Special Session Biofuels & Bioenergy 2

Transcription

1 Special Session Biofuels & Bioenergy 2 A COMPARATIVE LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF BIODIESEL FROM SOYBEAN OIL AND BEEF TALLOW IN BRAZIL Suani T. Coelho, Gil A. Silva, Fausto Freire, Renata Grisoli, Érica Castanheira, Vanessa Pecora Garcilasso, Alex Nogueira Coimbra, September 9, 2013

2 INTRODUCTION BIOACV project - Comparison of Life Cycle Assessment of Biodiesel Produced from Soybean Oil and Beef Tallow by Methylic and Ethylic Routes To evaluate environmental impacts of the biodiesel production from soybean oil and beef tallow in Brazil, comparing methylic and ethylic routes Project funded by CNPq Partnership with Coimbra University

3 INTRODUCTION 2004: National Biodiesel Production and Use Program (PNPB) was created by The Brazilian Federal Government (blend of biodiesel with diesel oil - 2%) Objective of PNPB: to produce biodiesel in a sustainable way to replace partially diesel oil in Brazil Currently: blend of biodiesel with diesel oil is 5%, in volume basis in the country

4 Diesel oil consumption and import in Brazil Consumo e Importação de Óleo Diesel (mil m³) , , , , , ,00 0, Source: ANP, 2012 Importação Consumo

5 Biodiesel auctions Average prices paid by Petrobras 28º Leilão 25º Leilão 22º Leilão 19º Leilão 16º Leilão Preço Médio dos Leilões desde 09/2009 a 12/2012 (R$/m³) 0,00 500, , , , , ,00

6 Biodiesel production in Brazil Produção de biodiesel (B100) em m³ Fonte: ANP, 2012

7 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL Biodiesel production in Brazil rose up from 736 m3 in 2005 to around 2.7 million m3 in 2011 Over 76% of the biodiesel production in Brazil: Center-West (states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goiás and Distrito Federal) and South Brazil (states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná and Santa Catarina)

8 Biodiesel installed capacity and production (B100) (thousand m³/year) Total Installed capacity: 7,404.4 (thousand m³/yr) Total Production: 2,717.5 (thousand m³/yr) Source: ANP, 2013

9 Biodiesel production in Brazil Source: ANP, 2010

10 Considerations about raw materials for biodiesel Commercial oil crops (Soybean, Palm, Castor) Large scale (mainly soybean) High level of technological know how (soybean, palm) Conflit with other end uses (palm oil, castor oil) Low cost of soybean oil (by-product of animal feed production) Palm Soybean Castor oil lack of adequate capacity building for small farmers Native oil crops (Buriti, Babassu, Macauba) Castor Small scale Low level of technical know how Native crops not domesticated Used for food and traditional medicine locally Babassu Buriti Macauba New oil crops (Jatropha curcas) Low know how on agricultural phase (few varieties) Beef Tallow Low cost (not anymore...) Jatropha curcas By-product of beef production

11 BIODIESEL RAW MATERIALS IN USE The main driving force behind the use of soybean oil and beef tallow as feedstock for biodiesel in Brazil is their low price, since soybean oil and beef tallow are by-products Biodiesel from beef tallow presents advantages in some properties (cetane number and stability), compared with biodiesel from soybean oil but also presents some important constraints, namely viscosity, which does not allow a 100% production from beef tallow, as concluded from field visits in the BIOACV project

12 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION VIA METHYLIC AND ETHYLIC ROUTES In 2010, more than 97% of the biodiesel produced in Brazil used methanol to produce biodiesel Methyl and ethyl routes are very similar; however, in practice there are differences between these two routes, namely reaction time, catalyst amount and reaction temperature Difficulties in the separation phase are a major barrier in ethyl ester production for any feedstock used Main limiting factor for the implementation of ethyl transesterification is the bioethanol price. Brazil has the cheapest bioethanol price in the world but is strongly dependent on the geographical location and fluctuations over the time. On the other hand, methanol prices are relatively constant along time, but a sharp increase has observed recently

13 THE BIOACV PROJECT In the BioACV Project it was analyzed the environmental impacts from soybean oil and beef tallow biodiesel, comparing two routes (methylic and ethylic), using the LCA approach One of the main challenges was to develop models that could represent processes in Brazil (or those quite similar to those being used) The models adopted considered 100% of soybean oil and 100% of beef tallow for both routes It was considered the production of 1 MJ of biodiesel in all four scenarios The four scenarios considered in the study were ethylic and methylic biodiesel from soybean oil, ethylic and methylic biodiesel from beef tallow

14 BIOACV CENBIO/USP-CNPq. LCA for environmental impacts for each type of biodiesel CENBIO Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa/IEE Instituto de Energia e Ambiente/USP Universidade de São Paulo. BIOACV Comparação da ACV de Biodiesel produzido a partir de Óleo de Soja e Gordura Bovina via rota Metílica e Etílica. Relatório Final (Final Report). Março de 2013.

15 RESULTS FROM THE BIOACV PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL Comparison of the indicators for the different categories of impact for each type of biodiesel

16 RESULTS FROM THE BIOACV PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL Biodiesel from beef tallow presented the highest impacts compared to soybean oil. Due to the cattle raise system in Brazil, which has low efficiency and is based mainly in extensive production system (less than 1.0 head per hectare). The soybean agricultural production showed high figures due to the high use of pesticides. When CO 2 emissions from land use change in soybean agricultural production are not considered, CC of soy-based biodiesel was reduced by 70% The comparison of the methylic and ethylic routes does not show significant differences, according to Figure, except in the case of FFD where indicators for the methylic route are around 10% higher than for ethylic route

17 RESULTS FROM THE BIOACV PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS FROM BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN BRAZIL Comparing the methylic and ethylic biodiesel technological routes, it was not found significant differences in both cases, despite the fossil origin of the methanol imported in Brazil All environmental impacts considering the use of beef tallow for biodiesel production appeared to be higher than those from soybean. When environmental impacts of the cattle raise and slaughtering subsystems are excluded, all impacts were reduced significantly, showing the high impact of the extensive cattle production in Brazil

18 Thanks! Obrigada!