Index. D Davy, Humphrey, 5, 84 Decomposition flames, flame propagation, 59

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1 Deflagration and Detonation Flame Arresters by Stanley S. Grossel Copyright 2002 American Institute of Chemical Engineers A Acetylene, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, Alumina (ceramic) ball flame arrester, described, American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 10 American Petroleum Institute (MI), 11 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), standards and codes, 11, Arrester element (matrix) construction, 27 Autoignition temperature (AIT), flame propagation, B British Standards Institute, 11-12, 159 Burnback resistance, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, Burning velocity, flame propagation dynamics, C Calculated adiabatic reaction temperature (CART), flame propagation, 55 Canada, standards and codes, 11.24, Ceramic (alumina) ball flame arrester, described, Chapman-Jouguet (CJ) theory, detonations, Chemical barriers, isolation devices, Chemical kinetics, flame propagation, Clean Air Acts of 1970 and 1990,6, 13 Codes. See Standards and codes Combustible concentration reduction, See also Oxidant concentration reduction Combustion conditions, flame arresters, Comite Europeean de Normalisation (CEN), standards and codes, 12, Conservation vent valves, as flame arresters, 98 Corrosion, flame arrester selection/design criteria, Crimped metal ribbon flame arrester described, failure of, 8 history of, 6 D Davy, Humphrey, 5, 84 Decomposition flames, flame propagation, 59 Deflagration and detonation arrester (DDA). See Deflagration flame arresters; Detonation flame arresters; Flame arresters; specific flame arrester types Deflagration flame arresters. See also Detonation flame arresters; Flame arresters defined, 2 209

2 210 Deflagration flame arresters (con!.) function of, history of, 6-7 types of, 23 Deflagration pressure containment, 40 Deflagration suppression systems, Deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) flame acceleration and, flame propagation dynamics, 64-65,66 occurrence determination calculation, 175 Deflagration venting, Detonation flame arresters. See also Deflagration flame arresters; Flame arresters defined, 2 function of, history of, 6-7 types of, 26 Detonation momentum attenuator (DMA), 22, 25 Detonations, detonation limits, theories of, types of, Dirigibles, 6 Documentation, inspection and maintenance, 150 Diy type flame arresters, 27 Dynamic forces, installation, E End-of-line crimped metal ribbon flame arrester, 23 End-of-line deflagration flame arrester, selection example, , 175 End-of-line flame arrester, 19 End-of-line parallel plate flame arrester, 23 Enthalpy, flame propagation, Environmental concerns, flame arresters, 13 Ethylene oxide, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, 131 European standards and codes, 12, Expanded metal cartridge flame arrester, described, F Factory Mutual Research standards and codes, , 157 Fast-acting valves, isolation devices, Fire Research Station (UK), I1 Flame acceleration, deflagration-todetonation transition (DDT) and, Flanie arresters. See also Deflagration flame arresters; Detonation flame arresters; specific flame arrester types case histories, 7-9 successful, 7-8 unsuccessful, 8-9 classification of, combustion conditions and functions of, defined, 2 essential information on, 18 failures of, 8-9, I82 flame propagation factors and, 73 (See also Flame propagation) history of, 5-7 installation of, 77-78, (See also Installation) location in process, 19-21, manufacturers of, (See also Manufacturers) recommended practices, safety and environmental concerns, 13 selection criteria, (See also Flame arrester selectioddesign criteria) standards and codes, (See also Standards and codes) Canada, 11 Europe and international, 12 United Kingdom, United States, technology status current, future, where needed, Flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, 17-18, burnback resistance, classification (NEC and MESGs), examples, DDT occurrence determination calculation, 175 end-of-line deflagration flame arrester, LFL and UFL of mixtures calculation, limiting oxidant concentration (LOC) calculation, 172 location, maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) calculation, vent manifold system, flame propagation direction, 105

3 fouling and plugging potential and protection, ignition location, flowing system, nonflowing system, inspection and maintenance, 128 location and orientation, manufacturers information, , , materials selection, mixture composition, monitoring and instrumentation, operating temperature and pressure, pipe diameter changes, pressure drop limitations, quenching diameter, quenching length, and flame velocity, reaction and combustion dynamics, reliability, 126 special applications, acetylene, ethylene oxide, 131 hydrogen, special options, 117 specification sheet for manufacturers quotation, steps in, system constraints, unwanted phases, I16 Flame arrester types, 27, ceramic (alumina) balls, conservation vent valves, 98 crimped metal ribbon, 78-8 I expanded metal cartridge, high velocity vent valve, 97 hydraulic (liquid seal), generally, proprietary designs, metal shot, packed bed, parallel plate, perforated plate, 83-84, 86 sintered metal, 85,86 velocity flame stopper, wire gauze, 84,86 Flame front diverters, isolation devices, 46 Flame propagation chemistry and thermodynamics enthalpy and heat, flame temperature, 55 reaction chemistry and kinetics, reaction stoichiometry, decomposition flames, dynamics, burning velocity and flame speed, detonations, 6671 flame acceleration and deflagration-todetonation transition (DDT), flame arrester design and operation, 73 flammability characteristics, 5659 autoignition temperature (AIT), flammable limits, ignition source, 59 limiting oxidant concentration (LOC), 57 minimum igniting current (MIC) ratio, minimum ignition energy (MIE), 58 ignition and quenching, overview, Flame speedhelocity flame propagation, Flame temperature, flame propagation, 55 Flammable limits, flame propagation, 5657 FlamQuench II, Flare water seal flame arrester, failure of, 9 Fouling protection, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, G Galloping detonation, defined, 66 Gas enrichment, oxidant concentration reduction, Germany, standards and codes, 12, 162 H Heat, flame propagation, High rate discharge (HRD) containers, deflagration suppression systems, 38 High velocity vent valve name arrester, described, 97 Hydraulic (liquid seal) flame arrester, generally, proprietary designs, Hydrogen, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, I Ignition, flame propagation, Ignition location, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, Ignition source, flame propagation, 59

4 212 In-line crimped metal ribbon flame arrester, 23 In-line deflagration flame arrester, selection example, 175 In-line detonation flame arrester, selection example, In-line flame arrester, In-line parallel plate flame arrester, 23 Inspection and maintenance, I checklist for, mechanical integrity, need for, 147 on-stream isolation and switching of parallel spares, personnel issues, 150 Installation, design considerations, location optimization, piping considerations, reliability maintenance, 142 requirements for, static and dynamic forces supports, Instrumentation, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, International Maritime Organization (IMO), standards and codes, 12, 162 Isolation devices, fast-acting valves, flame front diverters, 46 material chokes, suppressant barriers, J John Zinc Company, 90-91, 130 K Kinetics, flame propagation, L Limiting oxidant concentration (LOC) calculation of, example, 172 flame propagation, 57 oxidant concentration reduction, Linde hydraulic valve arrester, Location flame arrester selection/design criteria, optimization of, installation, process, flame arresters, Lower flammable limit (LFL) calculation of, example, combustible concentration reduction, flame propagation, M Maintenance. See Inspection and maintenance Manufacturers information from, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, listing of, specification sheet for quotation from, Material chokes, isolation devices, Materials selection, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, Maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) calculation of, example, concept of, 6 flame arrester classifications, flame propagation, Mechanical integrity, inspection and maintenance, Metal shot flame arrester, described, Miner s safety lamp, 5-6, 84 Minimum igniting current (MIC) ratio, flame propagation, Minimum ignition energy (MIE), flame propagation, 58, Mixture composition range, flame arrester selectionldesign criteria, Monitoring, flame arrester selection/design criteria, N NAO Inc., National Electrical Code (NEC), flame arrester classifications, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) flame arrester requirements, 77 inspection and maintenance, 150 On-stream isolation, inspection and maintenance, I Operating temperature and pressure, flame arrester selection/design criteria, Optical detectors, deflagration suppression systems, 38 Orientation, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, Overdriven detonation, defined, Oxidant concentration reduction, See also Combustible concentration reduction

5 P Packed bed flame arrester, described, Parallel pairs, switching of, inspection and maintenance, Parallel plate flame arrester described, failure of, 8 Perforated plate flame arrester, described, 83-84,86 Personnel issues, inspection and maintenance, 150 Pipe diameter changes, flame arrester selection/design criteria, Piping system installation, Plugging protection, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, Pressure, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, Pressure drop limitations, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, Process location, flame arresters, Protego hydraulic flame arrester, 94-95, 131 Q Q-Rohr System, Quenching, flame propagation, Quenching diameter, flame arrester selection/design criteria, Quenching distance/length concept of, R Reaction chemistry, flame propagation, Reaction stoichiometry, flame propagation, Regulations. See Standards and codes Reliability 126 installation, 142 S Safety, flame arresters, 13 Sintered metal flame arrester, described, 85,86 Spark-arresters, Specification sheet, Tor manufacturers quotation, Spin detonation, defined, 67 Stable detonation, defined, 67 Standards and codes, , Canada, 11,24, comparison of, Europe and international, 12, revisions to, 165 United Kingdom, 11-12, 159 United States, 10-1 I, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 11, Factory Mutual Research, 157 Underwriters Laboratories (UL), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), Static forces, installation, Stephenson, George, 5-6 Supports, installation, Suppressant barriers, isolation devices, 4041 System constraints, flame arrester selection/design criteria, T Technology status current, future, Temperature, flame arrester selectioddesign criteria, Training, inspection and maintenance, 150 U Underwriters Laboratories (UL) standards and codes, 10, United Kingdom standards and codes, 11-12, 159 United States Coast Guard (USCC) standards and codes, 10, 1 1, testing procedures, 192 United States standards and codes, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 11, Factory Mutual Research, 157 Undeiwriters Laboratories (UL), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), Units of measure, note on, 3 Unwanted phases, flame arrester selection/design criteria, 1 16 Upper flammable limit (UFL) calculation of, example, flame propagation, oxidant concentration reduction, 34-35

6 214 V Velocity flame stopper flame arrester, Wire gauze flame arrester, described, 84, Venting, of deflagrations, Vent manifold system, selection example, z Verification, inspection and maintenance, 150 Zeldovich, von Neumann, and Doring (ZND) theory, detonations, W