Industrial Hygiene Strategies for Assessing Exposures During Onshore Drilling Activities
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1 Industrial Hygiene Strategies for Assessing Exposures During Onshore Drilling Activities Bradley King, PhD, MPH, CIH NIOSH Western States Division
2 Disclaimer: The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the official position of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by NIOSH.
3 Identify and Characterize Workplace Exposures Become familiar with process operations Perform preliminary hazard identification (qualitative survey) Perform workplace monitoring (quantitative evaluation) Interpret the sampling results and communicate with stakeholders Make recommendations for best practices, controls if needed Re-evaluate to determine effectiveness of changes and controls
4 Exposure Assessment Methodologies Personal Breathing Zone (PBZ) samples on workers: Roughnecks/Floorhands Shakerhands/Mudmen Motormen Derrickhands Area Samples Full-shift and short-term Standard Industrial Hygiene Methods NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM) and OSHA Numbered Methods Modifications of existing methods and new methods Direct Reading Methods Real Time Instruments, Meters and Monitors Video Exposure Monitoring
5 Exposure Assessment Methodologies Airborne hydrocarbon gases and vapors Samples using charcoal tubes NMAM 1500 (pentane (C 5 ) to dodecane (C 12 )) NMAM 1501 (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) NMAM 1550 (napthas (hydrocarbon mixture)) Samples using whole-air bag samplers Analysis using on-site portable gas chromatographs allows for analysis of low molecular weight hydrocarbons (methane (C 1 ) to butane (C 4 ))
6 Exposure Assessment Methodologies Airborne hydrocarbon gases and vapors Direct Reading Instruments: Personal LEL monitors with data-logging Personal VOC monitors with data-logging Personal 4-gas monitors with data-logging Colorimetric tubes and chips
7 Exposure Assessment Methodologies Total and Respirable Dust Respirable Crystalline Silica Samples using PVC filters and cyclones: NMAM 0500 (total dust using PVC filter) NMAM 0600 (respirable dust using PVC filter) NMAM 7500 (respirable crystalline silica by x-ray diffraction) disposable/reusable Parallel Particle Impactor (PPI ) also available for use without a cyclone for respirable dust/crystalline silica
8 Exposure Assessment Methodologies Drilling mud mists Samples using PTFE filters: NMAM 5524 (metal working fluids) Samples using charcoal tubes: NMAM 1500, 1501, 1550 Diesel particulate matter (DPM) Samples using quartz fiber filters: NMAM 5040 (as elemental carbon) FLIR DPM real-time monitor Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Samples using PTFE filter and XAD tube: NMAM 5506 (PAHs)
9 Chemical Exposure Hazards by Drill Rig Work Location Drill Floor Shale Shakers Solids Control Mud Tanks Hopper House Overall Well Site Air Drilling
10 Drill Floor: Hydrocarbon gases and vapors Drilling fluids DPM
11 Drill Floor Benzene ppm Ethylbenzene ppm Toluene ppm Xylenes ppm Personal Breathing Zone (PBZ) Charcoal Tube Samples (n=34) for Hydrocarbon gases and vapors: Total Hydrocarbons ppm Assistant Driller Derrickhand (n=4) ND ND N over 50% OEL N over 100% OEL Floorhand (n=19) ND-0.13 ND-0.06 ND-0.18 ND N over 50% OEL N over 100% OEL Motorman (n=10) ND-0.05 ND-0.02 ND-0.07 ND N over 50% OEL N over 100% OEL Occupational Exposure Limit: 0.1 (NIOSH) 20 (ACGIH) 20 (ACGIH) 100 (ACGIH)
12 Parts per Million (PPM) Total Hydrocarbon Results, Drill Floor Floorhand 1a/1b Floorhand 2a/2b Vertical Drilling with Diesel-based Mud Drilling Curve Cementing Lateral Drilling into Formation with Salt-water December Fluids 4-5, 2018
13 Drill Floor: Day 8, Hydrocarbon Analysis PBZ Bulk Air Samples for Hydrocarbon gases and vapors:
14 Shale Shakers, Mud Tanks: Results: PID Hydrocarbon gases and vapors Drilling mud mist/gases/vapors PAHs
15 Benzene (PPM) NIOSH REL Benzene Results (day shifts), Shakers Shaker 1; tubes Shaker 2/3; tubes Vertical Drilling with Diesel-based Mud Drilling Curve Cementing Lateral Drilling into Formation with Salt-water December Fluids 4-5, 2018
16 Total Hydrocarbons (PPM) Total Hydrocarbon Results (day shifts), Shakers Shaker 1; tubes Shaker 2/3; tubes NIOSH REL (kerosene C 9 -C 16 )) *breakthrough * Vertical Drilling with Diesel-based Mud Drilling Curve Cementing Lateral Drilling into Formation with Salt-water December Fluids 4-5, 2018
17 Shakers: Hydrocarbon Analysis, Diesel-based Drilling Fluids Results: bulk air sample
18 Shakers: Hydrocarbon Analysis, Salt Water-based Drilling Fluids
19 Shale Shakers: Area Air Samples for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Napthalene (PEL/REL: 50 mg/m 3 or 10 ppm) Range: mg/m 3 Total PAHs (OEL: none) Range: mg/m 3 Drilling mud mist (REL for MWF: 0.50 mg/m 3 ): Range: mg/m 3
20 Benzene (PPM) NIOSH REL Benzene Results (day shift), Mud tank locations Mud tank 1 Mud tank 2 Mud tanks 3 and 4 Vertical Drilling with Diesel-based Mud Drilling Curve Cementing Lateral Drilling into Formation with Salt-water Fluids
21 Total Hydrocarbons (PPM) Total Hydrocarbon Results (day shift), Mud tank locations NIOSH REL (kerosene C 9 -C 16 )) Mud tank 1 Mud tank 2 Mud tanks 3 and 4 Vertical Drilling with Diesel-based Mud Drilling Curve Cementing Lateral Drilling into Formation with Salt-water Fluids
22 Solids Control: Total and respirable particles Respirable crystalline silica
23 Solids Control: Total particles (OEL: 15 mg/m 3 ) Near dryer: range mg/m 3 Near centrifuge: range mg/m 3 Respirable particles (OEL: 5 mg/m 3 ) Near dryer: range mg/m 3 Near centrifuge: range mg/m 3 Respirable crystalline silica (OEL: mg/m 3 ): Near dryer: range mg/m 3 Near centrifuge: range mg/m 3
24 Hopper House: Total and respirable particles Respirable crystalline silica Drilling fluid additives
25 Bulk Sample collected of dry powdered barite weighting agent Size fraction analysis Particle size distribution
26 Bulk Sample collected of dry powdered attapulgite clay viscosifier agent Size fraction analysis Particle size distribution Particle Particle size distribution length
27 Hopper House: Total particles (OEL: 15 mg/m 3 ) PBZ: 13.2 mg/m 3 (derrickhand) Area: range mg/m 3 Respirable particles (OEL: 5 mg/m 3 ) PBZ: range mg/m 3 Area: 0.02 mg/m 3 Respirable crystalline silica (OEL: mg/m 3 ): PBZ: range mg/m 3 Area: mg/m 3
28 Hopper House:
29 DPM across site: Diesel particulate matter
30 Diesel Particulate Matter: Area Samples for Elemental Carbon collected at various locations on the site: ELEMENTAL CARBON OEL (µg/m 3 ) N Range (µg/m 3 ) In front of sign-in trailer Doghouse Mud Tanks Rig fuel tank corner Handrail by Shaker
31 Air Drilling: Respirable particles (OEL: 5 mg/m 3 ) PBZ: range <LOD (gateman) to mg/m 3 (collecting geologic samples at sample catcher along blooey line) Area: mg/m 3 Respirable crystalline silica (OEL: mg/m 3 ): PBZ: range mg/m 3 Area: mg/m 3 Drill floor ~100 feet from blooey line North of shale shaker Bottom of stairs to mud tank
32
33 Protecting Oil Workers through Enhanced Surveillance, Exposure Assessments, and Control Evaluations Four-year NIOSH funded project Expanded epidemiology surveillance Focus on exposure assessments and engineering controls at drilling sites Completed year 1 Identified areas in need of further assessment, including: mud tanks, shale shakers, hopper house More information on exposures during drilling to come!
34 Consider partnering with NIOSH to: Help advance oil and gas safety and health Share your knowledge Provide access to worksites for research purposes Stop by the NIOSH booth #418 for more information
35 Questions? NIOSH Project Researchers Alice Hamilton, M.D. Mother of U.S. Occupational Medicine Marissa Alexander-Scott Barbara Alexander Mike Breitenstein David Caruso Eric Esswein Ryan Hill Belinda Johnson Bradley King Alejandra Ramirez-Cardenas Kyla Retzer Sophie Ridl Emily Schmick John Snawder
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