Introduction of Electronic Tolling Collection system in Japan

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1 Introduction of Electronic Tolling Collection system in Japan November 2014 ICT SOLUTION HEADQUARTERS 2013 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved.

2 Transportation Solutions of MHI Road Pricing Toll Collection Electronic Enforcement system Mobile Enforcement System Traffic Management System Smart Car Park Intelligent Transport Systems Telematics Smart City Management Park & Ride Management Surface Transportation Bus Management 1

Contents: 1. Introduction 2. Challenges of Japan ETC 3.

4 1. Introduction (1): Four Payment Method of Toll in Japan Cash Credit Card IC Card ETC Manual Toll Collection Automatic Toll Collection ETC System 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 3

1. Introduction (2): ETC system was Introduced to reduce congestion at toll gates.

Total of All 18 Tollgates on Metropolitan Expressway Congestion Volume (km h/day)

Lane Congestion Dissolution 230 pcu/h 1200 pcu/h Mar.2003 Mar.2004 Mar.2005 Mar.

5 1. Introduction (2): ETC system was Introduced to reduce congestion at toll gates. Congestions at toll plaza decreased rapidly after ETC usage ratio rises. Total of All 18 Tollgates on Metropolitan Expressway Congestion Volume (km h/day) Congestion Volume ETC Usage Ratio ETC Usage Ratio(%) Cash Lane Source: ORSE ETC Lane Congestion Dissolution 230 pcu/h 1200 pcu/h Mar.2003 Mar.2004 Mar.2005 Mar.2006 Mar.2007 Source: NILIM 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 4

1. Introduction (3): ETC Roadside system Major Objective of MLFF For

Warning Motorist who forgot to insert ETC IC card verify and correct the

Free Flow ETC System read and write IC card open automatic gate

6 1. Introduction (3): ETC Roadside system Major Objective of MLFF For refunding toll for short distance ETC users For Route Tracking For Warning Motorist who forgot to insert ETC IC card verify and correct the result Single Lane Barrier ETC System close automatic gate Multi Lane Free Flow ETC System read and write IC card open automatic gate deactivate antenna activate antenna 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 5

1. Introduction (4): On Board Unit and ETC Card Main Unit Main Unit On

Card and toll will be included to the monthly bill.

Post Pay linked to a corporate account Bill is sent monthly to the

Post Pay linked to a personal account Required of minimum deposit of

7 1. Introduction (4): On Board Unit and ETC Card Main Unit Main Unit On Board Unit ETC Card Antenna OBU for Four Wheel Vehicle Antenna OBU for Motor Bike 1. Post Pay linked to a personal credit card ETC IC card acts as a Credit Card and toll will be included to the monthly bill. Users may be rewarded with a cash back according to the amount spent 2. Post Pay linked to a corporate account Bill is sent monthly to the corporation Discount is rewarded based on the amount spent 3. Post Pay linked to a personal account Required of minimum deposit of 50,000yen Bill is sent monthly In case of failure of payment, toll will be deducted from the deposit 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 6

8 1. Introduction (5): How to apply for ETC Step 1: Apply ETC card from a credit card company Step 2: Purchase On Board Unit (OBU) at Car Dealer, Car accessory store, On-line Shopping Certain shops offer everything from card a p p l i c a t i o n to purchase/ installation and setup of OBU Step 3: Enter registration Information (Setup) such as Vehicle Type, Number Plate, Ownership and activate OBU at certified Setup Dealer. This procedure prevents false use of ETC and maintains accurate ETC communication Step 4: Use at the Road Step 5: Monthly Bill 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 7

9 1. Introduction (6): Statistics of ETC in Japan Start Operation April 2001 ETC Network ETC Lanes 9,000km Approx. 5,000 Lanes No. of ETC Users 47.5million (September 2014) No. of Vehicles 76.6million Vehicles (2013) ETC Usage 89.8%, 6.8 million vehicles / day (May 2014) Operators Inter-city expressway: 4 Urban expressway: 4 Local toll road: 31 Suppliers Service Interoperability Toll Table ETC Standard Multi-Vendor. More than 10 manufacturers in the market Full interoperability among operators and suppliers Distanced-based & Per-entry (depends on operators) 5.8GHz Active DSRC (ITU/ISO, ARIB-T75) Reliability % Payment Post Payment (Credit card ) and Prepaid by 2-pc type OBU Experts recognizes Japan ETC as one of the most successful practice in the world MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 8

2. Challenges of Japan ETC (1): First Challenge: Achieve 50% ETC Ratio in 5 years 2014 Ratio now reaches 89.8% Dec. 2001 Ratio 0.9% Dec. 2004 Ratio 25.2% Dec.

Subsidization from Government to Toll Operators (including special loan) to private OBU owners (as special promotion) 2.

10 2. Challenges of Japan ETC (1): First Challenge: Achieve 50% ETC Ratio in 5 years 2014 Ratio now reaches 89.8% Dec Ratio 0.9% Dec Ratio 25.2% Dec Ratio 54.2% Source: ORSE ETC Enhancement Policies 1. Subsidization from Government to Toll Operators (including special loan) to private OBU owners (as special promotion) 2. Special Promotion from Card Issuers free OBU gift for new application of ETC Card 3. Special rewards for OBU users Special Discount on Toll fare (up to 50%) Mileage service for ETC (up to 8,000yen) Flat Toll on Holidays (up to 1,000yen) 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 9

2. Challenges of Japan ETC (2): (Ref) Application of Special Discount on Toll fare Example: Tokyo to Osaka (470km) 17:11 p.m. 12:00 p.m. Without ETC: JPY 10,700 (TWD 3,000) 5:11 a.m. 00:00 a.m. With ETC applying midnight discount: JPY 7,490 (TWD 2,100) OSAKA (Suita Interchange) 17:11 p.

11 2. Challenges of Japan ETC (2): (Ref) Application of Special Discount on Toll fare Example: Tokyo to Osaka (470km) 17:11 p.m. 12:00 p.m. Without ETC: JPY 10,700 (TWD 3,000) 5:11 a.m. 00:00 a.m. With ETC applying midnight discount: JPY 7,490 (TWD 2,100) OSAKA (Suita Interchange) 17:11 p.m. 12:00 p.m. TOKYO (Tokyo Interchange) With ETC applying Weekend Flat Toll (until June 2011): JPY 2,650 (TWD 750) These flexibility of toll rate can be applied for Traffic Demand Management to reduce congestion as well MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 10

2. Challenges of Japan ETC (3): Second Challenge:

single OBU, and (2) it can be used anywhere in the

operator Appropriate toll is distributed between the

individual system (3) ETC card from any kind of Credit

12 2. Challenges of Japan ETC (3): Second Challenge: Achieve Nationwide Interoperability (1) Just own a single OBU, and (2) it can be used anywhere in the nation, regardless the difference between toll operator Appropriate toll is distributed between the Toll Operators, even though each having it s individual system (3) ETC card from any kind of Credit card Issuer can be used 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 11

13 2. Challenges of Japan ETC (4): Third Challenge: Secure Multi Vendor For Roadside Equipment Level Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mitsubishi Electric Toshiba Panasonic OKI NEC and more On Board Units Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Yazaki Mitsubishi Electric Panasonic Denso Calsonic and more 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 12

14 2. Challenges of Japan ETC (5): (Ref) Key for Interoperability and Multivendor: Unified ETC Standard Workshop has been held among Ministry of Land Infrastructure Transportation and Tourism Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications ORSE HIDO Toll Operators ITS-Japan Between Central Clearing House and Headquarter system Between ETC Antenna and OBU Smartcard Universities ETC System Suppliers And More 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 13

2. Challenges of Japan ETC (6): (Ref) Key for Interoperability: Single Central Clearing House

operators, a single central clearing house has realized a single interface between multiple card

Multiple Toll Operators Central Clearing House Pros -Massed Bill/Transaction -Low Commissions

15 2. Challenges of Japan ETC (6): (Ref) Key for Interoperability: Single Central Clearing House Multiple Card Issuers As a result of mutual agreement between credit card issuers and toll operators, a single central clearing house has realized a single interface between multiple card issuers and multiple toll operators. Multiple Toll Operators Central Clearing House Pros -Massed Bill/Transaction -Low Commissions -Easier control of Black Lists -Mutual Customer Service -Easier to check and correct data -Interoperability 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 14

nationwide Manual and Automatic Toll Collection system.

16 2. Challenges of Japan ETC (7): Fourth Challenge: Coexistence with Legacy System Minimum interface with the existing system At the time when ETC was planned in year 1999, there were already nationwide Manual and Automatic Toll Collection system. Therefore ETC system had to be added under a limitation of minimum impact to the legacy system MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 15

Our answer was to adopt Active 5.8GHz microwave ETC which assures High Speed transaction of 80km/h and Accuracy Rate of 99.

17 2. Challenges of Japan ETC (8): Fifth Challenge: Daily Heavy Traffics &High Toll Rates ETC system with high accuracy and fast transaction was required to deal with heavy traffic which reaches 7.2million per day and also with the infamous high toll fare. Our answer was to adopt Active 5.8GHz microwave ETC which assures High Speed transaction of 80km/h and Accuracy Rate of % Down-link Up-link GHz 5.835GHz Noise <Different frequencies used for Down-link and Up-Link> 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 16

2. Challenges of Japan ETC (9): (Ref) Designing Policy Though the Japanese toll system is centralized, the designing policy is

mileage service, customer account management and so on.

18 2. Challenges of Japan ETC (9): (Ref) Designing Policy Though the Japanese toll system is centralized, the designing policy is rather a decentralized system and most of the toll transaction is completed at lane level to deal with flexible toll rate and innumerable traffics. Customer Account Management While collecting and distributing data, Backend can concentrate more on complex services like mileage service, customer account management and so on. Data Correction Database Management Real time/high speed Network not required Transfer Data Send Processed Data Toll Calculation Works individually from Backend. Most of the toll transaction such as toll calculation is done at the lane level 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 17

4. Current Trend and Future Direction (1): Enhancement of

very efficient and convenient, ETC Automatic Ticket Issuing

Toll Collector Unmanned Toll Booth After a public acceptance

has been adopted in most of the Shin-Tomei Expressways in year

19 4. Current Trend and Future Direction (1): Enhancement of Safety: Implementation of Unmanned Toll Booth Although ETC is very efficient and convenient, ETC Automatic Ticket Issuing Automatic Toll Collection ETC ETC may cause fatal accident for Toll Collector Unmanned Toll Booth After a public acceptance test of unmanned toll booth in year 2004, unmanned Toll booth has been adopted in most of the Shin-Tomei Expressways in year MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 18

4. Current Trend and Future Direction (2): (Ref) Key Technologies: Recovery Antenna Incase the driver forgets to insert ETC card, vehicle is stopped by Automatic Lane Barrier.

20 4. Current Trend and Future Direction (2): (Ref) Key Technologies: Recovery Antenna Incase the driver forgets to insert ETC card, vehicle is stopped by Automatic Lane Barrier. In the past, toll collector had to run to the toll lane to cope with the stopped vehicle which could be cause of great danger. Recovery Antenna was implemented to open the lane without existence of toll collector. First Antenna Recovery Antenna communicates with OBU under remote operation from the back office Recovery Antenna Second Antenna Cannot communicate with OBU Second Antenna Forgot to insert ETC card Automatic Lane Barrier opens is closed Ok, Vehicle I have is still inserted stopped my ETC card Vehicle can go through S1 S2 ALB S MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 19

4. Current Trend and Future Direction (3): (Ref)

Accident on ETC lane can cause serious damage to

The new ALB is implemented to lesson these kinds

21 4. Current Trend and Future Direction (3): (Ref) Key Technologies: New Automatic Lane Barrier (ALB) Accident on ETC lane can cause serious damage to both vehicle and automatic lane barrier. The new ALB is implemented to lesson these kinds of damages and to function again without someone to come and repair. 1. Collision 2. Bar opens softly to diagonal direction 3. Remote control 3. Returns to proper position Source: West-NEXCO Facilities, Ltd MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 20

Toll Plaza 1 Toll Plaza 2 Toll Plaza 3 Toll Plaza 4 2014

22 4. Current Trend and Future Direction (4): Cost and Man saving by remote monitoring multiple Unmanned Toll Booth Toll Plaza 1 Toll Plaza 2 Toll Plaza 3 Toll Plaza MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 21

23 4. Current Trend and Future Direction (5): Integration of ETC and Car Navigations: ETC 2.0 (ITS Spot) Source: MLIT Smart Route Guidance Choose optimum route Shorter but congested ETC & Safety Driving Support Warning Congestion ahead 2014 MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. All Rights Reserved. 22

Smart mobility for sustainable development - ITS measures in Japan - Kinji Hasegawa

Executive Session 8 Environmental Sustainability How Does it Deliver? Smart mobility for sustainable development - ITS measures in Japan - Kinji Hasegawa ITS Policy and Program Office Road Bureau Ministry