Subsonic Parachutes for Future Mars Missions
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1 Subsonic Parachutes for Future Mars Missions John C. Underwood, Arrun Saunders, Steven B. Rogers, J. Stephen Lingard Vorticity Ltd Lionel Marraffa, Luca Ferracina European Space Agency 1
2 Mars Parachutes - History 1960 s & 1970 s PEPP Disk-Gap-Band Ringsail Cruciform DGB Selected for Viking 1976: Viking Landers: DGB 1997: Mars Pathfinder: DGB 2001: Mars Polar Lander: DGB 2003: Beagle2: DGB / Polyconical 200x: Mars Exploration Rovers: DGB 2013: Mars Science Laboratory: DGB 2
3 Disk-Gap-Band Good supersonic inflation Fair drag coefficient Stability depends on geom. porosity Large inflation force Several variants Viking Original. 12.5% porosity, stable at about 15, high drag coefficient Huygens Double gap. 22.4% porosity, stable at <8, lower drag coefficient Mars Pathfinder Double band. <12.5% porosity, relatively stable, low drag coefficient Mars Exploration Rover Compromise between MPF and Viking 3
4 Way forward Ideal parachute Reliable inflation Good drag coefficient Stable Low inflation force Candidates DGB Ringslot Gliding parachutes 4
5 High altitude tests Gliding parachute / Low density atmosphere Cone or glide? Drive slots? Cluster? Low glide is best! 5
6 Candidate design Disk Gap Band (23% porosity) High inflation force Good drag coefficient Stable Reliable inflation Ringslot (23% porosity) Low inflation peak Good drag coefficient Stable Less reliable inflation Disk-Gap-Band-Gap-Band Inflation force from Ringslot Porosity near skirt Inflation reliability from DGB Low porosity in crown 6
7 Research Plan Wind tunnel tests Aerodynamic coefficient measurement Inflation force profile measurement High altitude drop tests Inflation at Mach 0.8 Performance in low density atmosphere Low altitude drop test Full-scale inflation CFD / FSI for test correlation and extrapolation 7
8 Wind tunnel tests 9x9 Wind tunnel at NRC, Ottawa Up to 50 m/s Two test rigs Forced incidence and deployment Load cell Flying parachute location Upstream strut with streamlined fairing Downstream strut Rotating floor panel 8
9 Seven parachute types DGBGB Two variants Huygens DGB Viking DGB EXPERT Cruciform Cruciform with inserts Triconical 9
10 Incidence Tests 10
11 Inflation Tests 11
12 Force coefficient Outcomes Good quality aerodynamic databases for 7 types Huygens / Viking Improvement on existing knowledge Cruciforms / Triconical / DGBGB New data Good quality inflation & free-flight data for 6 types 1.2 Dimensionless inflation profiles - Huygens Dimensionless Time 12
13 High Altitude Drop Tests 6 kg Drop Test Vehicles 28 km Drop Altitude Free-fall to Mach 0.8 Parachute deployed by spring drogue Instrumentation Low speed camera High speed camera Accelerometer / Rate Gyro GPS Pitot & Ambient pressures Temperature 13
14 High altitude drop tests One flight complete Good inflation data at Mach 0.8 Good drag data during descent 14
15 Low Altitude Drop Test 150 kg Test Vehicle Helicopter Drop Programmer parachute 2.59m DGB Accelerates to constant velocity Release programmer Deploys test parachute 8.0 m DGBGB Instrumentation GPS Accelerometers Rate gyros Barometer Pitot-static probe 15
16 Parachute PIV Assessment of PIV applied to parachutes Flow visualisation to validate CFD 16
17 CFD / FSI Test matching Validation of CFD / FSI model Extrapolation to untestable conditions High Mach number tests at incidence Mars atmosphere 17
18 Conclusions Good aerodynamic database for 7 typical parachute types Demonstrated wind tunnel test technique Useful for any future missions Demonstrated low cost test technique for high altitude, sub-scale tests Enhanced understanding of parachutes for Mars use Applications so far Contribution to Huygens post-flight analysis Validation data for ExoMars 2016 parachute system 18
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