Liquid Weight. 1 gal. distilled water gal. sea water gal. proof spirits Oils

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1 Weights and Measures Avoirdupois Weight Drams 6 = oz. = 47. grains troy 26 = 6 = lb. =.2 lb. troy 6400 = 400 = 2 = quarter 2600 = 600 = 00 = 4 = cwt = 2000 = 2000 = 80 = 20 = ton Troy Weight Grains 24 = pwt. 480 = 20 = oz. 760 = 240 = 2 = lb. = in. of distilled water at 62 F Dry Measure Pints =.6 in. 2 = qt. = 67.2 in. 8 = 4 = gal. = in. 6 = 8 = peck = 7.6 in. 64 = 2 = 8 = 4 = bushel Note: The standard U.S. bushel is the Winchester bushel, which is in cylinder form, 8 2 in diameter, and 8 deep, and contains in.. Square Measure Inches 44 = ft. 296 = 9 = yd = = 0.2 = perch 6860 = 0890 = 20 = 40 = rod = 480 = 4840 = 60 = 4 = acre An acre is yd. 2 ; or, ft. 2 A township is 6 mi. 2 = 6 sections A section is mi. 2 = 640 acres 4 section is 2 mi. 2 = 60 acres 6 section is 4 mi. 2 = 40 acres A span is distance that can be reached between end of middle finger and the end of the thumb. Among sailors, 8 spans are equal to thumb. A geographic mile is 2600 of distance around center of earth. A square mile of land is called a section. A Gunter s chain, used by land surveyors, is 4 rods, or 66 long, and consists of 00 links 7.92 make a link. Canal and railroad engineers use an engineer s chain, which consists of 00 links, each long. Paper Measure Quire of paper 24 sheets Ream of paper 20 quires or 480 sheets Bundle 2 reams Bale bundles Roll of parchment 60 skins Sheet of paper folded into: 2 leaves is termed folio size....6 leaves is termed 6mo. 4 leaves is termed 4to. or quarto 8 leaves is termed 8mo. 8 leaves is termed 8vo. or octavo leaves is termed 24mo....2 leaves is termed 2mo. or 48 leaves is termed 48mo duodecim Apothecaries Weight Grains 20 = scruple 480 = 24 = 8 = oz 60 = scruple = dram 760 = 288 = 96= 2 = lb. Apothecaries Measure 60 minims = fluid dram 6 fluid oz. = pt. 8 fluid-drams = fluid oz. 8 pt. = gal. Forty-five drops, or a common teaspoonful, make about fluid-dram; 2 tablespoons, about fluid-oz.; a wineglassful, about 2 fluid oz.; and a teacupful about 4 fluid oz. Liquid or Wine Measure GILLS = in. 4 = pint = in. 8 = 2 = quart = 7.7 in. 2 = 8 = 4 = gal. 206 = 404 = 22 = 6 = hogshead 402 = 008 = 04 = 26 = 2 = = pipe 8064 = 206 = 008 = 22 = 4 = 2 = ton Note: The standard unit and liquid measure adopted by the U.S. government is the Winchester wine gallon, which contains 2 in., and holds 8.9 lbs., avoirdupois, of distilled water, at its maximum density weighed in air, the barometer being at 0. The imperial gallon, adopted by Great Britain, contains in., and equals.2002 U.S. gal. The following cylinders contain some of these measures very closely: Gill, dia. 4 ; ht., Pint, dia., 2 ; ht., Quart, dia., 2 ; ht., 6 Gallon, dia., 7 ; ht., 6 8 gal., dia., 4 ; ht., 2 0 gal., dia., 4 ; ht., Weight of Water in. =.067 lbs. 2 in. =.440 lbs. ft. = U.S. gal. U.S. gallon = 8. lbs..84 ft. = 2240 lbs lbs. = U.S. gal. Liquid Weight Lb. Avoirdupois gal. distilled water gal. sea water gal. proof spirits Oils Lb.Avoirdupois Lb.Avoirdupois gal. sperm gal. paraffin, 28 gravity..7 8 gal. whale gal. paraffin, 2 gravity..7 2 gal. lard gal. reduced Franklin gal. tallow gal. castor gal. neat s-foot 7 2 gal. kerosene Troy Weight 24 grains = pwt. 2 oz. = lb. 20 pwts. = oz. Used for weighing gold, silver, and jewels. Apothecaries Weight 20 grains = scruple 8 drams = oz. scruples = dram 2 oz. = lb. Avoirdupois Weight 27 2 grains = dram quarters = cwt. 6 drams = oz lbs. = short ton 6 oz. = lb lb. = long ton 2 lb. = quarter Dry Measure 2 pt. = qt. 4 pecks = bushel 8 qt. = peck 6 bushels = chaldron Liquid Measure 4 gills = pt. 2 gal. = barrel 2 pt. = qt. 2 barrels = hogshead 4 qt. = gal. Time Measure 60 seconds = min. 24 hrs. = day 60 minutes = hr. 7 days = wk. 28, 29, 0, or days = calendar mon. (0 days = mon. in computing interest) 6 days = yr. 66 days = leap yr. Circular Measure 60 seconds = min. 0 degrees = sign 60 minutes = degree 90 degrees = quadrant 4 quadrants = 2 signs, or 60 degrees = circle Long Measure 2 in. = ft. 40 rods = furlong ft.= yd. 8 furlongs = stat. mi. 2 yds. = rod mi. = league Cloth Measure 2 4 = nail 4 quarters = yd. 4 nails = quarter Mariners Measure 6 ft. = fathom 280 ft. = stat. mi. 20 fathoms = cable length 608 ft. = naut. mi. 7 2 cable lengths = mi. Miscellaneous = palm 8 = cubit 4 = hand 2.8 = Bible cubit 9 = span 2 2 = military step Square Measure 44 in. 2 = ft rods 2 = rood 9 ft. 2 = yd. 2 4 roods = acre 0 4 yds. 2 = rod acres = mi. 2 Surveyors Measure 7.92 = link 4 rods = chain 2 links = rod 0 chains 2 or 60 rods 2 = acre 640 acres = mi. 2 6 mi. 2 (6 miles sq.) = township Cubic Measure 728 in. = ft. 28 ft. = cord (wood) 27 ft. = yd. 40 ft. = ton (shipping) in. = standard bushel 2 in. = standard gallon ft. = about 4 of a bushel Metric Equivalents Linear Measure cm = 0.97 = 2.4 cm dm =.97 =.028 ft. =.048 dm m = 9.7 =.096 yds. yard = m dekam =.9884 rods rod = dekam km = mi. mile =.609 km Square Measure cm 2 = 0.0 in. 2 in. 2 = 6.42 cm 2 dm 2 = ft. 2 ft. 2 = dm 2 m 2 =.96 yds. 2 yd. 2 = 0.86 m 2 acre =.94 rods 2 rod 2 = acres hectare = 2.47 acres acre = hectare km 2 = 0.86 mi. 2 mi. 2 = 2.9 km 2 Measure of Volume cm = 0.06 in. in. = 6.9 cm dm = 0.0 ft. ft. = 28.7 dm m =.08 yd. yd. = m stere = cd. cord =.624 steres liter = qt. dry qt. dry =.0 liters liter =.067 qt. liquid qt. liquid = liter dekal = gal. gal. = 0.78 dekal hl = 2.87 bu. pk. = 0.88 dekal bu. = 0.24 hl Weights g = oz. oz. = 28.8 g kg = lb. lb. = 0.46 kg metric ton =.02 English ton English ton = metric ton Approximate Metric Equivalents dm = 4 liter =.06 qt. liquid m =. yds. liter = 0.9 qt. dry km = 8 mi. hektoliter = 2 8 bushel hectare = 2 2 acres kg = 2 lb. stere or m = 4 cord metric ton = 2200 lbs.

2 2 Conversion Table Inch Fractions and Decimals to Metric Equivalents Inches Inches Inches Inches Fractions Dec. mm Fractions Dec. mm Fractions Dec. mm Fractions Dec. mm Albuquerque Austin (2) Brownsville Corpus Christi

3 Decimal Equivalents of Parts of an Inch Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Fraction Decimal Metric Conversion Table mm.097 = in. mm 2.4 = in. cm.97 = in. cm 2.4 = in. m 9.7 = in. m.28 = ft. m.094 = yds. km.62 = mi. km.609 = mi. km = ft. mm 2.00 = in. 2 mm = in. 2 cm 2. = in. 2 cm = in. 2 m = ft. 2 km = acres hectare 2.47 = acres cm 6.8 = in. cm.69 = fl. drams cm 29.7 = fl. oz. m. = ft. m.08 = yds. m = gal. (2 in. ) liters = in. liters.84 = fl. oz liters.2642 = gal. (2 in. ) liters.78 = gal. (2 in. ) liters 28.6 = ft. hectoliters. = ft. hectoliters 2.84 = bu. (20.42 in. ) hectoliters. = yds. hectoliters = gal. (2 in. ) grams.42 = grains grams 98 = dynes grams (water) 29.7 = fl. oz. grams 28. = oz. Avoir. Joule.77 = lb. ft. kg = lb. kg. = oz. Avoir. kg = ton (2000 lbs.) kg/cm = psi kg m 7.2 = lb. ft. kg/m.672 = lb./ft. kg/m.062 = lb./ft. kg/cheval 2.2 = lb./hp Watts.746 = HP Watts.77 = lb. ft./sec. Calorie.968 = BTU Cheval Vapeur.986 = HP (Degrees Centigrade.8) + 2 = Degrees Fahrenheit Acceleration due to gravity at Paris = cm/sec. Mensuration of Surfaces and Volumes Area of rectangle = length breadth Area of triangle = base 2 perpendicular height Diameter of circle = radius 2 Circumference of circle = diameter.46 Area of circle = square of diameter.784 Area of sector of circle = area of circle no. of degrees in arc 60 Area of surface of cylinder = circumference length + area of two ends To find the diameter of circle having given area: divide the area by.784, and extract the square root To find the volume of a cylinder: multiply the area of the section in square inches by the length in inches = the volume in cubic inches. Cubic inches divided by 728 = volume in cubic feet Surface of a sphere = square of diameter.46 Solidity of a sphere = cube of diameter.26 Side of an inscribed cube = radius of a sphere.47 Area of the base of a pyramid or cone, whether round, square, or triangular multiplied by one-third of its height = the solidity Diameter.8862 = side of an equal square Diameter.707 = side of an inscribed square Radius = circumference Circumference =.446 area of circle Diameter =.28 area of circle Length of arc = number of degrees.074 radius Degrees in arc whose length equals radius = Length of an arc of = radius.074 Length of an arc of min. = radius Length of an arc of sec. = radius n = Proportion of circumference to diameter =.4926 n 2 = n = Log n = /n = 0.8 /60 = /n = 4.9 Conversion Table ft = mi. yd = mi.º in = ft. 2 ft. 2. = yd. 2 yd = Acres Acres 4840 = yd. 2 in = ft. ft = yds. Circular Inches.0046 = ft. 2 Cylinder Inches = ft. Cylinder Feet = yd. Links.22 = yd. Links.66 = ft. ft.. = Links Width in Chains 8. = Acres/mi. 846 Circular Inches = ft Cylindrical Inches = ft. ft = U.S. gal. in = U.S. gal. U.S. gal..6 = ft. U.S. gal. 2. = in. ft..806 = U.S. bushel in = U.S. bushel Cylindrical Feet of Water 6 = U.S. gal. lb. Avoir..009 = Cwt. (2) lb. Avoir = Tons (2240) ft. of Water 62. = lb. Avoir. in. of Water.067 = lb. Avoir. Cylindrical Feet of Water 49. = lb. Avoir. Cylindrical Inch of Water.0284 = lb. Avoir..44 U.S. gal. of Water = Cwt U.S. gal.of Water = Ton.8 ft. of Water = Cwt..88 ft. of Water = Ton Column of Water, 2 High Dia. =.4 lb. U.S. bushel.049 = yd. U.S. bushel.2446 = ft. U.S. bushel = in.

4 4 No. of U.S. Gallons in Round Tank for One Foot Depth Dia. Cap. Vol. Ft. of Tank U.S. & Area Ft. In. Gal. Ft Dia. Cap. Vol. Ft. of Tank U.S. & Area Ft. In. Gal. Ft To find the capacity of tanks larger than given in the table, set table for tank one-half of the given size, and multiply its capacity by 4, or one of one-third its size and multiply by 9, etc. Thirty-one and one-half gallons equal one barrel. To find the capacity of a square tank, find the capacity of a round tank with diameter same as length of side and divide by.784. A 0 diameter round tank, high, holds 87.2 gallons. A square tank 0 0 by high equals 87.2 divided by.784 equals 748 gallons. Gal. Gal. Gal. per Ft. per Ft. per Ft. Dia. Lgth. Dia. Lgth. Dia. Lgth Number of Gallons in Cisterns and Tanks Dpth. Dia Dpth. Dia Friction of Water in 90 Elbows Equivalent Number of Feet of Straight Pipe Size of Elbow Friction Equivalent a Size of Elbow Friction Equivalent a Size of Elbow Friction Equivalent a Size of Elbow Friction Equivalent a Size of Elbow Friction Equivalent a The figures given are based on the assumption tht the total velocity head of the water flowing through the elbow is used up to overcome the friction. a Straight pipe. Capacity of Steel Tanks Comparison of Centigrade and Fahrenheit Thermometer Scales C F C F C F C F Temperature corrections based on room temperature of 2 C. If the temperature of room during a test differs from 2 C, corrections should be made changing the observed rise of temperature by one-half percent for each degree C. Thus, with a room temperature of C, the observed rise has to be decreased by percent, and with a room temperature of C, the observed rise has to be increased by percent. Alb A i B ill C Ch i i

5 Table Giving the Circumference and Area of Circles Dia. Circum. Area, In. 2 Dia. Circum. Area, In. 2 Dia. Circum. Area, In. 2 Dia. Circum. Area, In. 2 Dia. Circum. Area, In. 2 Dia. Circum. Area, In

6 6 Wire Gage Standards Decimal Thickness American American Birming- Washburn S.&W. or ham & Moen Co s Stubs U.S. Brown & or Stubs Steel Music Imperial Steel Standard Wire Sharpe Wire Wire Wire Wire Wire for Plate Gage No. Gage Gage Gage Gage Gage Gage Gage Gage Standards It is at times confusing to know what Gage Standard applies to a given product. Therefore, we publish the following for your information. Steel Sheets: All carbon steel, uncoated, Manufacturers Standard Gage; galvanized steel, Galvanized Sheet Gage; stainless steel, Manufacturers Standard Gage. Hot Rolled Strip Steel, Spring Steel Bars and Sheets, Tool Steel Sheets, and Boiler Tubes: The standard is Birmingham Wire Gage. Cold Rolled Strip Steel and Cold Rolled Flat Wire: While Birmingham Wire Gage is sometimes used, decimal measure is better. Brass, Copper, Bronze, and German Silver Sheets and Strips: The standard is Brown & Sharpe Gage (B&S). Brass and Copper Tubing: Birmingham Wire Gage Steel Wire: Washburn and Moen Gage (W.&M.) is standard except for telephone and telegraph wire. Telephone and Telegraph Wire: Generally designated by Birmingham Wire Gage. Music Wire: Should be ordered by decimal since manufacturers are not in agreement as to diameters for certain gages. Copper Wire: Brown & Sharpe Gage is standard. Drill and Coppered Bessemer Rods: Order by decimal equivalent of size desired. Copper Sheets: Specified in ounces per square foot. Zinc Sheets: Standard Zinc Gage. Tin Plates and Ternes: Order by base weight and specific size. Carbon Plates: 40.8 lb. psf per inch of thickness. U.S. Standard Gage For Sheet and Plate Iron and Steel Iron Steel Approx. Approx. Approx. Number Thickness Thickness Thickness Weight of Gage Fractions Decimal Decimal Lbs./Ft

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9 9 Friction of Water in Pipes Loss of Head in Feet Due to Friction, per 00 of Ordinary Iron Pipe Gallons per Minute /4 Size Pipe /8 /2 / Gallons per Minute Size Pipe /4 /2 2 2 / Velocity in Feet per Second Friction Head in Feet

10 0 Gallons per Minute 4 6 Size Pipe Velocity in Feet per Second Friction Head in Feet

11 Pressure Drop of Water per 00 Feet of Flexible Plastic Pipe 2 Inch 4 Inch Inch 4 Inch 2 Inch 2 Inch Inch 4 Inch 6 Inch Press. Press. Press. Press. Press. Press. Press. Press. Press. Velocity Drop Velocity Drop Velocity Drop Velocity Drop Velocity Drop Velocity Drop Velocity Drop Velocity Drop Velocity Drop GPM Ft./Sec. PSI Ft./Sec. PSI Ft./Sec. PSI Ft./Sec. PSI Ft./Sec. PSI Ft./Sec. PSI Ft./Sec. PSI Ft./Sec. PS Ft./Sec. PSI The value of C as calculated by the Hazen and Williams Pipe Formula is 40. To convert pressure from psi to feet (head) of water: ft. = 2. psi. To convert pressure from feet (head) of water to psi: psi = 0.4 ft. Equivalent Pressure Drop of Insert Fittings Diameter Insert Adaptor Insert Coupling Figures shown are equivalent length of straight pipe in feet, and are used to find pressure drop for insert fittings.

12 2 Bursting Pressures of Pipe Calculated by Barlow s Formula P=2 St D P=pressure, psi; t=wall thickness, in.; D=OD, in. S=tensile stress, psi for welded pipe, ultimate stress =0000 psi for A-Grade Seamless, =0000 psi for B-Grade Seamless, =60000 psi for C-Grade Seamless =7000 psi Standard Pipe Ultimate Bursting Press., PSI External Welded & Wall Wall A-Grade B-Grade C-Grade Size Dia. Thickness Seamless Seamless Seamless Extra Strong Pipe Double Extra Strong Pipe / The allowable working pressure in bursting depending upon operating conditions, is determined by dividing the ultimate bursting pressure by one of the following factors of safety: Operating Conditions Factor of Safety Steady, gradually increasing pressure 4 Sudden change (0 to Max.) in pressure 6 Vehement pulsations 8 Internal Fluid Pressures for Pipe Based on Barlow s Formula P=2f t D D = OD, in.; t = Thickness of wall, in.; P = Pressure, in psi; f = Fiber stress, psi Standard Pipe Pressures at Various Factors of Safety Ultimate Bursting Factor of Factor of Factor of Pressure Safety= Safety=6 Safety=8 Butt- Lap- Butt- Lap- Butt- Lap- Butt- Lap- Weld, Weld, Weld, Weld, Weld, Weld, Weld, Weld, Fiber Fiber Fiber Fiber Fiber Fiber Fiber Fiber Stress= Stress= Stress= Stress= Stress= Stress= Stress= Stress= Size PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI PSI OD OD OD OD OD OD Extra Strong Pipe Double Extra Strong Pipe

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