LIMITED Purity (wt %) ASTM E-346 Min Specification Single grade/specs only as the grade/specs is all about clarity. Water (% wt) ASTM E-1064 Max. 0,10 Spcific 20 /2 C ASTM D-4052 Max, Ethanol (wt %) ASTM E-356 Max Acetone (wt %) ASTM E-346 MAx Permanganate time ASTM-D-1353 Greater than 50 Min, Non volatile matter ASTM-D-1353 Less than 8mg/1000ml Distillation 760 mmhg ASTD-D-1078 Not more than 1 C and shall include 64.6 C ± 0.1 C Color, PT-Cobalt Scale ASTM-D-1209 Max. 5 Carbonizable, PT-Cobalt Scale ASTM-E-346 Max. 30 Appearance IMPCA-003 Clear and free from suspend matter Odor ASTM D-1296 Non-Residual Acidity as CH3COOH (wt %) ASTM D-1613 Max Alkalinity as NH3 (wt %) ASTM D-1614 Max Miscibility ASTM D-1722 Passes test Iron (ppm) ASTM E-202 Max. 0.1 Chloride (ppm) ASTM D-512 Max. 0.5 Sulphur (mg/kg) ASTM D-3961 Max. 0.5 TMA(1) Optional Aromatics(2) Optional 23

28 SLACK WAX SLACK WAX Crude wax, also called petroleum wax or slack wax, is an unrefined mixture of high-melting hydrocarbons, mainly of the normal straight-chain type, still containing a fairly high percentage of oil. It is obtained by filtration (as such or after addition of a solvent) from high boiling distillates or residual oils. A semi-refined wax, distinguished from scale wax by having generally higher oil content. Semi-refined slack waxes may have oil contents up to 30 mass percent. Slack waxes with oil content below 10 mass percent are used for manufacture of religious candles. Slack wax is the crude wax produced by chilling and solvent filter-pressing wax distillate. There are basically three types of slack wax produced, the type depending on the viscosity of the lube oil being dewaxed: low neutral, medium neutral and heavy neutral. 24

29 SLACK WAX Top uses of Slack Wax Cosmetics Pharmaceutical industry Technical applications Blending and match industries Paraffin manufacturing and fuel industries Specification Depends on the Customer as there are 4%, 12% and 40% oil contents, light and heavy Specifications SEPAHAN 4% PRODUCT DATA SHEET CHARACTERISTIC RESULT METHOD Density at 15 C kg/l ASTM D-4052 Flash Point 245 C ASTM D-92 Melting Point C ASTM D-938 / Oil Content 4% wt ASTM D-721 Specifications SEPAHAN 12% PRODUCT DATA SHEET CHARACTERISTIC RESULT METHOD Density at 15 C kg/l ASTM D-4052 Flash Point 245 C ASTM D-92 Melting Point C ASTM D-938 / Oil Content 12% wt ASTM D

30 RESIDUE WAX RESIDUE WAX Residue wax is the material left from slack wax once paraffin manufacturers are producing Paraffin wax. Top uses of Residue Wax Textile Industry Leather Industry Rubber Industry Petrochemical Industry Oil Industry 26

31 RESIDUE WAX Specification CHARACTERISTIC Specifications TEST RESULT Oil Content 65% (+/-5%) Wax Content 35%(+/-5%) Melting Point 45 C Color C Light Brown 0.841G/Ml Flash Point 205 C 27

32 RUBBER PROCESSING OIL (RPO) RUBBER PROCESSING OIL (RPO) Top uses of Rubber Processing Oil Rubbers, either synthetic or natural, both are commercially used to produce products from rubber bands to a toy to the giant tires for various vehicles including aircrafts. Rubber Process Oils are used during mixing of rubber compounds. These help in improving the dispersion of fillers and flow characteristics of the compound during further processing. IPOL Rubber process oils are specially developed taking into consideration the type of rubber and the end product applications. 28

33 RUBBER PROCESSING OIL (RPO) Rubber Process Oils can be broadly divided in following three categories: Aromatic types: The primary characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons are the presence of the double bonded mix ring carbon structure. Aromatic extracts procured from selected refineries and suitably blended to meet stringent specifications, are used for compounding batches to manufacture Tires, calendared and molded sheets, Tread rubber etc. Naphthenic types: Naphthenic are a class of hydrocarbons also referred to as cycloparaffins. Though their structure is similar to the aromatic ring, these are single bonded thus having a stable structure. Several such hydrocarbon rings may be linked indicating a variety of available grades. Their unique color stability, solubility and good thermal stability makes them ideal for molded articles, slippers, LPG tubes, floor tiles, etc. Paraffinic types: This class of hydrocarbons constitutes branched chain or straight linked hydrocarbon molecules of various viscosities. As the chain length increases, the viscosity increases and the rubber process 29

34 RUBBER PROCESSING OIL (RPO) Top uses of Rubber Processing Oil oil becomes more viscous. They find extensive usage in EPDM, Butyl rubbers. IPOL grades include Paraffinic oils with high viscosity and high flash point for better shelf life of the end product. The high viscosity and high flash point IPOL paraffinic oils are extensively used in EPDM profiles for automotive applications. Used during the process of manufacturing rubber products such as automobile tires, rubber shock absorbers, footwear, industrial hoses, wire and cable coverings, flooring materials and carrier fluid or solvent in manufacture of adhesives, sealants, polishes and carbon black To improve physical properties of vulcanization to reduce the cost of finished rubber compounds Tire, Rubber and Dhoop (incense) Industry. Used as a Lubricant in Rubber Processing. Used in manufacturing of White Oil. Used as a component in Ink Production. 30

35 RUBBER PROCESSING OIL (RPO) Specification TEST C C Specifications RESULT CSt Kg/m3 BMCI Sulfur Percent 4 % Sodium Potassium Nil Nil Fraction Compound C A = 35 C N = 30 C P =35 Flash Point C Min. 216 VGC Aniline Point max. 35 Pour Point C 30 31

36 D2 - DIESEL D2 - DIESEL Educational /Awareness article D2 is a refinery abbreviation for Gasoil. It is the second distillate from the crude, and can be used without reformers and additives, can also burst, and the wax makes the diesel flow thicker. The principal differentiators in GASOIL or D2 are the content of sulfur. The GOST variant for D2/Gasoil is GOST and specifies now a sulphur content of 0.02 MAX which is according to the ISO standard. However, the ANSI standard will call this Ultra Low Sulphur, and retain 0,2% (2000ppm) as the Low sulphur. The reduction of sulphur in the Gasoil used for heating has contributed to less pollution in many cities. The viscosity requirement of diesel fuel is usually specified at 40 C. A disadvantage of diesel as a vehicle fuel in cold climates, is that its viscosity increases as the temperature decreases, changing it into a ge that cannot flow in fuel systems. Special low-temperature diesel contains additives to keep it liquid at lower temperatures, but starting a diesel engine in very cold weather may still pose considerable difficulties. 32

37 D2 - DIESEL Another disadvantage of diesel engines compared to petrol/gasoline engines is the possibility of runaway failure. Since diesel engines do not need spark ignition, they can run as long as diesel fuel is supplied. Fuel is typically supplied via a fuel pump. If the pump breaks down in an open position, the supply of fuel will be unrestricted, and the engine will run away and risk terminal failure. With turbocharged engines, the oil seals on the turbocharger may fail, allowing lubricating oil into the combustion chamber, where it is burned like regular diesel fuel. In vehicles or installations that use diesel engines and also bottled gas, a gas leak into the engine room could also provide fuel for a runaway, via the engine air intake. Top uses of D2 Railroad Military vehicles Cars Engines and power plants 33

38 D2 - DIESEL General uses of D2 Poor quality diesel fuel has been used as an extraction agent for liquid liquid extraction of palladium from nitric acid mixtures. Such use has been proposed as a means of separating the fission product palladium from PU- REX raffinate which comes from used nuclear fuel. In this system of solvent extraction, the hydrocarbons of the diesel act as the diluent while the dialkyl sulfides act as the extractant. This extraction operates by a solvation mechanism. So far, neither a pilot plant nor full scale plant has been constructed to recover palladium, rhodium or ruthenium from nuclear wastes created by the use of nuclear fuel. Diesel fuel is also often used as the main ingredient in oil-base mud drilling fluid. The advantage of using diesel is its low cost and that it delivers excellent results when drilling a wide variety of difficult strata including shale, salt and gypsum formations. Diesel-oil mud is typically mixed with up to 40% brine water. Due to health, safety and environmental concerns, Diesel-oil mud is often replaced with vegetable, mineral, or synthetic food-grade oil-base drilling fluids, although diesel-oil mud is still in widespread use in certain regions. During development of Rocket engines in Germany during World War II J-2 Diesel fuel was used as the fuel component in several engines including the BMW J-2 diesel fuel was also used as a fuel for gas turbine engines. 34

39 D2 - DIESEL Specification The less Sulphur, the better, 0.05% is the super quality for vehicles, etc., while other qualities are for generators, power plants, etc. Specifications TEST ANALYSIS UNIT METHOD RESULT TANK TANK TANK -703 Appearance ASTM D4175 Clear & Bright Clear & Bright Clear & bright Acid Number, Total mg KOH/g ASTM D Ash mass % ASTM D Ramsbottom on 10% Dist, Residual mass % ASTM D Cetane Index ASTM D Cold Filter Plugging Point C IP Color, ASTM ASTM D1500 L0.5 L0.5 L0.5 Corrosion Cu Strip, 100 C ASTM D C kg/litre ASTM D Distillation, recov, 10% Recovered C ASTM D % Recovered C ASTM D % Recovered C ASTM D C Vol % ASTM D C Vol % ASTM D End Point C ASTM D Flash Point, PM Closed Cup C ASTM D Lubricity, μm, C ASTM D Oxidation Stability g/m3 ASTM D Sulfur mg/kg IP Total Contamination mg/kg IP Water Content mg/kg ASTM D Vicosity, Linematic@40 C cst ASTM D Specific F F ASTM D

40 PETROL PETROL Educational /Awareness article Petroleum, along with oil and coal, is classified as a fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are formed when sea plants and animals die, and the remains become buried under several thousand feet of silt, sand or mud. Fossil fuels take millions of years to form and therefore petroleum is also considered to be a non-renewable energy source. Petroleum is formed by hydrocarbons (a hydrocarbon is a compound made up of carbon and hydrogen) with the addition of certain other substances, primarily sulfur. Petroleum in its natural form when first collected is usually named crude oil, and can be clear, green or black and may be either thin like gasoline or thick like tar. Originally the primary use of petroleum was as a lighting fuel, once it had been distilled and turned into kerosene. When Edison opened the world s first electricity generating plant in 1882 the demand for kerosene began to drop. World War I was the real catalyst for petroleum production, with more petroleum being produced throughout the war than had ever been produced previously. In modern times petroleum is viewed as a valuable commodity, traded around the 36

41 PETROL world in the same way as gold and diamonds. Most people tend to believe that petroleum is mostly used to power internal combustion engines in the form of gasoline or petrol. Although our automobiles and other forms of transport do consume the highest quantity of petroleum it is used for a vast array of applications. In its thickest form, the almost black petroleum is named bitumen, this is used for paving road, forming the blacktop, it is also excellent water repellent and is used in roofing. Petroleum is also a major part of the chemical makeup of many plastics and synthetics. Possibly the most startling usage of petroleum for many people is its appearance in foodstuffs such as beer and in medications such as aspirin. The world has a limited supply of petroleum, and current estimations tell us that within the next few decades mankind will have completely depleted this valuable natural resource. Although measures have been taken to ensure that there are cheap, renewable fuel options in place for the eventuality it is still obvious that mankind faces a serious problem when petroleum supplies finally run out. 37

42 PETROL Top uses of Petrol BUNKER FUEL Bunker fuel, which is also known as heavy oil, is used to power ships. It typically contains a high number of pollutants and contaminants. Use is increasing with the shipping associated with global commerce. DETERGENT All soap less detergents used to wash clothes and dishes are derived from the petrochemical glycerin. PLASTICS All plastic, unless it is bioplastic, is made from petrochemicals. Every product made from or containing plastic is a product that exists only through the distillation of petroleum. JET FUEL The standard type of jet fuel, Jet A, is a petroleum product with a number of additives to prevent sparking, gumming, corrosion, and icing. DIESEL FUEL Diesel, unless it is biodiesel, is made from refining crude oil. It is generally used in medium- and 38

43 PETROL heavy-duty vehicles requiring a great deal of power and torque, like garbage trucks, road equipment, buses, and trains. HEATING OIL - Heating oil is a petroleum product used to fuel furnaces or boilers. In the U.S., most heating oil is consumed in the northeast. SYNTHETIC RUBBER- Synthetic rubber is used for car tires and rubber soles on shoes. The demand for synthetic rubber is four times greater than that for natural rubber. SYNTHETIC FIBERS- Polyester, nylon, and acrylic are all derived from petrochemicals. They are used for curtains, carpets, rope and even our everyday clothing. FERTILIZERS & PESTICIDES- All major commercial fertilizers are ammonia based, made from natural gas, and most commercial pesticides come from oil. PAINT -Plastic and oil based paints, as well as paint additives, are manufactured from petrochemicals. 39

44 PETROL GASOLINE- Gasoline is the most commonly used product by Americans for their day to day transportation needs. 45% of all oil used in the U.S. goes to gasoline, which means we consume in excess of 180 million gallons of gasoline a day. PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM Petrochemical ethylene is what is used in photographic film. FOOD ADDITIVES The shelf life of canned foods can be increased by food additives, derived from petrochemicals. MAKE UP Make-up s that contain oils, perfumes, waxes and color, are derived from petrochemicals. MEDICINE Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), the active ingredient in many pain reliever medicines, is manufactured from petrochemicals. CANDLES Wax is a raw petroleum product 40

45 PETROL Specifications/Standards for Petrol PARAMETER STANDARD GRADE TEST METHOD 500 ppm (max) ULP/LRP 150 ppm (max) PULP Sulfur 150 ppm (max) All grades ASTM D ppm (max) PULP 91.0 RON (min) ULP Specification The less Sulphur, the better, 0.05% is the super quality for vehicles, etc., while other qualities are for generators, power plants, etc. Research octane number (RON) 95.0 RON (min) PULP 96.0 RON (min) LRP ASTM D2699 Distillation Final boiling point 210 C (max) All grades Not Specified Olefins 18% pool average over 6 months with a cap of 20% All grades 18% max by vol All grades 45% pool average over 6 months with a cap of 48% ASTM D1319 Aromatics 42% pool average over 6 months with a cap of 45% All grades ASTM D1319 Benzene 1% max by vol All grades ASTM D5580 Lead g/l (max) All grades ASTM D3237 Oxygen 2.7% m/m (max) All grades (no ethanol) 3.9% m/m (max) All grades (with ethanol) ASTM D4815 Ethanol 10% v/v (max) All grades ASTM D

46 PETROL Specification Continued... Phosphorus g/l (max) ULP, PULP ASTM D3231 MTBE (Methyl tertiary butyl ether) 1% by volume (max) All grades ASTM D4815 DIPE (Di-isopropyl ether) 1% by volume (max) All grades ASTM D4815 TBA (Tertiary butyl alcohol) 0.5% by volume (max) All grades ASTM D (min) PULP Motor Octane Number (MON) 81.0 (min) ULP 82.0 (min) LRP ASTM D2700 Copper Corrosion (3 50ºC) Class 1 (max) All grades ASTM D130 Existent Gum (washed) 50 mg/l (max) All grades ASTM D381 Induction Period 360 minutes (min) All grades ASTM D525 42

47 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE - AVGAS Educational /Awareness article Jet fuel, the most common type in commercial aviation being Jet-A, is essentially kerosene, with some additives. It is water-clear in color and smells just like lantern fuel. It is NOT Diesel fuel, it is NOT like Diesel fuel, and it does not have Diesel fuel mixed into it because at -60F, the temperature that airliners routinely encounter at 35,000 feet, Diesel fuel would be frozen solid. Jet-A is formulated to stay liquid in subzero temperatures. Aviation gasoline is any of a number of highly refined grades of gasoline, similar to automotive fuel. It is refined to remove most of the light volatile compounds which could boil in the low atmospheric pressures at the high altitudes that airplanes operate and cause vapor lock, thus causing fuel starvation and loss of power. It is also 43

48 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE refined to remove the heaviest compounds that would tend to gum up carburetors and fuel injectors. (Unlike automotive gasoline, spilled avgas won t leave a smelly residue on hands and clothing that persists for days. It evaporates quickly and leaves little perceptible odor.) The most common grade in use today is 100LL, i.e., 100 octane Low Lead. It is dyed blue. Some very old engines, chiefly those built prior to 1950, can use 80 octane avgas. It is dyed red. A few high performance engines require 130 octane leaded avgas. It is dyed green. Most airports have 100LL for sale, but not all have 80 or 130 octane. Jet fuel is a clear to strawcolored fuel, based on either an unleaded kerosene (Jet A-1), or a naphtha-kerosene blend (Jet B). It is similar to diesel fuel, and can be used in either compression ignition engines or turbine engines Aviation fuel is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It is generally of a higher quality than fuels used in less critical applications, such as heating or road transport, and often contains additives to reduce the risk of icing or explosion due to high temperature, among other properties. Most aviation fuels available for aircraft are kinds of petroleum spirit used in engines with spark plugs (i.e. piston and Wankel rotary engines), or fuel for jet turbine engines, which is also used in diesel aircraft engines. Aviation fuel is often dispensed from a tanker or bowser, which is driven up to parked aircraft and helicopters. Some airports have pumps similar to filling stations to which aircraft 44

49 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE must taxi. Some airports have permanent piping to parking areas for large aircraft. Aviation fuel is transferred to an aircraft via one of two methods: over wing or under wing. Over wing fueling is used on smaller planes, helicopters, and all piston-engine aircraft. Over wing fueling is similar to car fueling one or more fuel ports are opened and fuel is pumped in with a conventional pump. Underwing fueling also called single-point refueling or pressure refueling where not dependent on gravity, is used on larger aircraft and for jet fuel exclusively. (Most wide body aircraft use a double single-point) For pressure refueling, a high-pressure hose is attached and fuel is pumped in at 275 kilopascals (40 psi) and a maximum of 310 kilopascals (45 psi) for most commercial aircraft. Pressure for military aircraft, especially fighters, ranges up to 415 kilopascals (60 psi). Air being displaced in the tanks is usually vented overboard through a single vent on the aircraft. Because there is only one attachment point, fuel distribution between tanks is either automated or it is controlled from a control panel at the fueling point or in the cockpit. An early use of pressure refueling was on the de Havilland Comet and Sud Aviation Caravelle.[6] Larger aircraft allow for two or more attachment points, however this is still referred to as single-point refueling, as either attachment point can refuel all of the tanks. Multiple attachments allow for faster fuel flows. Mis fueling - because of the danger of confusing the fuel types, precautions are taken to distinguish between 45

50 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE avgas and jet fuel beyond clearly marking all containers, vehicles, and piping. The aperture on fuel tanks of aircraft requiring avgas cannot be greater than 60 millimeters in diameter. Avgas is often dyed and is dispensed from nozzles with a diameter of 40 mm (49 mm in the USA). Jet fuel is clear to straw-colored, and is dispensed from a special nozzle called a J spout that has a rectangular opening larger than 60 mm diagonally, so as not to fit into avgas ports. However, some jet and turbine aircraft, such as some models of the Astar helicopter, have a fueling port too small for the J spout, and thus require a smaller nozzle. 46

51 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE Types Jet A Jet A specification fuel has been used in the United States since the 1950s and is usually not available outside the United States and a few Canadian airports such as Toronto and Vancouver, whereas Jet A-1 is the standard specification fuel used in the rest of the world other than the former Soviet states where TS-1 is the most common standard. Both Jet A and Jet A-1 have a flash point higher than 38 C (100 F), with an auto ignition temperature of 210 C (410 F).[7] Differences between Jet A and Jet A-1 The primary difference is the lower freezing point of A-1 Jet A s is 40 C ( 40 F) Jet A-1 s is 47 C ( 53 F) The other difference is the mandatory addition of an anti-static additive to Jet A-1. As with Jet A-1, Jet A can be identified in trucks and storage facilities by the UN number 1863 Hazardous Material placards. Jet A trucks, storage tanks, and plumbing that carry Jet A are marked with a black sticker with Jet A in white printed on it, adjacent to another black stripe. 47

52 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE Typical physical properties for Jet A and Jet A-1 Jet A-1 fuel must meet: DEF STAN (Jet A-1), ASTM specification D1655 (Jet A-1), and IATA Guidance Material (Kerosene Type), NATO Code F-35. Jet A fuel must reach ASTM specification D1655 (Jet A) 48

53 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE Typical physical properties for Jet A / Jet A-1 DESCRIPTION JET A-1 JET A Flash point 38 C (100 F) Autoignition temperature 210 C (410 F) [11] Freezing point -47 C (-53 F) -40 C (-40 F) Max adiabatic burn temperature 2,500 K (2,230 C) (4,040 F) Open Air Burn temperature: 1,030 C (1,890 F) [12][13][14] Dentisity at 15 C (59 F) kg/l (6.71 lb/us gal) kg/l (6.84 lb/us gal) Specific energy MJ/kg MJ/kg Energy density 34.7 MJ/L 35.3 MJ/L 49

54 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE Jet B Jet B is a fuel in the naphtha-kerosene region that is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. However, Jet B s lighter composition makes it more dangerous to handle. For this reason it is rarely used, except in very cold climates. A blend of approximately 30% kerosene and 70% gasoline, it is known as wide-cut fuel. It has a very low freezing point of 60 C ( 76 F) and a low flash point as well. It is primarily used in some military aircraft. It is also used in Canada, Alaska and sometimes Russia because of its freezing point. The DEF STAN (UK) and ASTM D1655 (international) specifications allow for certain additives to be added to jet fuel, including: Antioxidants to prevent gumming, usually based on alkylated phenols, e.g., AO-30, AO-31, or AO-37; Antistatic agents, to dissipate static electricity and prevent sparking; Stadis 450, with dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid (DINNSA) as a component, is an example Corrosion inhibitors, e.g., DCI-4A used for civilian and military fuels, and DCI-6A used for military fuels; Fuel system icing inhibitor (FSII) agents, e.g., Di-EGME; FSII is often mixed at the point-of-sale so that users with heated fuel lines do not have to pay the extra expense. 50

55 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE Biocides are to remediate microbial (i.e., bacterial and fungal) growth present in aircraft fuel systems. Currently, two biocides are approved for use by most aircraft and turbine engine original equipment manufacturers (OEMs); Kathon FP1.5 Micro biocide and Biobor JF. Metal deactivator can be added to remediate the deleterious effects of trace metals on the thermal stability of the fuel. The one allowable additive is N,N -disalicylidene 1,2-propanediamine. As the aviation industry s jet kerosene demands have increased to more than 5% of all refined products derived from crude, it has been necessary for the refiner to optimize the yield of jet kerosene, a high value product, by varying process techniques. New processes have allowed flexibility in the choice of crudes, the use of coal tar sands as a source of molecules and the manufacture of synthetic blend stocks. Due to the number and severity of the processes used, it is often necessary and sometimes mandatory to use additives. These additives may, for example, prevent the formation of harmful chemical species or improve a property of a fuel to prevent further engine wear. It is very important that jet fuel be free from water contamination. During flight, the temperature of the fuel in the tanks decreases, due to the low temperatures in the upper atmosphere. This causes precipitation of the dissolved water from the fuel. The separated water then drops to the bottom of the tank, because it is denser than the fuel. 51

56 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE Since the water is no longer in solution, it can form droplets which can supercool to below 0 C. If these super cooled droplets collide with a surface they can freeze and may result in blocked fuel inlet pipes. This was the cause of the British Airways Flight 38 accident. Removing all water from fuel is impractical; therefore, fuel heaters are usually used on commercial aircraft to prevent water in fuel from freezing. There are several methods for detecting water in jet fuel. A visual check may detect high concentrations of suspended water, as this will cause the fuel to become hazy in appearance. An industry standard chemical test for the detection of free water in jet fuel uses a water-sensitive filter pad that turns green if the fuel exceeds the specification limit of 30 ppm (parts per million) free water. Worldwide demand of jet fuel has been steadily increasing since Consumption more than tripled in 30 years from 1,837,000 barrels/day in 1980, to 5,220,000 in Top uses of Jet Fuel Turbine Engines Heaters and Cookers Lighting Top uses of Aviation Gasoline / Avgas Piston engine powered private planes Most commercial aircrafts Combat type planes during military training procedures 52

57 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE Specifications / Grades of Aviation Gasoline or Avgas Avgas The standard high octane fuel for aviation piston engines. It has a high lead content and is dyed green. There are two major specifications for Avgas 100. The ASTM D 910 and UK DEF STAN These two specifications are essentially the same but differ over antioxidant content, oxidation stability requirements and max lead content. Avgas 100LL - This grade is the low lead version of Avgas 100. Low lead is a relative term. There is still up to 0.56 g/litre of lead in Avgas 100LL. This grade is listed in the same specifications as Avgas 100, namely ASTM D 910 and UK DEF STAN Avgas 100LL is dyed blue. Avgas 82UL - This is a relatively new grade aimed at the low compression ratio engines which don t need the high octane of Avgas 100 and could be designed to run on unleaded fuel. Avgas 82UL is dyed purple and specified in ASTM D

58 JET FUEL / AVIATION GASOLINE Specification / Worldwide Jet Fuel Civil jet Fuel Grades Jet A-1 Jet A Jet B TS-1 American Civil Jet Fuels UK Jet Fuels Former Soviet Union and East European Jet Fuels Chinese Jet Fuels International Specifications - AFQRJOS Checklist Other National Civil Jet Fuel Specifications Today s kerosene jet fuels have been developed from the illuminating kerosene used in the early gas turbine engines. These engines needed a fuel with good combustion characteristics and a high energy content. The kerosene type fuels used in civil aviation nowadays are mainly JET A-1 and Jet A. The latter has a higher freezing point (maximum minus 40 degrees C instead of maximum minus 47 degrees C) and is available only in North America. 54

59 MAZUT OR CST 180 / 280 / 380 MAZUT OR CST 180 / 280 / 380 Educational /Awareness article Mazut is a heavy, low quality fuel oil which is the residue from distillation of gasoline, ligroin, kerosene, and diesel oil fractions from petroleum. It may also be used as boiler fuel oil, in the preparation of distillate and residual lubricating oils, in cracking or hydrogenation processes for the manufacture of motor fuel (gasoline or diesel oil), and in the production of bitumen and coke, depending on its chemical composition and properties. It comprises all residual fuel oils, including those obtained by blending. Its kinematic viscosity is above 10 cst at 80 C. The flash point is always above 50 C and the density is always higher than 0.90 kg/l. 55

60 MAZUT OR CST 180 / 280 / 380 The types include; The main difference between the different types of Mazut-100 is the content of sulfur. The grades are represented by these sulfuric levels: Very Low Sulphur is mazut with a sulfur content of 0.5% Low Sulphur is a mazut with a sulfur content of % Normal Sulphur is a mazut with a sulfur content of % High Sulphur is a mazut with a sulfur content of % 56

61 MAZUT OR CST 180 / 280 / 380 Types of Mazut CST 180 CST 230 CST 280 CST 380 M 100 Top uses of Mazut Generating plants and similar applications. In the United States and Western Europe, Mazut is blended or broken down with the end product being diesel. For heating houses in former USSR and in countries of Far East that do not have the facilities to blend or break it down into more traditional petro-chemicals. In the west, furnaces that burn mazut are commonly called waste oil heaters or waste oil furnaces. 57

62 MAZUT OR CST 180 / 280 / 380 Specifications & Characteristics Specifications CST 180 and CST 230 CHARACTERISTICS CST 180 CST 230 Viscosity C (max) Pour point (max) C Flash point (min) C Sulphur total (max) % mass Carbon Residual Conradson (max) % mass Ash (max) % mass Water & sediment (max) % vol Colorific value higher (min) MJ/kg

63 MAZUT OR CST 180 / 280 / 380 SPECIFICATIONS TEST METHOD LIMIT 50 C, CST D 445 Max 180 Density at 15 C ASTM D 4052 Max BSW Content, % WT ASTM D 1796 Max 0.5 Sediment, % WT ISO Max 0.1% Sulphur Content, % MASS D 4294 Max 3.5 Ash Content, % MASS D 482 Max 0.1 VA, PPM ISO 10478/IP377 Max 250 NA, PPM IP 377 Mod/IP 288 Max 50 CCR (micro carbon test) % MASS ASTM D 4530 Max 16 Asphaltenes, MG/KG IP 143 Max 14 Flash Point, C ASTM D 93 Min 60 Pour Point, C ASTM D 97 Max 24 AL PPM IP 377 Mod Max 30 Sl + AL, PPM IP 377 Mod Max 80 CCAI Calculated Max 860 LHV, KJ/KG D 240 Min Compatibility D 4740 Max 2 Nitrogen D 3228 Report Water ASTM D 95 t 59

64 MAZUT OR CST 180 / 280 / 380 Specifications CST 280 and CST 380 CHARACTERISTICS CST 280 CST 380 C (max) kg/l Vicosity 50 C (max) Pour point (max) C Flash point (min) C Sulphur Total (max) % mass Carbon Residue Conradson (max) % mass Ash (max) %mass Water & sediment (max) % vol Colorific value higher (min) MJ/kg CHARACTERISTICS Specifications FUEL OIL CST 380 TEST METHOD Specific Gravity at 15 C ( Kg/m3 ) 991 Max NP EN ISO 3675 / ISO / ASTM D 1298 / ASTM D 4052 Flash Point ( C ) 60 Min NP EN ISO 2719 / ASTM D 93 / IP 34 Kinematic Viscosity at 100º C ( mm2/s ) 35 Max NP EN NP EN 3104 / ASTM D 445 / IP 71 Kinematic Viscosity at 50 C ( cst ) 380 Max NP EN 3104 / ASTM D 445 / IP 71 Sulphur % ( m/m ) 3.5 Max ISO 8754 / ASTM D 4294 / ASTM D 1552 / IP 336 Water % ( v/v ) 1 Max ISO 3733 / ASTM D 95 /IP 74 Differential, Total Sediment % ( m/m ) ( Potential minus Existent ) 0.05 Max Calc Carbon Residue % ( m/m ) 18 Max ISO 6615 ISSO / ASTM D 189 / ASTM D 4530 /IP 13 60

65 MAZUT OR CST 180 / 280 / 380 Pour Point ( C ) 30 Max ISO 3016 ASTM D 97 IP 15 Ash % ( m/m ) 0.15 Max NP EN ISO 6245 ASTM D 482 Asphaltene % ( m/m ) 10 Max IP 143 Vanadium ( mg/kg ) 300 Max ISO Aluminum plus Silicon ( mg/kg ) 80 Max ISO / IP 501 Stability 1 Max ASTM D 4740 Compatibility with Gasoil 1 Max ASTM D 4740 Calorific Power lower (KJ/Kg) To be reported ASTM D 4868 CALCULATED Strong Acid Number ( mg KOH/g ) Nil Max ISO 6618 / ASTM D 664 Total Acid Number ( mg KOH/g ) 3 Max ISO 6619 / ASTM D 664 Zinc ( mg/ Kg ) 15 Max IP 501 Phosphorus ( mg/ Kg ) 15 Max IP 501 Calcium ( mg/ Kg ) 30 Max IP

66 UREA N 46% PRILLED & GRANULAR UREA N 46% PRILLED & GRANULAR Educational /Awareness article Urea fertilizers are nitrogen rich organic plant and soil nutrient supplements. Pure urea contains approximately 46% nitrogen by volume and is non-toxic and ph balanced when dissolved in water. Pure urea fertilizers are available in a fine crystalline form, as granules, or as coated slow release pellets. They also lend a strong nitrogen component to solid combination fertilizers such as urea phosphate and are often used in liquid foliar feed fertilizers. Their ready solubility also makes them a popular additive in fertilizer irrigation systems. Nitrogen is one of the staples for healthy plant grown and well balanced soil compositions and is a standard component in many fertilizers. Also known as carbamide, urea fertilizers are among the strongest sources of nitrogen, with average concentrations of 46% by volume. They are available in a number of formats, thereby making them ideal for a number of application methods. In addition to their value as a nitrogen source, urea fertilizers are also non-toxic, 62

67 UREA N 46% PRILLED & GRANULAR nonflammable, highly soluble, and neither alkaline nor acidic when suspended in water. The most common urea fertilizer types are the crystalline and granular variants. Crystalline urea fertilizers are the finest presentations and feature the quickest release time of the dry urea applications. For this reason care, should be exercised when applying this format of the fertilizer to avoid excessive nitrogen levels. Granular urea fertilizer is coarser and takes a little longer to break down in the soil. Both types are suitable for use with mechanical spreaders and may also be employed in fertigation or combination fertilizer/irrigation systems and as a premixed foliar feed. The other common form of urea fertilizer is the slow release pellet. This is the coarsest presentation of the fertilizer; the pellets feature a specially formulated coating that allows the release of nitrogen into the soil in a slow, controlled fashion. This permits less frequent applications and reduces the chances of plant damage resulting from over application. Their size does, however, preclude use in most mechanical spreaders, thereby making spiking the most common means of application. Pure urea fertilizers are often used in combination with monoammonium and diammonium phosphate as a multispectrum combination. They may also be mixed with superphosphates but only if the mixture is used immediately. If allowed to stand, this particular combination will result in the urea leaching moisture from the superphosphate. This phenomenon results in a damp, coagulated mass which is difficult to store and use. 63

68 UREA N 46% PRILLED & GRANULAR Top uses of Urea Agriculture Chemical Indutsry Explosives Automobile systems Urea is used in SNCR and SCR reactions to reduce the NOx pollutants in exhaust gases from combustion from Diesel, dual fuel, and lean-burn natural gas engines. The BlueTec system, for example, injects a water-based urea solution into the exhaust system. The ammonia produced by the hydrolysis of the urea reacts with the nitrogen oxide emissions and is converted into nitrogen and water within the catalytic converter. Trucks and cars using these catalytic converters need to carry a supply of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF, also known as AdBlue), a mixture of urea and water. Laboratory uses Medical uses 64

69 UREA N 46% PRILLED & GRANULAR Other uses of Urea A component of animal feed, providing a relatively cheap source of nitrogen to promote growth A non-corroding alternative to rock salt for road deicing, and the hardening of ski-resort terrain park takeoffs and landings A flavor-enhancing additive for cigarettes A main ingredient in hair removers such as Nair and Veet A browning agent in factory-produced pretzels An ingredient in some skin cream,[43] moisturizers, hair conditioners A reactant in some ready-to-use cold compresses for first-aid use, due to the endothermic reaction it creates when mixed with water A cloud seeding agent, along with other salts A flame-proofing agent, commonly used in dry chemical fire extinguisher charges such as the urea- 65

70 UREA N 46% PRILLED & GRANULAR potassium bicarbonate mixture An ingredient in many tooth whitening products An ingredient in dish soap Along with ammonium phosphate, as a yeast nutrient, for fermentation of sugars into ethanol A nutrient used by plankton in ocean nourishment experiments for geoengineering purposes As an additive to extend the working temperature and open time of hide glue As a solubility-enhancing and moisture-retaining additive to dye baths for textile dyeing or printing 66

71 UREA N 46% PRILLED & GRANULAR Specifications Specifications of Urea Product (granule) TEST ITEM SPECIFICATION (%) TEST METHOD Nitrogen (Minimum by weight) 46 A.O.A.C (1995) Method (2.4.03) Biuret (Maximum by weight) 1.00 A.O.A.C (1995) Method (2.4.23) Moisture (Maximum by weight) 0.5 A.O.A.C (1995) Method (2.2.03) Formaldehyde (Maximum by weight) 0.55 UKF SBB E, ED, 2(1982) Particle Size ( mm Minimum by weight) 90 IV-A TFI

72 UREA N 46% PRILLED & GRANULAR Specific activities of 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K and radium equivalent activity (Bq/kg) in NPK and Urea fertilizers TYPE SAMPLE U-238 Th-232 K-40 Ra ep Granule Fertilizers NPK1 a ± ± ± ±2.198 NPK2 a < DL* < DL ± ±0.096 NPK3 a < DL < DL ± ±0.100 NPK4 a < DL < DL ± ±0.300 NPK5 a < DL < DL < DL < DL NPK6 b ± ± ± ±5.039 NPK7 a < DL < DL ± ±0.766 NPK8 a < DL ± ± ±1.492 NPK9 a ± ± ± ±4.159 NPK10 a ± ± ± ±2.424 UREA1 a < DL < DL < DL < DL UREA2 b < DL < DL < DL < DL Leafy Fertilizers NPK11 a < DL < DL ± ±1.321 NPK12 a < DL < DL ± ±1.176 NPK13 a < DL < DL ± ±1.349 NPK14 a < DL < DL ± ±0.928 * DL : detection limit, 2.8, 1.16 and 6.0 Bq/kg for 238 U, 232 Th and 40 K respectively. a imported fertilizer b local fertilizer 68

73 LIGHT CRUDE OIL LIGHT CRUDE OIL Educational /Awareness article Crude oil and natural gas are called hydrocarbons because both are composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Natural gas molecules are generally shorter; four carbon atoms or less. Crude oil molecules contain five or more carbon atoms per molecule. Crude oil is described as crude for a simple reason: It contains dozens of different hydrocarbon compounds. Light sweet crude oil is the form of petroleum that oil refineries prefer because it contains exceptionally high amounts of the chemicals needed to produce gasoline, kerosene, and high-quality crude oil. It is light because it has low density and flows at a temperature of 60 degrees. Density is the heaviness of the oil and is generally measured by the American Petrochemical Institute (API) gravity. Typically, light crude has an API gravity greater than 10 and will float on water. (Heavier crude has an API gravity of less than 10 and sinks in water.) Sweet is a description of how the 19th century, oil workers amount of oil to determine much sulphur is in the oil. In would taste and smell small its quality. Crude oil with low 69

74 LIGHT CRUDE OIL sulphur content had a mildly sweet taste and pleasant smell. Today, oil workers can measure the sulphur content of an oil sample and it is classified as sweet if it contains less than 0.5% sulphur. Light sweet crude contains lower levels of other impurities such as wax. This allows it to flow at room temperature. The lack of impurities and the lower density of the oil mean that it is easier to get out of the ground, transport and refine than heavier crude oils. But because of its popularity it is more expensive to buy. Human beings have been using light sweet crude oil for at least 4,000 years. Herodotus, an ancient Greek historian, reported that asphalt, which is extracted from crude oil, was used to build the walls of Babylon and it has been used throughout the world since that time. However, it wasn t until the invention of the internal combustion engine, that the demand for light sweet crude oil exploded. Light sweet crude oil is refined to make gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, and heating oil. Because of the high demand for it around the world, the price of light sweet crude oil is very sensitive to economic changes. 70

75 LIGHT CRUDE OIL Light Crude has an API gravity higher than 31.1 API. Medium Crude has an API gravity between 22.3 API and 31.1 API. Heavy Crude has an API gravity below 22.3 API. Crude oil is the most important natural resource of the industrialized nations. It can generate heat, drive machinery and fuel vehicles and airplanes. Its components are used to manufacture almost all chemical products, such as plastics, detergents, paints, and even medicines. As it is such an important resource it is very important to expand our technical ability to discover new sources and extend the production lives of existing oil fields. Life without oil? Impossible! Within our daily lives oil is used almost everywhere: Every year, 18 million tons of crude oil are processed into synthetic materials in Germany. Oil within our materials: 40 percent of all textiles contain oil; for functional clothing this may be as much as 100 percent. Oil within our leisure activities: 40 billion liters of oil a year are used to make CDs and DVDs. Oil helps us relax: A single sofa contains 60 liters of oil. Modern life is inconceivable without crude oil. The world consumes almost 14 billion liters of oil each day. This affects us all. 71

76 LIGHT CRUDE OIL Top uses of Crude Oil Gasoline (Used to fuel cars) Heating Oil (Used to heat buildings), and Diesel Fuel Other Products Jet Fuel Propane Residual Fuel Oil (powering factories, fueling large ships, and making electricity) Asphalt Other uses of crude oil Plastic - This is probably the most widespread use of oil that I can think of. Plastic is used in just about everything that you can find in a store. If an item doesn t contain plastic, then it is probably stored or packaged in the oil based polymer! Plastic is also used in the production of computer cases, shoes, car bumpers, kids toys, and thousands of other everyday items. Just take a quick look at every electronic device that you own (cell phone, MP3 player, cameras, routers, speakers, etc), and you ll be sure to find plastic. Because of it s far-reaching impact, this has to be one of the most important uses of crude oil! In fact, many of the items on this list appear here simply because of their heavy reliance on plastics. 72

77 LIGHT CRUDE OIL Clothing - Petroleum is used to help make clothing non-flammable and colorful. It is used in the production of rayon, nylon, polyester, and even artificial furs. Also, hangers are strengthened by petroleum-based resins. Furniture - According to Conoco Phillips, couch cushions are often filled with durable, lightweight polyurethane foam. Also, if you have carpet or linoleum flooring, you probably have a petroleum based product in your home. Insulation - The insulation that you find in your home which keeps unwanted heat from escaping or entering is a petroleum based product! This means that we depend on crude oil to regulate the temperature in our homes in more ways than we realize. Kitchen Items - There are a number of items in your kitchen that rely on petroleum as a part of their production. For your refrigerator, the molded interior panels, door liners, and even the foam insulation are all manufactured using crude oil. Many stoves function by using natural gas. Most of us now use non-stick pots and pans. The coating that provides temperature resistance (PTFE) is created by using petroleum. 73

78 LIGHT CRUDE OIL Cars - I already mentioned above that many car bumpers are made with plastics. However, that s not the only place where crude oil is used in the manufacturing of your car. In the same Conoco Phillips infographic, it tells us that: High-performance plastics have replaced heavier materials throughout the average vehicle from the interior to the engine block reducing weight and improving fuel economy, and enhancing safety. Crude oil is also important in the production of you car s hoses, wiring, and many fluids (antifreeze, brake fluid, transmission fluid, motor oil, and lubricating grease). Food - Yes, crude oil plays a part in the growth of your food. Fertilizer is something that relies on petroleum; thus, when the price of oil goes up, it gets more expensive to grow food. Many of our food items are stored and or packaged in plastics as well; meaning that crude oil plays a large part in the production of your food. This is one of the things that makes high oil prices so scary. If it costs more money to grow, store, package, transport, and regulate the temperature of our food, then that cost will be passed on to the consumers! What This Means For Us. The price of crude oil means a lot more to us than just paying a few dollars more at the pump. As we can see, oil is important to the production and transportation of many of the items that we use on a regular basis. This means that many sectors of the economy will be adversely affected by increasing oil prices, or helped when they go down! I guess this will really crush the dreams of those who try to organize a gas boycott when prices are high! 74

79 ENGINE OILS, GREASES AND LUBRICANTS ENGINE OILS, GREASES AND LUBRICANTS Engine oils / Lubricants Any brand, any packing size, any shape of cans 50ml to 200L Any specs/mix/grade can be done Grease Possible in; Any type such as cans, tins, cylinders Any brand can be done Industrial or automotive Any composition/specification/grade 75

80 LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) Our LNG will be shipped direct from Qatar as per the requirement of the Customer/s. What is LNG? LNG is liquefied natural gas, a clear, colorless, non-toxic liquid that forms when natural gas is cooled to -162ºC (-260ºF). This shrinks the volume of the gas 600 times, making it easier to store and ship to energy-hungry towns and cities overseas so that when it reaches the destination, it will be returned to a gas at a regasification facilities and subsequently piped to homes, businesses, industries, etc. For hundreds of years, natural gas has been known as a very useful substance. The Chinese discovered a very long time ago that the energy in natural gas could be harnessed, and used to heat water. In the early days of the natural gas industry, the gas was mainly used to light streetlamps, and the 76

81 LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) occasional house. However, with much improved distribution channels and technological advancements, natural gas is being used in ways never thought possible. There are so many different applications for this fossil fuel that it is hard to provide an exhaustive list of everything it is used for. And no doubt, new uses are being discovered all the time. Natural gas has many applications, commercially, in your home, in industry, and even in the transportation sector! While the uses described here are not exhaustive, they may help to show just how many things natural gas can do. The major uses include Residential uses Commercial uses Industrial uses Transportation sector Electric generation 77

82 LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) LNG...A Safe fuel in a small pakage Natural gas consists almost entirely of methane (CH4), the simplest hydrocarbon compound. Typically, LNG is 85 to 95-plus percent methane, along with a few percent ethane, even less propane and butane, and trace amounts of nitrogen (Figure 2). The exact composition of natural gas (and the LNG formed from it) varies according to its source and processing history. And, like methane, LNG is odorless, colorless, noncorrosive, and nontoxic. Natural gas is condensed to a liquid by cooling it to about -260 F (-162 C). This process reduces its volume by a factor of more than 600 similar to reducing the natural gas filling a beach ball into liquid filling a ping-pong ball (Figure 3). As a result, just one shipload of LNG can provide nearly 5 percent (roughly 3 billion cubic feet) of the U.S. average daily demand for natural gas, or enough energy to heat more than 43,000 homes for an entire year!11 LNG is transported by ship to terminals in the United States, then stored at atmospheric pressure in super-insulated tanks. From storage, LNG is converted back into gas and fed into the natural gas pipeline system. LNG is also transported by truck to satellite storage sites for use during peak periods of natural gas demand in the coldest weather for heating and in hot weather for fueling electric power generators, which in turn run air conditioners. 78

83 CONTACT US CONTACT US For enquiries, please contact: Customers from Asia and Pacific Customers from Europe / South/North America info@petrotan.com / admin@umerito.com Other countries / regions info@petrotan.com / admin@umerito.com 79