History Dr. Richard Passamaneck- Inventor

Transcription

1 October 27, 2011

2 History Dr. Richard Passamaneck- Inventor BS & MS Engineering UCLA PhD Aerospace Engineering USC 11 Years NASA Jet Propulsion Lab Propulsion research utilizing solid rocket propellants 1982 Colorado School of Mines Joint research with Dr. James Crafton Professor of Petroleum Engineering Propellant research & ignition patent

3 PFS Approach

4 Propellant Optimize Energy and Work on Formation Known Burn Geometry/Ignition System Known Propellant Characteristics; Higher Energy/Longer Burn Durations; Verified Results

5 Geometry Known Burn Geometry via Ignition Internal Ignition Detonation - Unknown Geometry External Ignition Deflagration - Known Geometry

6 PFS Propellants: Overview

7 Propellant Propellant Selection Criteria Produces gas at a specific burn rate to cause fractures without transitioning to a harmful detonation; High energy content available to do work on formation released over sufficient time to extend fractures; Sufficient total gas volume production to produce and extend fractures significantly into the formation; Stable propellant with minimal knee to assure no transition to detonation and safe deployment; Environmentally safe with no combustion products which may be harmful to the formation; Ignition not pressure limited. Normal well bore temperatures do not effect propellant performance

8 Team

9 Team Worlds largest producer of tactical rocket motors and propellants: -Sidewinder, Tomahawk, Patriot & Stinger Missiles Systems Built Bomb Calorimeter and Strand-Burners for testing Exclusive Agreement with Aerojet

10 Volumetric Energy Comparison Propellant a 3-D Column 1 Octane StimGun Propellant PFS Arcite Propellant PFS Arcadene Propellant Tovite (TNT Substitute)

11 Per Shot Energy Comparison Propellant 3-D Column 1 Octane Common Oil & Gas Industry Pro PFS Arcadene Propellant

12 Propellant Characteristics - How It Burns

13 Typical Burn Curve 4 3 Burn Rate vs. Pressure for Arcite 386M Propellant Measured Data and Muraour's Law Model r = E-04 p Burn Rate - in/sec 2 Ballistic Burn Model r = p^ Pressure - psi

14 Propellant Burn Rate Comparison StressFrac R=0.041p 0.7 Ballistic Burn Rat e Model R = p Knee? Burn Rate in/sec 10 StimGun Knee? Ballistic Burn Rate Model ARCite R = Ballistic Burn p ^ 0.42 Rate Model 386M R = p 0.42 Arcite Knee Measured Data and Muraour s Law Model R = E-4 p Pr essure - psi

15 Technical Overview HOW DO WE ACHIEVE BETTER PROPELLANT TREATMENTS? OVERVIEW OF WORK CONCEPTS Best Pressure Pulse Comparative Work Graph

16 Technical Overview

17 Technical Overview

18 Technical Overview

19 Technical Overview

20 Alamien HSW msec Frac Gradient 0.7 psi/ft Frac Pressure ~4480psi

21 Gauge Data Downhole Pressure Gauge Data North Sea Well 300 msecs Frac Pressure ~ 7,000 psi

22 Technical Overview OPTIMIZING TREATMENTS: GENERATION II Higher Burn Rates Increased Gas Generation or Output Quicker Pressure Rise Times to Initiate Fractures Higher Peak Pressures/Long Duration to Optimize Work Maintain Predictability and Repeatability (No Explosion)

23 Technical Overview 12 9 Arcite 386M Arcite 497 Arcadene 454A Arcadene 439 Burn Rate versus Pressure Burn Rate Pressure

24 Technical Overview % Theoretical Relative Gas Volume Generation (Compared to Arcite 386M Baseline) Percentage Comparison % % % Arcite 386M Arcite 497 Arcadene 454A Arcadene % Pressure

25 Technical Review PVI

26 Technical Overview Soft Ignition Test with Electric Match One End Only

27 Technical Overview Detonating Cord Ignition Test Full Length Propellant

28 ControlFrac TM Multiple Applications Customized Burn Curves TCP, WL, CT, Slickline Horizontal/Vertical Varying Propellant Mix Propellant Cartridge (Mixed to Optimize) Gas Ports

29 PERFORATING GUN ENHANCEMENT

30 Technical Oveview PERFORATING GUN ENHANCEMENT Challenges: Propellant Damaging Guns Propellant Design Concepts Effects of Slope Break (Knee) Choosing the Right Propellant Correct Ignition Patented Solution - Control

31 Technical Overview CHALLENGES: VIEWING THE VIDEO ON THE NEXT SLIDE, YOU WILL NOTE THAT WHEN PROPELLANT IS BURNED INSIDE A CLOSED VESSEL, IF THE WRONG PROPELLANT IS USED, OR IF IT IS INCORRECTLY CONFIGURED, A DETONATION WILL OCCUR, DESTROYING THE VESSEL.

32 Technical Overview Video Detailing Detonating Perf Gun Mock Up (Double Click to Start Video)

33 Technical Overview GOAL: HOW DO WE PUT PROPELLANT IN A CLOSED VESSEL WITHOUT RUPTURE?

34 Technical Review SOLUTION: CONTROL PRESSURE BY KNOWING PROPELLANT CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLYING KNOWN PROPELLANT DESIGN CONCEPTS At = (As x r x ρ x Cstar)/(p x g) The total aperture area (At) to achieve a desired pressure (p), can be related by taking into account propellant characteristic variables, namely: (1) the burning surface area of the propellant (As); (2) the burn rate characteristics of the propellant, more specifically, the burn rate as a function of pressure (r); (3) the density of the propellant (ρ); (4) the characteristic velocity of the propellant (Cstar); and (5) the gravitational constant (g)

35 Technical Review HOW DO WE APPLY THIS TO PERFORATING GUNS?

36 Technical Review IN A PERFORATING GUN, THE FLOW AREA, At, IS FIXED. IT IS THE TOTAL AREA CREATED BY THE PERFORATING CHARGES; AS THIS FLOW AREA IS REDUCED FOR A CONSTANT PROPELLANT TYPE AND GEOMETRY, THE PRESSURE INSIDE THE GUN INCREASES; BECAUSE THE BURN RATE SLOPE CHANGES AT THE KNEE, RUNAWAY DEFLAGRATION OCCURS IF PRESSURES ABOVE THE KNEE DEVELOP WITHIN THE VESSEL, DAMAGING THE VESSEL; THIS RUNAWAY DETONATION OCCURS AS THE GUN PRESSURES APPROACH THE PROPELLANT SLOPE BREAK OR KNEE (SEE FOLLOWING SLIDE).

37 Technical Review Gauge Data from Aperture Control Vessel Test Arcite 386M At Slope Break Pressure, Transitions to Detonation

38 Propellant 4 3 Burn Rate vs. Pressure for Arcite 386M Propellant Measured Data and Muraour's Law Model r = E-04 p Burn Rate - in/sec 2 Ballistic Burn Model r = p^ Slope Break Pressure Pressure - psi

39 Technical Review A PROPELLANT WITH A SLOPE BREAK WELL IN EXCESS OF THE MAXIMUM SAFE PRESSURE WITHIN THE GUN ALLOWS THE TOTAL BURN EVENT TO TAKE PLACE ALONG THE CONSTANT BURN SLOPE PORTION OF THE BURN RATE CURVE; A PROPELLANT SUCH AS ARCADENE 439 HAS A HIGH PRESSURE SLOPE BREAK, MAKING IT AN IDEAL CANDIDATE TO BE USED IN A CLOSED VESSEL SUCH AS A PERFORATING GUN WHERE HIGHER MAXIMUM PRESSURES ARE REQUIRED (NOTE THE BURN RATE CURVES ON THE FOLLOWING SLIDE)

40 Technical Review 12 9 Arcite 386M Arcite 497 Arcadene 454A Arcadene 439 Burn Rate versus Pressure Burn Rate Pressure

41 Technical Review In Summary, THE SOLUTION: The propellant characteristics and geometry can be used to safely achieve desired pressures within a vessel or perforating gun without exceeding the vessel s maximum allowable stresses, without reducing the total energy by limiting propellant mass inside the gun; and Knowing the total flow area, or size and number of shots per foot in a perforating gun, and deploying the correct propellant, safe and predictable peak pressures can be achieved within a perforating gun that do not result in gun damage.

42 Technical Overview SOLUTION: VIEWING THE VIDEOS ON THE NEXT TWO SLIDES, YOU WILL NOTE THAT WHEN THE PROPER PROPELLANT IS USED INSIDE A CLOSED VESSEL OR PERFORATING GUN, A CONTROLLED DEFLAGRATION PRODUCING A DESIRED PRESSURE PULSE IS ACHIEVED.

43 Technical Review Video I Detailing Safe Burn in Perf Gun Mock Up (Approximately 30 second duration)

44 Technical Review Video II Detailing Safe Burn in Perf Gun Mock Up

45 Technical Review Video III Perforating with Propellant Mock Up

46 Pressure Modeling UNITS PRESSURE PSI Natural Log of Pressure DO NOT CALCULATE PRESSURES BEYOND: PSIG AREA OF PROPELLANT BURNING BURN INSIDE TO OUTSIDE INCLUDE END AREA N ID IN LENGTH (Enter 0 if no inside burn) IN INSIDE SURFACE AREA IN^ BURN OUTSIDE to Inside INCLUDE END AREA N OD IN LENGTH (Enter 0 if no outside burn) IN OUTSIDE SURFACE AREA IN^ TOTAL AREA for INSIDE and OUTSIDE IN^ Total Length IN Total Propellant Volume IN^ ρ - Density LB/FT^ Cstr (constant) FT/SEC gc (gravitational constant) - FT LB/LBF SEC^ PROPELLANT BURN RATE Burn Rate IN/SEC Exponent N/A 7500 PSIG PROP TYPE ( 1, 2 or 3) 3 ARCADENE 439 ORIFICE DIAMETER for BOTH INSIDE and OUTSIDE SURFACE BURNING for 60 ORIFICES At - Calculated Throat Area IN^ Discharge Coefficient: Actual Throat Area IN^ Burn Time SEC dp/dat ORIFICE DIAMETER for 60 ORIFICES IN NUMBER OF ORIFICES 60

47 Enhancement Tool Perforating Gun Propellant in Lower Portion of Gun

48 Summary (1) PFS Patents: - External Burn with Simulator: 5,295,545 - Long Burning Propellant: 7,073,589 - Linear Ignition: 7,409,911B2 - Restrictor Plug: 7,487,827 - Closed Vessel Propellant Burn (Patent Pending) - Additional Provisional Patent Applications Filed Exclusive with Propellant Supplier (Aerojet); Simulator Developed in Conjunction with Schlumberger; Testing & Fabrication Facility with PV Test Capability; ATF/State Dept. Registration and Approved Facilities Storage; DOT 1.4C for Ease of Shipment