Integrated. Safety Handbook. Automotive. Ulrich Seiffert and Mark Gonter. Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA INTERNATIONAL.
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1 Integrated Automotive Safety Handbook Ulrich Seiffert and Mark Gonter INTERNATIONAL. Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA
2 Table of Contents Preface ix Chapter 1 The Need to Increase Road Safety Introduction Definitions Driving forces for increased vehicle safety Legislation Competition Consumer information Product liability References 15 Chapter 2 Accident Research Introduction Accident data Application of accident research data References 24 Chapter 3 Integrated Safety Introduction Accident avoidance Human factors Comfort and ergonomics Chassis and tire design Vehicle assistance systems Driver assistance systems Longitudinal guidance systems Lateral guidance systems Night assistance Driver, vehicle, and environment Introduction Driver modeling Vehicle data and perception Crash prediction Evaluation Environment detection References 59 Chapter 4 Functions of Integrated Safety Precrash safety Definition of the precrash phase 63
3 4.1.2 Automatic brake intervention Irreversible restraint systems Side precrash system Systems to integrate avoidance and mitigation Preventative occupant protection Integral pedestrian protection From steering support to automated driving intervention Rescue and recovery Development process of integral functions Car-to-infrastructure safety Introduction Car-to-car based functions and requirements Automatic braking intervention by vehicle-to-vehicle and sensor fusion Cooperative driving References 86 Chapter 5 Biomechanics and Protection Criteria Biomechanics Introduction Tolerance limits External injuries Internal injuries Protection criteria References 99 Chapter 6 Mitigation of Injuries Quasi-static test requirements on the body in white Tests on seats and seat belt anchorage points Roof strength Side structures Dynamic simulation of vehicle collisions Frontal collision Lateral collisions Rear end collisions Vehicle rollover Occupant protection Vehicle interior Restraint systems Ill Safety belts Child restraints Airbags Seats, seat back, and head rests Interaction of restraint system and vehicle Unbelted occupant in a frontal collision 118 vi
4 6.4.2 Belted occupant Airbag systems Steering column deformation force Optimizing the restraint system function Concept of "less belt-more airbag" Ideal restraint effect Optimum profile of the belt force and airbag vent Steering column deformation force with a degressive airbag vent control Summary of optimization Lateral collisions Theoretical analysis Side impact test defined in the U.S. and Europe References 138 Chapter 7 Adaptive Occupant Protection Requirements based on the accident situation Individual occupant protection Accident severity Individuality of the occupants Seat settings Age of the occupants Weighting of the main influencing factors Airbag control concepts Mass flow control Volume control Vent control with constant pressure Airbag vent switching once Switchable belt force limiter Comparison between the airbag control concepts Occupant and accident severity-specific adaptivity Airbag vent control with switching belt force limiter Self-adaptation of the belt force for different occupants Potential for the occupant without seat belt System function and potential for the front-seat passenger Summary of adaptivity 164 in a real accident Estimate of the potential of adaptive restraint systems Injury probability Principal problems with transferring the potential determined in simulation techniques to real accident situations Equivalent accident severity Calculation of the virtual injury distribution in the field Effectiveness and benefit of adaptive restraint systems in the field References 172 vii
5 Chapter 8 Compatibility of Passenger Cars, Trucks, and Pedestrians General Passenger car/truck collisions Pedestrian collisions References 178 Chapter 9 Calculation and Simulation Introduction Man-machine-interface Computer-aided development process byhiuvil, SIL Simulation of predictive safety systems Vehicle-in-the-loop Crash simulation Introduction Frontal crash Lateral impacts Rear-end collision Rollover Components References 191 Chapter 10 Looking Into the Future General trends Future of vehicle safety Responsibility of the government authorities A final remark References 196 Index 197 About the Authors 203 viii
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