using composites Blast protection of civil infrastructures and vehicles WOQDHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED Edited by Nasim Uddin

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1 Blast protection of civil infrastructures and vehicles using composites Edited by Nasim Uddin CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC WOQDHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED Oxford Cambridge New Delhi Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010

2 Contents Contributor contact details Preface x xiii Part I Introduction 1 1 Blast threats and blast loading 3 D. C. W e g g e l, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, USA 1.1 Introduction Basics of high explosives Some important explosive properties and physical forms A generic explosive device Blast waves in free air Blast loading categories Blast-induced load types and load cases Threat assessment for design Simplified blast load computation Numerical examples of simplified blast load computation Additional resources References 41 2 Standards and specifications for composite blast protection materials 44 M. Chalk, Solent Composite Systems Ltd, UK 2.1 Introduction Why do we want standards? Who is responsible for applying standards? How should we interpret standards? What is relevant for standards for composite blast protection products? When will composite blast protection standards be used? Where can standards be applied for the use of composites? 51

3 2.8 The future for standards and specifications for composite blast protection Conclusion Sources of further information and advice References 53 3 Processing polymer matrix composites for blast protection 54 H. Tan and K. M. P i l l a i, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA 3.1 Introduction Liquid composite molding (LCM) Modeling of the mold-filling stage in liquid composite molding Permeability measurement in liquid composite molding Summary References 78 4 High energy absorbing composite materials for blast resistant design 88 M. Ya n G, University of Texas, USA; and P. Q i a o, Washington State University, USA 4.1 Introduction Advanced and new materials for impact and energy absorption Design philosophy for blast protection Case studies of blast absorbing materials Summary and concluding remarks References Modeling the blast response of hybrid laminated composite plates 120 A. E.BoGDANOViCH,3TEX,Inc.,USA 5.1 Introduction Synopsis of 3D Mosaic analysis approach Numerical simulations of a structural response for blast loading: input Formulation of the 3D dynamic boundary value problem Numerical results of the blast response for the four panels Comparison of the blast response characteristics for the four panels 178

4 5.7 Comparison of the blast response characteristics for a longer time interval Effect of internal material damping Comparisons of theoretical and experimental results Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References Response of composite panels to blast wave pressure loadings 212 K. Lee, Old Dominion University, USA; and S. W. Lee, University of Maryland, USA 6.1 Introduction A comprehensive methodology for damage assessment A simplified methodology for failure assessment Numerical tests on flat laminated composite panels Conclusions and future trends References 232 Part II Applications Ceramic matrix composites for ballistic protection of vehicles and personnel 235 J. J. Schuldies, Industrial Ceramic Technology, Inc., USA; andr. Nageswaran,Smaht Ceramics, Inc., USA 7.1 Introduction Technology overview Technology approach for improved ballistic protection Impact of improved ceramic composites for ballistic protection References Developing mine blast resistance for composite based military vehicles 244 M.French and A. Wright, QinetiQ.UK 8.1 Introduction Occupant injury mechanisms Integrated vehicle survivability The use of composite materials in vehicles Mine blast loading of composite vehicle structures 259

5 8.6 Conclusion References Blast protection of buildings using fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites 269 P.A.Buchan and J. F. Edinburgh, UK Chen, The University of 9.1 Introduction Consequences of an explosion Assessing if a building requires protection from blast General design guidance for blast protection of buildings Retrofitting buildings for blast protection Retrofitting buildings for blast protection using fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites Future developments and trends Sources of further information and advice Conclusions References The use of composites in blast-resistant walls 298 L. A. L o u c a and A. S. Fa l l a h, Imperial College London, UK 10.1 Introduction Use of composites in strengthening applications Use of composites in replacement applications Use of composites in conjunction with metals Concluding remarks References Using composite behavior to improve the blast resistance of columns in buildings 342 M. P. Rutner, Weidlinger Associates, Inc., USA 11.1 Introduction Design specifications Objectives Simulation and experiment Modeling Results and discussion Observed failure mechanisms Mitigation of the failure mechanisms 361

6 11.9 Comparative investigation of performance and residual capacity of the load bearing column Establishing parameters affecting blast resistance of columns Summary and conclusions Acknowledgements References Retrofitting using fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) polymer composites for blast protection of buildings 375 G. S. Urgessa, George Mason University, USA 12.1 Introduction Retrofitting structures for blast protection and the advantages of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite retrofits The history of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as retrofits for out-of-plane loadings Full scale blast testing of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofitted masonry walls Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) connection systems Equivalent non-linear single degree of freedom model for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) retrofitted structures Resources for liber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites References Retrofitting to improve the blast response of masonry walls 390 L. M o R A d i, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA 13.1 Introduction Types of masonry walls Blast load Finite element models Resistance function approach Response model development Summary Notation References 410 Index 413