ELECTRICAL POWER and POWER ELECTRONICS

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1 Introduction to ELECTRICAL POWER and POWER ELECTRONICS MUKUND R PATEL (cj* CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Croup, an informa business

Contents Preface Acknowledgments The Author About This Book Systems of Units and Conversion Factors xv xvii xix xxi xxiii PART A Power Generation, Distribution, and Utilization Chapter 1 AC Power

2 Contents Preface Acknowledgments The Author About This Book Systems of Units and Conversion Factors xv xvii xix xxi xxiii PART A Power Generation, Distribution, and Utilization Chapter 1 AC Power Fundamentals Current Voltage Power and Energy Alternating Current RMS Value and Average Power Polarity Marking in AC ACPhasor Operator; for 90 Phase Shift Three Ways of Writing aphasor Phasor Form Conversion Phasor Algebra Review Single-Phase AC Power Circuit Series R-L-C Circuit Impedance Triangle Circuit Laws and Theorems AC Power in Complex Form Reactive Power Three-Phase AC Power System Balanced Y- and A-Connected Systems Y-A Equivalent Impedance Conversion 31 Further Reading 37 Chapter 2 Common Aspects of Power Equipment Faraday's Law and Coil Voltage Equation Mechanical Force and Torque Electrical Equivalent of Newton's Third Law Power Losses in Electrical Machines Maximum Efficiency Operating Point Thevenin Equivalent Source Model 46 vii

viii Contents 2.7 Voltage Drop and Regulation 48 2.8 Load Sharing among Sources 51 2.8.1 Static Sources in Parallel 51 2.8.2 Load Adjustment 54 2.9 Power Rating of Equipment 54 2.9.1 Temperature Rise under Load 55 2.

3 viii Contents 2.7 Voltage Drop and Regulation Load Sharing among Sources Static Sources in Parallel Load Adjustment Power Rating of Equipment Temperature Rise under Load Service Life under Overload Temperature Effect on Resistance 56 Further Reading 60 Chapter 3 AC Generator Terminal Performance Electrical Model Electrical Power Output Field Excitation Effect Power Capability Limits Round and Salient Pole Rotors Transient Stability Limit Equal Area Criteria of Transient Stability Speed and Frequency Regulations Load Sharing among AC Generators Isosynchronous Generator Excitation Methods Short Circuit Ratio Automatic Voltage Regulator 86 Further Reading 90 Chapter 4 AC and DC Motors Induction Motor Performance Characteristics Starting Inrush Kilovolt-Ampere Code Torque-Speed Characteristic Matching Motor Control Center Performance at Different Frequency and Voltage Synchronous Motor Motor Horsepower and Line Current Dual-Use Motors Ill 4.5 Unbalanced Voltage Effect DC Motor Universal (Series) Motor AC or DC Torque versus Speed Comparison 119 Further Reading 122

Contents ix Chapter 5 Transformer 123 5.1 Transformer Categories 124 5.2 Types of Transformer 125 5.3 Selection of Kilovolt-Ampere Rating 128 5.4 Transformer Cooling Classes 129 5.

4 Contents ix Chapter 5 Transformer Transformer Categories Types of Transformer Selection of Kilovolt-Ampere Rating Transformer Cooling Classes Three-Phase Transformer Connections Full-A and Open-A Connections Magnetizing Inrush Current Single-Line Diagram Model Three-Winding Transformer Percent and Perunit Systems Equivalent Impedance at Different Voltage Continuous Equivalent Circuit through Transformer Influence of Transformer Impedance 145 Further Reading 149 Chapter 6 Power Cable Conductor Gage Cable Insulation Conductor Ampacity Cable Electrical Model Skin and Proximity Effects Cable Design Cable Routing and Installation 171 Further Reading 173 Chapter 7 Power Distribution Typical Distribution Scheme Grounded and Ungrounded Systems Ground Fault Detection Schemes Distribution Feeder Voltage Drop Voltage Drop during Motor Starting Voltage Boost by Capacitors System Voltage Drop Analysis Bus Bar Electrical Parameters High Frequency Distribution Switchboard and Switchgear Automatic Bus Transfer Disconnect Switch 192 Further Reading 194

x Contents Chapter 8 Fault Current Analysis 195 8.1 Types and Frequency of Faults 195 8.2 Fault Analysis Model 196 8.3 Asymmetrical Fault Transient 198 8.3.1 Simple Physical Explanation 199 8.3.2 Rigorous Mathematical Analysis 200 8.

5 x Contents Chapter 8 Fault Current Analysis Types and Frequency of Faults Fault Analysis Model Asymmetrical Fault Transient Simple Physical Explanation Rigorous Mathematical Analysis Fault Current Offset Factor Fault Current Magnitude Symmetrical Fault Current Asymmetrical Fault Current Transient and Subtransient Reactance Generator Terminal Fault Current Transformer Terminal Fault Current Motor Contribution to Fault Current Current-Limiting Series Reactor Unsymmetrical Faults Circuit Breaker Selection Simplified 216 Further Reading 220 Chapter 9 System Protection Fuse Fuse Selection Types of Fuse Overload Protection Electromechanical Relay Circuit Breaker Types of Circuit Breaker Circuit Breaker Selection Standard Ratings of LV Breaker Differential Protection of Generator Differential Protection of Bus and Feeders Ground Fault Current Interrupter Transformer Protection Motor Branch Circuit Protection Lightning and Switching Voltage Protection Surge Protection for Small Sensitive Loads Protection Coordination Health Monitoring Arc Flash Analysis 250 Further Reading 253

Contents xi Chapter 10 Economical Use of Power 255 10.1 Economic Analysis 255 10.1.1 Cashflow with Borrowed Capital 255 10.1.2 Payback of Self-Financed Capital 256 10.

6 Contents xi Chapter 10 Economical Use of Power Economic Analysis Cashflow with Borrowed Capital Payback of Self-Financed Capital Power Loss Capitalization High-Efficiency Motor Power Factor Improvement Capacitor Size Determination Parallel Resonance with Source Safety with Capacitors Difference between PF and Efficiency Energy Storage Variable-Speed Motor Drives Regenerative Braking Induction Motor Torque versus Speed Curve Induction Motor Braking DC Motor Braking New York and Oslo Metro Trains 281 Further Reading 285 Chapter 11 Electrochemical Battery Major Rechargeable Batteries Lead-Acid Nickel-Cadmium Nickel-Metal Hydride Lithium Ion Lithium Polymer Sodium Battery Electrical Circuit Model Performance Characteristics Charge/Discharge Voltages c/d Ratio and Charge Efficiency Round-Trip Energy Efficiency Self-Discharge and Trickle Charge Memory Effect in NiCd Temperature Effects Battery Life Battery Types Compared More on Lead-Acid Battery Battery Design Process Safety and Environment 303 Further Reading 306

xii Contents PART B Power Electronics and Motor Drives Chapter 12 Power Electronics Devices 309 12.1 Diode 314 12.2 Thyristor (SCR) 318 12.3 Power Transistor 320 12.4 Hybrid Devices 323 12.

7 xii Contents PART B Power Electronics and Motor Drives Chapter 12 Power Electronics Devices Diode Thyristor (SCR) Power Transistor Hybrid Devices di/dt and dv/dt Snubber Circuit Switching Power Loss Device Application Trends Device Cooling and Rerating 331 Further Reading 333 Chapter 13 DC-DC Converters Buck Converter Boost Converter Buck-Boost Converter Flyback Converter (Buck or Boost) Transformer Coupled Forward Converter Push-Pull Converter Inductor Coupled Buck Converter Duty Ratio Control Circuit Load Power Converter Power Supply 350 Further Reading 353 Chapter 14 AC-DC-AC Converters AC-DC Rectifier Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier Ripples in DC and Ripple Factor Harmonics in AC and Root Sum Square Harmonic Distortion Factor Three-Phase Six-Pulse Rectifier AC-AC Voltage Converter Single-Phase Voltage Converter Three-Phase Voltage Converter DC-AC Inverter Single-Phase Voltage Source Inverter Single-Phase Pulse with Modulated Inverter Three-Phase Six-Pulse Voltage Source Inverter Three-Phase Six-Pulse Current Source Inverter Frequency Converter DC-Link Frequency Converter 381

Contents xiii 14.4.2 Single-Phase Cycloconverter 382 14.4.3 Three-Phase Cycloconverter 384 14.5 Thyristor Turnoff (Commutation) Circuits 385 14.5.1 Line Commutation 385 14.5.2 Forced (Capacitor) Commutation 385 14.

8 Contents xiii Single-Phase Cycloconverter Three-Phase Cycloconverter Thyristor Turnoff (Commutation) Circuits Line Commutation Forced (Capacitor) Commutation Resonant Commutation Load Commutation ZCSandZVS Other Power Electronics Applications Uninterruptible Power Supply Static WAR Control Static Switch and Relay Common Converter Terms Notes on Converter Design 390 Further Reading 395 Chapter 15 Variable-Frequency Drives Pump Performance Characteristics Pump Energy Savings with VFD VFD on Ships and in Oil Refineries VFD for Medium-Size Motor Constant W/Ratio Operation Commutation and Control Methods Open-Loop Control System Vector Control Drives Twelve-Pulse VFD Design Special VFD Cables Variable-Voltage DC Motor Drive VSD in Metro Trains VFD as Large Motor Starter Converter Topologies Compared Notes on VFDs 427 Further Reading 429 Chapter 16 Quality of Power Power Quality Terminology Electrical Bus Model Harmonics Harmonic Power THD and Power Factor ^-Rated Transformer Motor Torque Pulsations Harmonic-Sensitive Loads Power Quality Studies 449

xiv Contents 16.5 Harmonic Reduction 451 16.5.1 Harmonic Filter Design 451 16.5.2 Very Clean Power Bus 456 16.5.3 A-Connected Transformer 457 16.5.4 Cable Shielding and Twisting 458 16.5.5 Isolation Transformer 459 16.

9 xiv Contents 16.5 Harmonic Reduction Harmonic Filter Design Very Clean Power Bus A-Connected Transformer Cable Shielding and Twisting Isolation Transformer IEEE Standard International Standards 461 Further Reading 464 Chapter 17 Power Converter Cooling Heat Transfer by Conduction Multiple Conduction Paths Convection and Radiation Thermal Transient Water Cooling Cooling Tube Design Pressure Drop Cooling Water Quality 480 Further Reading 482 Appendix: Symmetrical Components 483 Index 491

Contents. Review of Electric Circuitd. Preface ;

Contents. Review of Electric Circuitd. Preface ; Preface ; Chapter 1 Review of Electric Circuitd 1.1 Introduction, 1 1.2 Direct Circuit Current, 1 1.2.1 Voltage, 3 1.2.2 Power, 3 1.2.3 Ohm's Law, 5 1.2.4 KirchhofTs Laws, 5 1.2.4.1 Kirchhoff s Current