T6 STALKER TUNNEL. Associate Professor Matthew McGilvray & Dr Luke Doherty OSNEY THERMOFLUIDS LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

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1 T6 STALKER TUNNEL Associate Professor Matthew McGilvray & Dr Luke Doherty OSNEY THERMOFLUIDS LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Professor Richard Morgan & Dr David Gildfind CENTRE FOR HYPERSONICS, UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND 8th European Conference on Aerothermodynamics for Space Vehicles, 2-6 March 2015

2 T3 REFLECTED SHOCK TUNNEL Free piston reflected shock tunnel first conceived by Ray Stalker in 1959, when at NRC in Canada T3 was Ray s first big tunnel Built at ANU in 1968 First of large scale Stalker tunnels (T4, HIEST, HEG, T5, HELM) Stagnation conditions up to 50 MPa, and 40 MJ/kg Facility used by Sandeman, Hornung and Stalker Fundamental studies in high total enthalpy phenomena Decommissioned in early 2000 s Purchased by Don Fry and moved to UQ vet farm Reservoir - inline, 2.1 m 3, Piston - 36 kg and 90 kg, no brakes Compression tube mm ID, 5.8 m long Shock tube mm ID, 7.7 m long Max rupture pressure 250 MPa

3 OXFORD GUN TUNNEL Originally designed and built by Bristol Sidley Engines Built to investigate sustained hypersonic flight Development of the Bloodhound missile Moved to Oxford in mid 1970 s Facility used by Jones, Cain and Matthews for cold aerodynamic studies Scramjet intakes, rocket plume interactions, Beagle II studies Reservoir - inline, 361 mm ID, 5.49m long Piston 96 g Driven tube 96.3 mm ID, 9.14 m Max rupture pressure 15MPa

4 T6 STALKER TUNNEL National Wind Tunnel Facility Funded by UK government EPSRC Allow for min. 25% access to outside bodies (academic or commercial) use of facilities and instrumentation. Awarded 2014, 3 month spend time (with Gun tunnel still performing LAPCAT II testing) Multi-mode Stalker tunnel Reflected Shock Tunnel Expansion Tunnel Shock tube T6 facility combines: T3 free piston driver Oxford Gun Tunnel barrels/nozzles/test section Europe s highest speed wind tunnel UK s only high total enthalpy wind tunnel Planned commissioning to begin in summer 2015 T3 free piston driver Shortened Oxford Gun Tunnel barrel Free piston driver 9.5 m long, 300 mm dia. driver 250 MPa max pressure (cap at 75 MPa) Driven 1 & Driven 2 tubes 8.65 m long, 96.3 mm dia. shock tube Connections at 2.75 m, 7 m from P.D. Max 100 MPa (cap at 75 MPa, nominally <50 MPa) Copper electroplated at throat Aluminium Shock Tube 7 m long, 250 mm dia. shock tube Couples via expansion nozzle to Driven 1 tube

5 T6 STALKER TUNNEL

6 FREE PISTON DRIVER Highest performance driver for impulse facilities High pressures and temperatures achievable in light gases (Helium) Argon used to optimise piston dynamics and can also reduce noise transmission Inertial mass to reduce peak stress from reflected stress waves

7 FREE PISTON DRIVER DRIVER pr = 50 MPa, Tr=4600 K, ar=4035 m s (Helium) SHOCK SPEED U 2 ~Us=10 km s, M =2.5 p 2 p r p 1 = 1.75 torr p 1 = 0.35 torr p 1 = 0.07 torr p 2 pr (A ST A C 1) p 2 pr (A ST A C = 1) 25x increase in pressure M =U 2 ar Performance Enhancement From Secondary Driver Performance Enhancement From Area Change

8 MODES OF OPERATION Facility Reflected Shock Tunnel Expansion Tunnel Shock Tube Testing type Subscale model Subscale model Shock layer radiation Test duration 1-3 ms μs 2-50 μs Flow core diameter mm mm 80 mm Max flow speed 6.5 km/s 12 km/s 18 km/s

9 REFLECTED SHOCK TUNEL MODE Max p 0 = 75 MPa Max H 0 = 20 MJ/kg Mach 6,7 & 8 contoured nozzles mm exit diameter 1-3 ms steady test time Facility Max driver pressure (MPa) Max driver sound speed (m/s) Driver/shock tube area ratio Shock tube length (m) Shock tube diameter (mm) T6 (Oxford) T4 (UQ) 75 ~ HEIST (JAXA) 260 ~ HEG (DLR) 200 ~ HyPulse (GASL) 100 ~ Lens-I (CalSpan) T5 (Caltech) HELM (UBMh) 200 ~

10 REFLECTED SHOCK TUNEL MODE EXAMPLE Air Breathing Accent Expansion from stagnation pressure of 50 MPa Nozzle exit flow core diameter of 150 mm Equilibrium chemistry throughout process

11 EXPANSION TUNNEL MODE Max p 0 = 1000 MPa Max H 0 = 50 MJ/kg Straight through or nozzle μs steady test time Facility Max driver pressure (MPa) Max driver sound speed (m/s) Driver/shock tube area ratio Driven tubes combined length (m) Driven tubes diameter (mm) T6 (Oxford) X2 (UQ) X3 (UQ) /180 HyPulse (GASL) 82 ~ LENS-X (CALSPAN) 69 ~ ~

12 EXPANSION TUNNEL MODE EXAMPLE Uranus entry max speed Primary Driver 100% Helium Test Gas p 5 =2 kpa, He/H 2 Uranus mix Acceleration gas p 9 = 0.5 Pa, air Calculated assuming equilibrium chemistry using PITOT code Facility T6 (Oxford) no 2ndry driver X2 (UQ) no 2ndry driver X2 (UQ) with 2ndry driver Rupture pressure (MPa) Driver sound speed (K) Acceleration tube shock speed (km/s)

13 SHOCK TUBE MODE Secondary driver Visualisation through tube and test section Max shock speeds up to 18 km/s 5-50 μs steady test time Facility Shock tube length (m) Shock tube diameter (mm) Slug length (mm, 10 km/s, 0.1 torr) Max shock speed (10 km/s, 0.4 torr) T6 (Oxford) / / /9.8 X2 (UQ) X3 (UQ) ESTHER (IST) EAST (NASA) ~13

14 SHOCK TUBE MODE Primary Driver Helium, pr = 50 MPa, Tr = 4600 K Secondary Driver Helium, p 2 =20 kpa Earth Simulation Capability Mars Simulation Capability

15 SHOCK TUBE MODE Primary Driver Helium, pr = 50 MPa, Tr = 4600 K Secondary Driver Helium, p 2 =20kPa Test Gas p 5 = 133 Pa

16 IN MEMORY OF RAY T4 s 21 st Birthday Plaque commemorating Ray s pioneering work to be mounted on T6 driver