ESA/EDA Workshop on UAS and Satellite Services May 27th & 28th 2009 ESTEC. Satellite-UAS cooperative missions

Transcription

1 ESA/EDA Workshop on UAS and Satellite Services Template reference : S-EN May 27th & 28th 29 ESTEC - Satellite-UAS cooperative missions May 29 2/26/ All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

2 Introduction: Satellite s Role Page 2 Satellites contribute to: Precision navigation through GNSS signals UAV Command & Control through secure communication links Insertion in general airspace through the relay of ATC communications Collision avoidance through the exchange of Sense & Avoid data Payload data transfer through broadband links May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

3 Introduction: Positioning vs Air4All Challenges Page 3 Secure and sustainable satellite communication system on an AMS(R)S band to convey C2, ATC relay and S&A traffic Reliable satellite navigation system to enable precision navigation, cooperative collision avoidance (ADS-B) and automatic take-off and landing Air4All identified challenges D.1 Technical: D.1.1 Separation D.1.2 Collision avoidance D.1.3 Secure and sustainable communications for C2 D.1.4 Radio bandwidth allocation D.1.5 ATC interface D.1.6 Dependable emergency recovery (incl. forced landings) D.1.7 Health monitoring/fault Detection D.1.8 Automatic take off / landing systems D.1.9 Automatic taxiing D.1.1 Weather detection and protection D.1.11 Interoperability D.1.12 Autonomous behaviour / decision making D.1.13 Operator interface D.1.14 Visual landmark and obstacle avoidance D.2 Rules and regulations D.2.1 Harmonised military process D.2.2 Agreed rules and regulations with authorities D.3 Procedures and training D.3.1 UAS pilot / Commander training D.3.2 Security of ground station D.4 Transversal issues D.4.1 Public acceptance D.4.2 Product liability D.4.3 Design organisation approval D.4.4 Product organisation approval D.4.5 Impact on environment May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

4 Introduction: UAV within SESAR Page 4 SESAR operational concept: an UAV must be treated as a manned aircraft, its insertion should be transparent to the Air Traffic Management, e.g. UAV have to relay ATC communications (Voice & Data) towards/from Ground Control Stations Several specific activities have been proposed within SESAR to study CNS needs to achieve this operational concept, especially: Within WP15.1.6: specific UAS spectrum needs integrated in the spectrum assessment Within WP15.2.4: specific UAS communication needs integrated in the future mobile data link system definition Segregated airspace Non-segregated airspace May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

5 Overview of the study Page 5 UAV market survey (worldwide with a specific focus on Europe & Canada) Epochs Segments Applications Mission scenarios Theatres of operation Number of UAV UAV needs & constraints Data rates QoS & security requirements Terminal installation constraints Spectrum & regulatory aspects Communication system preliminary design Safety communication system Payload communication system Navigation system preliminary design GNSS based navigation system May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

6 UAV Market Survey: Epochs Page Epoch 1 Quantities, Types, Operators & Manufacturers 225 Epoch Epoch 3 <1, air vehicles (inc US) MALE, Strike, HALE <1 nations, Military <5 manufacturers including US >1, air vehicles (inc US) MALE, Strike, HALE, UCAV <3 nations, Military & Civil <5 manufacturers including US >>1, air vehicles (inc US) MALE, Strike, HALE, UCAV + civil airliners & freighters >3 nations, Military & Civil >5 manufacturers including US Roles, Conops & Applications ISR Strike Remotely piloted ISR Boarder/Coastal monitoring Maritime Reconnaissance Asset monitoring Strike & combat Remotely piloted & limited autonomous flight ISR Boarder/Coastal monitoring Asset monitoring Strike & combat Remotely piloted & limited autonomous flight Unmanned freight transport Unmanned civil transport Constraints Budget extended deployments Public perception mistrust Safety Budget Hostility/lobbying from manned industry, pilots Safety Budget Hostility/lobbying from manned industry, pilots Public perception mistrust Safety Satellite s Role Transmission of sensor data (FMV, SIGINT) Navigation (FMV, course guidance, onboard telemetry) Transmission of sensor data (FMV, SAR radar, SIGINT) Navigation (course guidance, onboard telemetry) Command, Control & Communications Transmission of sensor data (FMV, SAR radar, SIGINT, hyper-spectral) Navigation (course guidance, onboard telemetry) Command, Control & Communications Air Traffic Control environment Virtually no flying in unsegregated airspace Research into sense & avoid technologies Early adoption of results of MIDCAS, ASTRAEA & Eurocontrol initiatives SESAR adoption Regular flight in un-segregated airspace May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

7 UAV Market Survey: Segments Page 7 Take-off Wingspan (m) Mission Range (km) Hand-launch <2 <3 Skylark No Close Range Catapult , Dessert Hawk No Short Range Catapult , Scan Eagle No No Definition or alternative Segment Mini Max Altitude Endurance (m) (hours) MTOW (kg) Key Players (Epoch 1) BLOS Support Area Mini <5, 6-1 <8 Shadow, Falco, Sperwer, Seeker Medium Range, Endurance aka Tactical UAV Runway 1+ >2 >5, 1-3 >8 Hermes 45, Watchkeeper, Herti, Ranger Some VTOL (VTUAV) Vertical Take-off & Landing aka Vertical (take-off) Tactical UAV Vertical 3+ <2, 6, <1 >2 Fire Scout, Camcopter S1 No Strike Lethal Runway 1-2 >2 1-2, 2-4 >1, Reaper, Fury Yes MALE Medium Altitude, Long Endurance Runway 2 >5 14, 3-4 1,5 Predator, Heron Yes HALE High Altitude, Long Endurance Runway 25 >2, 2, >8, Global Hawk Yes UCAV Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Runway 1-15 >1,5 1, 5-2 Transportation Unpiloted Commercial Airliner Runway 45 4,2 15, 8 Tactica l Catapult or runway Low-end Medium Range High-end (TUAV) Taranis, 5,-15, Barrakuda, Neuron 15, Local Tactical Theatre Yes Yes Global May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

8 UAV Market Survey: Types & Use Page 8 UAV numbers Epoch 1 to 3 by Segment UAVs by segment (worldwide) 8 In Epoch 1, MALE platforms will dominate the market with almost zero BLOS-capable TUAVs. This proportion is set to change into Epoch HALE 5 4 MALE TUAV Epoch 1 Epoch 2 Epoch 3 UAV numbers Epoch 1 to 3 by Domain UAVs by domain (worldwide) 1% 9% Military Use 8% Military Use 7% 6% 5% Military Use 4% Civil Use 3% 2% In Epoch 1, Military use of UAVs will vastly outnumber Civil uses, but by Epoch 3 (if the regulatory issues are resolved) the situation will be reversed Civil Use 1% % Epoch 1 Epoch 2 Epoch 3 May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

9 UAV Market Survey: Number of UAVs Page 9 Number of BLOS capable UAVs from Europe & Canada flying simultaneously (25% of the overall population) by region where they are operated: Europe Canada US South America Africa Asia Pacific Middle East CIS Total TUAV Epoch 1 MALE HALE TUAV Epoch 2 MALE HALE TUAV Epoch 3 MALE HALE May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

10 UAV Needs Page 1 ATC communications (like any other aircraft) UAV specific safety communications (high QoS requirements, 2-3 kbps duplex): ATC Relay Voice + Data: defined by COCR (Communications Operating Concept and Requirements), availability requirement: 99,99975 % UAV Command & Control: defined by STANAG 4586 Sense & Avoid: UAV to GCS: collected data (e.g. ADS-B) + S&A status GCS to UAV: S&A configuration Payload communications Payload Command & Control ( 1 kbps) Payload Data (from 2 to 1 Mbps with compression) Data rates (Mbps) 1 Epoch Commercial & Civilian Earth Sciences Homeland Security Land Management Electronic Warfare ISTAR Strike May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

11 UAV Constraints Page 11 Maximum antenna size for payload communications: TUAV: 45 cm dish antenna, 4 kg MALE: 9 cm dish antenna, 1 kg HALE: 13 cm dish antenna, 2 kg Maximum antenna size for safety communications: 1-2 cm patch antenna, 5 kg Satcom antenna for safety communications Satcom antenna for payload communications May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

12 Spectrum & Regulatory Perspective Page 12 Safety communications Agenda item 1.3 of WRC-11 Objective: take decision on globally harmonized spectrum for the safe and seamless insertion of UAS in non-segregated airspaces Current status (in line with ICAO position): to be accommodated under AMS(R)S (Aeronautical Mobile Satellite (en-route) Service), initial focus on existing allocations Existing AMS(R)S bands: L-band (1.6 GHz/1.5GHz) 5GHz band (shared with MLS) Payload communications Possible ITU services: AMSS (Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service) and MSS (Mobile Satellite Service) Possible frequency bands: higher frequencies preferred (antenna size, available bandwidth): Ku-band (14/11 GHz) High commercial use Ka-band (3/2 GHz) Partly restricted for governmental/defense use (NATO countries) X-band (8/7 GHz) Governmental/defense use (NATO countries) Q/V band (4-5 GHz) Partly restricted for governmental/defense use (NATO countries) May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

13 System Analysis: System Requirements & Criteria Page 13 Key requirement, particularly stringent for safety communications, esp. ATC relay communications Design concepts scalability, modularity, flexibility, interoperability Services bit rates, coverage Management & governance Risk technical, financial, market, regulatory QoS availability, integrity, latency System design Cost Security Spectrum & regulatory System Capacity capacity, growth potential UAV terminal size, weight, power May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

14 System Analysis: Safety Communication System Page 14 Candidate architectures Architecture based on Artemis for a demo mission Architecture based on Inmarsat & MTSAT Architecture based on Iridium Hybrid architecture (Inmarsat + Iridium) to achieve better availability performances Architecture based on IRIS Dedicated system at 5GHz They offer safety oriented services, esp. aeronautical services They operate at least partly in an AMSRS band May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

15 System Analysis: Safety Communication System Page 15 Hybrid architecture based on Inmarsat and Iridium Use of both Inmarsat & Iridium in parallel Inmarsat: Swift Broadband with low gain antenna (under study, 25 kbps, aims at being certified as a safety aeronautical service) Iridium: Multi-link (N x 2.4 kbps) through ML-PPP protocol Concept similar to the one used today between the narrowband link and the wideband link (e.g. Global Hawk) Data sent on both links in parallel and recombined at application or transport layer Swift Broadband with low gain antenna Radio Access Network 1 Inmarsat Core Network Typical dimensions (cm) 3 x 1 x 1 Satellite Access Stations Typical weight (kg).5-1 Typical price ($) 2 Inmarsat 4 Radio Access Network 2 Satellite Access Stations Ground Control Station (GCS) Iridium Gateway Iridium multilink Iridium Constellations Typical dimensions (cm) 1 x 1 x 1 Typical weight (kg) Typical price ($) 1 May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

16 System Analysis: Safety Communication System Page 16 Architecture based on IRIS Reuse of IRIS system, which is developed for manned aircrafts Fully redundant architecture to achieve high QoS performances Designed to provide ATS and AOC services (low data rates) Low gain aircraft terminal Would require a modification of the system (waveform and possibly satellite payload) to meet UAV needs May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

17 ) e System Analysis: Safety Communication System Page 17 Dedicated system 5GHz Distributed ground segment architecture allowing countries to operate UAV autonomously Transparent GEO satellites Redundant architecture allowing high availability performances Transparent GEO Transparent GEO Satellite Satellite Transparent GEO Satellite Transparent GEO Satellite MHz MHz > 8 dbi -19 db/k OMNI (TBC) > 8 dbi RHCP in Rx LHCP in Tx > 3 db -1 C / 6 C 1% 3cm (TBC) Low size omni terminal UAV C UAV A UAV A' UAV B GES GES GES NCC GES GES GES GES GES NCC NCC GCS C NCC Network GCS A Feeder links: 5GHz or Ka band Mobile links: 5GHz Network Management links NMC GCS B May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

18 System Analysis: Safety Communication System Page 18 Inmarsat Iridium Services Services Ris k Coverage Cos t Availability Managem ent Integrity SWAP Latency Sys tem des ign Security Ris k Availability Managem ent Integrity SWAP Latency Sys tem des ign Ris k Security SWAP Cos t Availability Managem ent Integrity SWAP Latency Security Capacity Demo Mission Ris k Dedicated system 5GHz Services Availability Managem ent Integrity SWAP Latency Sys tem des ign Security Capacity Coverage Cos t Latency Sys tem des ign Services Coverage Integrity Demo Mission Complete Mission IRIS Services Availability Managem ent Demo Mission Complete Mission Artemis Coverage Cos t Capacity Demo Mission Complete Mission Sys tem des ign Services Coverage Cos t Capacity Ris k Hybrid Security Capacity Complete Mission Ris k Coverage Cos t Availability Managem ent Integrity SWAP Latency Sys tem des ign Security Capacity Complete Mission May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

19 System Analysis: Safety Communication System Page 19 The trade-off leads to the following proposition: Demo: hybrid architecture combining Artemis satellite and Redu control station (L-band payload, coverage over Europe, North Africa and Middle East) with Inmarsat or Iridium Short term: hybrid architecture combining two existing space segments, Inmarsat & Iridium (Lband, certified for safety aeronautical services) Based on existing systems and COTS but providing high availability performances OPEX oriented financing Medium to long term: dedicated system at 5GHz Designed to serve the complete European & Canadian BLOS capable UAV population worldwide in Epoch 3 Designed to reach appropriate QoS & security levels European/Canadian capability May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

20 System Analysis: Payload Communication System Page 2 Candidate bands: Ku-band: most commonly used on UAV today but high load Ka-band: evolution of satellite communications as a consequence of Ku-band congestion, commercial offer will expand Q/V band: may be envisaged in the future as an alternative for UAV applications Commercial satellite: Ku-band (e.g. Eutelsat Atlantic Bird 2), Ka-band (e.g. Eutelsat Hot Bird 6) or Q/V band Payload data Payload Command & Control Antenna size: - TUAV: 4 cm - MALE: 9 cm - HALE: 13 cm HPA output power: - Ku-band: 5 W - Ka-band: 3 W - Q/V band: 2 W May 29 Max achievable throughputs (DVB-S) Max = 13 Mbps TUAV MALE HALE UAV Ku-band Ka-band Q/V band 2.5 Mbps 13 Mbps 13 Mbps 1 Mbps 5 Mbps 13 Mbps <1 Mbps 2.5 Mbps 5 Mbps Ground Data Terminal 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

21 System Analysis: Payload Communication System Page 21 Proposed solutions Demo: use of Artemis satellite (Ka-band payload, coverage over Western Europe) and Redu control station Short term: use of existing constellations, esp. commercial satellites (e.g. Eutelsat, Hispasat, Telenor, Telesat in Ku-band) State of the art satellite terminal COTS provide sufficient data rates, except for some TUAV applications Medium to long term: use of EDRS (European Data Relay Satellite) Ka-band payload UAV requirements considered in the EDRS design (Phase A on-going) May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

22 System Analysis: Navigation System Page 22 Inertial Platform 1st Integration A1 "Y" acceleration A2 "X" acceleration A3 "Z" acceleration Optional 2nd Integration dt Int 1 "Y" Horiz. Speed dt Int 2 "X" Horiz. Speed dt Int 3 Optional Altimetric Radar or Baro VNAV dt Int 1 "Y" Horiz. Distance covered dt Int 2 "X" Horiz. Distance covered "Z" Vert. Distance covered dv/dt "Z" Vertical Speed Compensation Gyroscopic Platform GNSS Navigation Platform "Y" Position "X" Position To FMS "Z" Position (UAVILT) 1 PPS + Time/UTC G1 "Y" Attitude G2 "X" Attitude G3 "Z" Attitude NAVIGATION Platform (GNSS/INS) GNSS possible configurations depending on the required positioning level: Mono-constellation (GPS, GLONASS) mono or dual frequencies SBAS (EGNOS, WAAS) Multi-constellation (GPS, GLONASS, GALILEO) GBAS May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

23 Governance aspects Page 23 Option #1 Communication Satellite Ground Service Provider Segment Operator Satellite Operator Satellite Owner Private Private Private Private Option #2 Public Private Private Private Option #3 Public Public Private Private This model could be used for the architectures based on Inmarsat or Iridium if dedicated gateways are deployed Option #4 Public Public Public Public Option #5 Private Private Private Public Example: Galileo (except for CSP, which is not applicable for Galileo) Example: Skynet 4 Comments Examples: - Inmarsat Classic Aero (CSP: SITA or ARINC, SGO: gateway operators, SOP & SOW: Inmarsat) - Skynet 5 (CSP, SGO, SOP & SOW: Paradigm) This model could be used for the architectures based on Inmarsat or Iridium May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space

24 Conclusion Page 24 Satellites are an answer to the challenges brought by the expected significant increase in the usage of UAS: The use of today s L-band systems (Inmarsat & Iridium) and COTS through an hybrid architecture is a first step allowing: To provide secure and sustainable communications for C2, S&A and ATC Relay To pave the way to an European dedicated system, e.g. at 5GHz (dedicated satellite or piggy-back) Today s broadband satellites (e.g. Eutelsat in Ku-band) can be used to convey high bit rates payload data. EDRS, when available, will make it possible to rely on an European system integrating UAV needs in its design and providing a high available capacity. The next step is to carry out a demonstration: To keep on working out the insertion of UAV within civil airspace, implementing a complete Endto-End scenario (e.g. emergency procedures) To test the technical feasibility (e.g. coexistence of the various involved systems, LOS/BLOS handovers, GCS handovers, ) To validate performances and position them with regards to requirements (e.g. security and availability aspects) To refine the End to End system architecture May 29 2/26 All rights reserved, 28, Thales Alenia Space