Understanding economics of rural electrification projects based on intermittent energy sources

Transcription

1 Marilena Lazopoulou TTA Understanding economics of rural electrification projects based on intermittent energy sources

2 ARE: Who are we Established in 2006, the Alliance for Rural Electrification (ARE) is the only global business association that represents the whole decentralised renewable energy sector for rural electrification in developing and emerging countries. ARE mobilises and unites private sector players by engaging in partnerships with key institutions to facilitate the development of off-grid markets. Copyright Alliance for Rural Electrification. All rights reserved. 2

3 Services & Support to ARE Members As the global hub for rural electrification practitioners, ARE raises its members profile by showcasing their expertise and solutions. ARE offers four business lines: Advice & Advocacy Services Knowledge & Intelligence Services Business Promotion & Marketing Business Creation & Support Copyright Alliance for Rural Electrification. All rights reserved. >> The ARE team looks forward to meeting you at Intersolar Europe (Munich, 31 May 1 Jun 2017) 3

4 TTA at a glance SME Founded in Barcelona in 1986 Permanent presence in Kenya and Brazil Consultancy, engineering, R&D, project development, management, social, financial aspects Rural electrification through microgrids, grid-connected, sustainable buildings Southern Europe, Africa, Latin America, Oceania Public, private and multilateral clients Active in IEC TC82 and JWG1 (IEC 62257)

5 Background LV Microgrids Akane (Morocco) Rwanda, Tanzania (Mpale) Santo Antâo (Cape Verde) Chad x3 Floreana Island (Ecuador) Cal Peraire (Spain) 1987: 1994 Beginning Farmhouses PV electrification (Spain) La Rambla del Agua (Spain) Diakha Madina (Senegal) 2009 Beni Said (Morocco) Atouf (Palestine) 2014 Las Balsas (Ecuador) Ghana x Burundi x5 Kenya x3 Tanzania (Manda)

6 Typical Technical Standard DC coupled, mainly Renewable Energy generation Load electrical supply: standard AC quality single/three phase Bus-bar voltage: < 50V DC (SELV) Battery: Pb-tubular, vented, DODmax=70%, A>2 days, 48V PV Charge controller: MPPT Inverter: sinusoidal η > 85% PV modules: crystalline IEC Data logging: based on IEC (JRC guidelines) Load Management: user interface, automatic load disconnect

7 Our experience Lamps in DC, 24V and 12V Other appliances 230V AC, small inverters Lead acid generic batteries PV Product revolution Inverters up to 5 kva (low efficiency at low loads) Lead acid advanced batteries and battery charge control algorithms DC products scarce 230V AC supply Quality of AC supply and advances in inverters (modular, efficient) Higher power levels, demand management, hybrid generation, micro-grids

8 Our experience Dual mode, bi-directional inverters Standardisation of solutions with solar generation and AC consumption 2012 to present LED lighting in DC DC appliances at different voltages: 5V, 12V, 19V, 24V, etc New battery technologies: Li-ion, Na, Ni, etc Back to the drawing board?

9 Service level-energy: IEC 62257

10 Service area-quality: IEC 62257

11 Service level: Others ESMAP, Multi-tier framework Capacity Daily energy Duration (h/day) Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5 No electricity > 3 W > 50 W > 200 W > 800 W > 2 kw > 12 Wh > 200 Wh > 1 kwh > 3.4 kwh > 8.2 kwh > 4 > 4 > 8 > 16 > 23 Reliability Unscheduled outages No unscheduled outages Quality Low Good Affordability Legality Health & safety Not convenient Cost is less than 5% of household income per year Elaborated by author Bill to utility, prepaid card seller or authorised representative Convenient

12 Service level: Others NREL, QAF

13 Universal electrification scheme Service level is independent on technology and configuration (AC vs DC, stand-alone or microgrid) Clients interested in lumens, hours of TV and cell phone charging, refrigeration, kg of production, etc

14 Challenge: Offer high service level at lower costs Technology depends on market analysis & local conditions Financing driven by results Can DC appliances bring the costs of the service down?

15 Functionalities IRENA (2016)

16 Cost structure Consumption (# connections) Distribution (km, poles) Generation (kwp) CAPEX Storage (kwh) Conversion (kva) Logistics / Remoteness factor (/mile, /km) Services / Local market maturity 17

17 What affects CAPEX? Grid connected vs autonomous, AC vs DC Economies of scale Load demand and RE sources Quality of service Market maturity, Location RE fraction: Category Indicative PV annual energy fraction Indicative PV rated capacity/load ratio Characteristics Low < 20% < 50% No batteries No control Large genset Medium 20%-50% > 50% Batteries 1 d. autonomy Large genset High > 50% > 150% Batteries >2 d. autonomy Small gensets Adapted from NREL

18 Case study Pediatorkope (GH) Solar: 49 kwp Wind: 11 kw

19 Case study Ghana CAPEX Logistics Services 5 per mile of maritime 61 per km of terrestrial Project management and engineering: 10% CAPEX Capacity building & Training: 3% CAPEX Low maturity market

20 Thank you!