Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali Sezione Scienze Agronomiche

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1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agronomiche Agrochimiche e delle Produzioni Animali Sezione Scienze Agronomiche Università degli Studi di Catania - ITALY Scientific Responsible Prof. Salvatore Foti Biokenaf - Biomass Production Chain and Growth Simulation Model for Kenaf Athens 23 rd -24 th October 23

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3 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAF UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 Research lines WP2 Adaptability and Productivity Field Trials Task 2.2 Effect of different sowing dates and plant population on biomass yield Task 2.3 Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on biomass yields WP3 Development of the growth simulation model WP8 Dissemination

4 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY BIOKENAF Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 WP2 Adaptability and Productivity Field Trials - Task 2.2 Effect of different sowing dates and plant population on biomass yield Locality Enna (45 m. s. l.) Lat. N, Long. E Studied factors a) two sowing date 12/6/23; 4/7/23; b) two varietes Tainung 2 Everglades 41 c) two plant densities 2. plants ha plants ha -1

5 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAF UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 Crop management - Row distance: 5 cm; - Fertilisation: 1 kg ha -1 of P 2 O 5 and 1 kg ha -1 of N. Nitrogen fertilisation was distributed the first half part at sowing and the second one on the 25 th July and on the 3 rd September, respectively for the first and the second sowing - Irrigation: 1% ETm * Water irrigation volume: 416,67 mm for the 1 st sowing (till September 1 st ) 277,78 mm for the 2 nd sowing (till September 4 th )

6 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY Athens, 23 th -2 th October 23 BIOKENAF Methodology Experimental design randomised block No. of replicates 3 single plot dimension 6 m x 8 m (48 m 2 ) irrigation system drip irrigation

7 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAF UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 Epoche di semina S1D1 S2D2 S1D2 S1D1 TAINUNG EVER. TAINUNG EVER. 12 file per parcella S2D1 S1D2 S2D1 S2D2 8 m TAINUNG EVER. EVER. TAINUNG S1 = 1 st sowing date S2 = 2 nd sowing date D1 = 2 plants m 2 D2 = 4 plants m 2 6 m Nord S2D1 S1D1 S2D2 S2D1 TAINUNG EVER. EVER. EVER S1D2 S1D1 S1D2 S2D2 EVER. TAINUNG TAINUNG TAINUNG

8 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAF UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 WP2 Adaptability and Productivity Field Trials Task 2.3 Effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on biomass yields. Locality Enna (45 m. s. l.) Lat. N, Long. E

9 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY Studied factors a) water supply Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 I = no irrigation (191,26 mm); I 1 = 25% of PET (231,26 mm); I 2 = 5% of PET (271,26 mm); I 3 b) nitrogen level = 1% of PET (351,26 mm); N = nitrogen fertilisation; N 1 = 1 kg ha -1 of N N 2 = 15 kg ha -1 of N BIOKENAF Nitrogen fertilisation was distributed the first half part at the sowing and second one on the 21 st August; at the moment of the sowing was distributed 1 kg ha -1 of P 2 O 5

10 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAF UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 Crop management - Sowing: 24/6/23; - Row distance: 5 cm; - Plant density: 2. plant ha -1 ; Methodology Experimental design: split-split-plot No. of replicates: 3 single plot dimension: 6 m x 8 m (48 m 2 ) irrigation system: drip irrigation

11 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAF UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 Measurements (on both subtask 2.2 and 2.3) Meteorological Soil measurement (before sowing) Phenology Growth analysis fresh and dry weight of each part of plant leaf area of all green leaves Agronomic at plant emergence, number of plant m -2

12 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAF UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania ITALY Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 Prova kenaf 23 Irrigazione e azoto varietà Tainung 2 I blocco II blocco N 1 N 2 N no irrigazione N N 2 N 1 1% dell' Nord N 2 N N 1 5% dell'etm N 2 N N 1 no irrigazi N N 1 N 2 % dell'etm N 1 N 2 N 5% dell'e N 1 N 2 N % dell'etm N 2 N 1 N 25% dell'e

13 DACPA SEZIONE SCIENZE AGRONOMICHE BIOKENAF UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 Measurements on subtask 2.3 Physiological Leaf water potential (by means of a gas pressure chamber, Soil Moisture, USA) Leaf transpiration, Stomatal conductance, Photosyntesis by means of gas analyzer (by means of LCA4 from ADC, UK)

14 DACPA SEZIONE CIENZE AGRONOMICHE UNCT Università degli Studi di Catania Athens, 23 th -24 th October 23 BIOKENAF Other measurements ammonia volatilisation from soil (trapping the gas soil by means of hermetic cylinders inserted in the soil and provided of a polyfoam sorption pad satured with H 3 PO 4 and glycerine)

15 45 ( C) (%) 1 8 MAXIMUM AIR HUMIDITY MINIMUM AIR HUMIDITY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE MINIMUM TEMPERATURE mag giu lug ago set ott 6 5 (mm) (Mj /m 2 ) RAINFALL mag giu lug ago set ott 35 X Data 3 GLOBAL RADIATION mag giu lug ago set ott X Data mag giu lug ago set ott X Data

16 June 3 th -1 st sowing date

17 Emergence of II sowing period plants - July 11th

18 July 29 th -Tainung 2 S1 D2

19 July 29 th - Everglades 41 S1 D1

20 29 th July - Everglades 41 S1 D2

21 July 29 th 1st and 2nd sowing date trial

22 July 29 th - Everglades S2 D2

23 Plant density (n m 2 ) I epoca II epoca 4 35 Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D Tainung D2 Tainung D1 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 Plant number m Plant number m lug ago sett ott lug ago sett ott

24 Plant height (cm) Number of nodes per plant Height (cm) Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 1 st sowing date 1 Number of nodes per plant Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 Height (cm) july agust sept oct 2 nd sowing date july agust sept oct Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 Number of nodes per plant Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 july agust sept oct july agust sept oct

25 Leaf area index (LAI) I sowing date II sowing date 7, 6, 5, Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 7, 6, 5, Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 4, 4, LAI 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 1,,, july august sept oct july august sept oct

26 Fresh biomass (g m -2 ) Dry biomass (g m -2 ) Fresh biomass (g m-2) Fresh biomass (g m -2 ) Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 1 st sowing date july august sept oct july august sept oct 2 nd sowing date 25 Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 Dry biomass (g m -2 ) Dry biomass (g m -2 ) july august sept oct july august sept oct Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2

27 Leaf fresh weight (g m -2 ) Stem fresh weight (g m -2 ) 1 st sowing date Leaf fresh weight (g m -2 ) 7 Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 6 Everglades D Stem fresh weight (g m -2 ) Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 Leaf fresh weight (g m -2 ) july august sept oct july august sept oct 2 nd sowing date Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 Stem fresh weight (g m -2 ) Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 july august sept oct july august sept oct

28 Leaf dry weight (g m -2 ) Stem dry weight (g m -2 ) 1 st sowing date Leaf dry weight (g m -2 ) 16 Tainung D Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 Stem dry weight (g m -2 ) Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 Leaf dry weight (g m -2 ) july august sept oct july august sept oct 2 nd sowing date Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 Stem dry weight (g m -2 ) Tainung D1 Tainung D2 Everglades D1 Everglades D2 july august sept oct july august sept oct

29 July 29 th - Irrigation and nitrogen trial

30 5% ETM - N

31 Plant height (cm) N2 N1 N I I25 5 I1 Height (cm) July August September July August September

32 Leaf area index (LAI) N2 N1 N 3 I I25 I5 I1 LAI july august september july august september

33 Total above ground dry biomass (g m -2 ) TOTAL DRY BIOMASS (g/m 2 ) N2 N1 N I I25 I5 I1 jul aug sept jul aug sept

34 Above ground fresh biomass (g m -2 ) Above ground fresh biomass (g m -2 ) N2 N1 N july august september I I25 I 5 I1 july august september

35 Number of nodes per plant N2 N1 N I I25 I5 I jul aug sept jul aug sept

36 Biomass distribution (%) Biomass distribution (%) % leaves % stem I I 25 I 5 I 1 N N 1 N 2

37 Ammonia soil emission (Kg ha -1 ) 24, 22, 2, N2 4/7/3 11/7/3 NH4 + soil emission (kg ha -1 ) 18, 16, 14, 12, 1, 8, 6, N1 N2 N1 N2 4, 2,, N N1 N N N1 N2 Unirrigated control I 25% of ETm I 5% ETm I 1% ETm Irrigation Treatments

38 I1% I25% I I 5%

39 I I5%

40 I 1% I 25%

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42 I 25% I 5% I I1%

43 I I 1%

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46 Midday leaf water potential (bars) I 1% -2 I 5% I % I 25% August Sept.

47 Predawn leaf water potential (bars) 6 September 23 I I 25% I 5% I 1% (bars) Irrigation treatments

48 Predawn leaf water potential vs. available soil water content (bars) y = -16,9 + 11,53 (1 - e -,6x ) Available soil water content (%)

49 Leaf transpiration 12 1 I 1% (mols H2O cm -2 s -1 ) I 5% I 25% I 2 August September

50 Effect of Temperature on Dark Respiration R t = R 2 2 (t - 2)/1 Respiration doubles each 1 o C. It has a Q 1 = 2

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52 Attività fotosintetica risposta alla luce μmoli CO 2 m -2 s Risposta alla luce tesi I Risposta alla luce tesi I time 2 μmoli CO 2 m -2 s time

53 Net Photosynthesis (mols CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) 45 Net Photosynthesis (mols CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) Unirrigated control I 25% ETm I 5% ETm I 1% ETm 5 August Sept.

54 C Net Photosynthesis I 1 Pn = C r²=.1621 I 25 Pn = C r²= I 5 2 Pn= C r =.7299 I Pn = C r²=

55 Leaf Photosynthesis Response to Irradiance 5 P max Net Phs (µmol m -2 s -1 ) ε is apparent quantum Efficiency (mol mol -1 ) R ε P n = [P max +R][1 - exp(-εi/(p max + R))] - R 2 Irradiance (I) (µmol m -2 s -1 )

56 Net Photosynthesis μmol m -2 s -1 I 1 P max = ε=.583 I 25 P max = ε=.457 PAR I 5 P max = ε=.446 I P max = ε=

57 Net Photosynthesis μmol m -2 s -1 I 1 P max = ε=.583 I 5 P max = ε=.454 I 25 P max = ε=.457 I P max = ε= PAR

58 .4.3 I1 Q eff = C r²=.64 I5 Q eff = C r²=.79.2 Quantum Efficiency I25 Q eff = C r²=.61 I Q eff = C r²= C