CURRENT STATUS OF PV IN CHINA

Transcription

1 CURRENT STATUS OF PV IN CHINA WANG SICHENG Beijing Jike Energy New Tech Company 1R4LQJKXD(DVW5RDG %HLMLQJ 7HO)$; (0DLOMLNH#SXEOLFEWDQHWFQhttp://

2 CONTENTS CONTENTS Preface Solar Resources Current Situation of PV Historical Status of PV Current Statues and Development of PV System Components Cost of PV and Wind-PV Village Power Systems and SHS Potential of Distributed PV Market in China Barriers

3 1. Preface Entering 70 s, due to the two oil crisis, PV was taken serious attention by the world and has been developed very fast. From long term view, PV, as distribute power source, will finally enter electric utility market and partly replace conventional energy. From short term view, PV is ideal choice to compensate the traditional energy and is widely used in special fields like communication, rural electrification, traffic signal power and other small remote power sources. PV is very important for the environmental protection and energy sustainable development. Now, there are several hundreds PV manufacturers in the world and more than 1 million PV systems are under operation. By the year 2000, world PV annual production reached 287.7MW and the installed PV has been over 1300MW. It is expected, by the year 2030, PV will share about 5 20% in the world electric power. PV is a mature and proved technology. In many cases, it has shown the evidence of cost effective. By economic analysis, PV is the cheaper way compared with grid extension when the ratio of required power and the distance from grid is less than 100W/Km. So that PV is a ideal solution to supply electric power to the remote places in China. China is a developing country with huge land and many places are very remote and very poor. By now in China, there are about 9 million families with 40 million people live in the area without access to electricity and about 60% of electrified places are seriously lack of electricity. In such area, villages and families locate dispersedly and are far way from grid. The annual power requirement of each family in such remote place is only about 120KWh. It is not economic and almost no possible to supply electric power to the remote villages and families by utility grid during next 10, even 20 years. PV is the ideal solution to supply electricity to the dispersed users and has big potential market in China. PV has many advantages, such as: safety and reliable, no noise, no pollution, solar energy is available everywhere, no need of fuels, has no mechanical turning parts, maintenance free, easy in construction, flexible in scale, no need of 2

4 transmission line and easy to conjunct with buildings. The conventional electric power systems have no such advantages. 2. Solar Resources The economic of PV relies on solar resources. China could be divided into 5 regions according to the solar resources received by the regions. Region A: The region with richest solar resources. Annual solar irradiation is KWh/m2. This region covers: west of Tibet, north of Ningxia, north of Gansu, east of Xinjiang and west of Qinghai. Region B: The region with good solar resources. Annual solar irradiation is KWhJ/m2. This region covers: northwest part of Hebei, north of Shanxi, south of Inner-Mongolia, south of Ningxia, middle of Gansu, east of Qinghai, south-east of Tibet, north-west of Sichuan and south of Xinjiang. Region C: The region with moderate solar resources. Annual solar irradiation is KWh/m2. The region covers: Shandong, Henan, south-east of Hebei, south of Shanxi, north of Xinjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Yunnan, north of Shaanxi, south-east of Gansu, south of Guangdong, south of Fujian, north of Jiangsu, north of Anhui and south-west of Taiwan. Region D: The region with poor solar resources. Annual solar irradiation is KWh/m2. The region covers: Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, north of Fujian, north of Guangdong, south of Shaanxi, north of Jiangsu, south of Anhui, Heilongjiang and north-east of Taiwan. Region E: The region with poorest solar resources. Annual solar irradiation is KWh/m2. The region covers: south and east of Sichuan and Guizhou. 3

5 Solar Resources Map of China Color Grade Annual Value KWh/ Daily m 2 Value KWh/m 2 Red Best Orange Good Yellow General Blue Poor < 1200 < 3.3 The data of solar resources can be find at county level weather stations or at Central Weather Station in Beijing. Only the solar irradiation data on horizontal surface is available and the data covers yearly and monthly global irradiation, diffuse irradiation and direct irradiation. There are wonderful solar resources in western part of China. 2/3 area in western China belongs to the region with good solar energy and average daily solar irradiation is more than 4KWh/m2. This value is similar to US and much better to Europe and Japan. 3. Current Situation of PV 3.1. Historical Status of PV Government support has given great help in PV development. US government firstly issued its national PV plan in 1973 and confirmed the near, medium and long- 4

6 term goals. Japan started its Sunshine Project in 1974 with 500 Million US Dollar of total investment. After the project, Japan becomes a strong country in PV. Since 1980, many developed countries, Germany, British, France, Italy, Spain, Swiss and Finland, have announced their national PV plans and input a lot of money to develop PV industry. In resent 15 years, by the reason of environmental protection and energy sustainable development, developed countries ( mainly US, Japan and Germany) established encouraging policies to support PV large scale application in grid connection. US started its PVUSA (PV Utility Scale Application) project to install centralized large scale PV farm (1MW 10MW); in 1988, started decentralized building integrated PV project, named PVBONUS project. In 1997, president Clinton announced 1 Million Solar Roofing Project and plan to install 3025MW PV system on building to reduce the price of PV electricity from current 20 cents per KWh to 6 cents. Germany started 1000 PV Rooftop Project in Electricity produced by PV was purchased by German Utility. In 1998, German government announced 100 thousand PV Roofing Project and the price of PV electricity purchased by Utility was as high as 0.99DM, so that the PV market was greatly stimulated by this project. After Sunshine Project, Japan established a new PV project in 1994 and plan to built 162 thousand solar roofing systems. In1997, Japan announced another 70 thousand PV roofing project and plan to install 7600MWp PV rooftop systems by the year Other developed countries, like Italy, Swiss, Netherlands, Spain, even India have similar PV grid connected project. By now, PV has finished its initial development and demo stage and forwards the way to mass production and real industrialization. PV application started from small power supply and now towards into utility application. PV market has covered almost all fields. World PV production is shown in the following table. 5

7 Rest of World Europe Japan United States Total China started research on solar cell in 1958 and it was firstly be used on satellite in Solar cell was used on territory (beacon light) in Before 1980, PV industry in China was nothing and the annual production is less than 10KW with very high selling price. Limited by the high cost, PV market developed slowly. Beside using in space, PV was used as small power sources to power special loads, like beacon lights, railway signal systems, mountain weather stations, electric fence for grassland, insects entrapping lights, DC solar lights, etc.. The power range of such small loads are between several watts to several tenths watts. During 6 th ( ) and 7 th ( ) national five-year R&D plans, Chinese government start to give financial support to the PV industry and market development. Several PV production lines were imported from abroad during that period and various PV demonstrations were installed, such as: solar powered microwave relay stations, army communication systems, cathodic protection for sluice gates and oil pipelines, countryside telephone exchangers, PV village power systems and solar home systems. By the end of 1990, PV annual production has reached to 0.5 MW and the selling price of solar modules has been degreased to about 40 Yuan/Wp from 80Yuan/Wp in Lower cost makes the PV market growth and it has not been only used in small power supply, but 6

8 also been used in industry field and rural electrification since then. PV has been put in national R&D plan, but also been put in some important government program, like: Brightness Program of SDPC, Tibet Sunshine Project, Arli Solar PV Project, forest fire warning system, optical-fiber communication program of Ministry of Post and Telecom, oil pipeline cathodic protection system of Ministry of Oil, rural TV covering Program of Ministry of TV and broadcasting, etc.. By the year of 2001, annual PV production of China has reached to 4.5MWp and the installed PV has been more than 23MWp. In the year of 2002, PV production will jumps up to about 20MWp due to the Township Village Power Project launched by SDPC. Historical Evolution of PV Annual Output and Prices* * Year Annual Production (KWp) Module Price (Yuan/Wp) Installed Power (KWp) a-si a-si c-si c-si a-si c-si a-si 23 c-si a Si a Si c Si c Si a-si a-si c-si c-si a-si a-si c-si c-si a-si a-si c-si a-si c-si imported c-si a-si c-si

9 1995 a-si c-si imported a-si c-si imported a-si c-si imported a-si c-si a-si c-si imported a-si c-si imported a-si c-si imported a-si c-si > a-si c-si a-si c-si a-si c-si a-si c-si a-si c-si a-si c-si a-si c-si a-si c-si imported Exchange rate: before 1988 $ 1 USD = Yuan $ 1 USD = Yuan now $ 1 USD = Yuan 2. The imported PV means the modules, not the solar cells. Now most Chinese PV manufacturers import solar cells from foreign PV companies and assembly the modules here in China Current Statues and Development of PV System Components Through the 7 th, 8 th and 9 th national 5-year R&D plan, China has got great progress in PV pumping system, stand-along and grid connected DC/AC inverters, computer based charge controllers and measurement equipment for PV components and systems. In addition, we also experienced in stand-along village PV stations, wind-pv hybrid power supplies, solar home systems and grid connected roofing systems. In China, besides PV modules and batteries, we have had specific manufacturers for inverters, charge controllers and DC lights and the products toward to series, modular, standard and intelligent. In a PV system, besides solar module, batteries, inverters and controllers are the key components. The Current situation is as follows: 8

10 There is no battery special designed for PV or wind power systems in China and we use ordinary lead-acid battery. The lead-acid battery could be divided into several types: 1) stationary battery: is usually used in large PV stations and communications. This type of battery has longer life but require maintenance. 2) Industry type sealed battery: mainly be used in communication, military systems and industry area. This type of battery has higher cost, maintenance free, easy to be shipped and installed, but shorter life compared to stationary battery. 3) Small & Combined Sealed Battery (usually 6V and 12V unit): often be used in solar home systems. Cheaper than industry type sealed battery but even shorter life. 4) Car Starting Battery: Much cheaper than other type batteries, but require maintenance, heavy pollution and with shortest life. Designing for battery capacity according to the local climate and load requirement is very important to avoid unbalancing problem. Charge controller used in PV system has various types. Such as multi-channel controller, 2-points type controller, computer based controller, MPPT controller, etc.. In China we currently use simplified designed charge controller in rural electrification. We only use computer based controller in communication and larger PV power stations. The gap between domestic made controller and foreign products is in some specifications: device quality, poles wrong connecting protection, temperature compensation, SOC measurement, PWM type in charging, etc.. DC/AC inverter is a very important component in PV system relative with reliability. The most important specifications are reliability and efficiency. China has the same level with foreign countries in small power range inverter, but need efforts in larger power ranged DC/AC inverter. Before 2002, the largest PV market in China is in communication, includes: microwave relay station, satellite TV station, countryside telephone exchangers, army communication systems, etc.. The market share of communication is about 50%. Through efforts of national R&D plans and supported by government projects and international cooperation, the market of rural electrification has been enlarged a lot. The market share for PV rural electrification has been raised from 20% to 40%. Such government and international projects include: the 9 th national R&D plan, Brightness 9

11 Program of SDPC, Tibet Sunshine Project, Arli Solar PV Project, GEF/World Bank PV Commercialization project, UNDP Renewable Energy Village Power Project, NEDO of Japan Solar School Project, Netherlands Xinjiang SHS project and US DOE Gansu and Inner-Mongolia projects, etc.. Projects listed above have greatly supported Chinese PV applications. 40 village PV power systems with 600KWp have been installed ; 150,000 solar home systems and more than 20 solar schools are under operation. Other applications will share 10% of PV market, like industry application and commercial products. The industry application include: forest fire warning system, signal systems for rail and highway, oil pipeline cathodic protection systems of Ministry of Oil, rural TV covering Program of Ministry of TV and broadcasting, etc.. The commercial products covering street lights, solar boats, solar clocks, solar yard lanterns, solar watches, toys, etc.. Annual amount of PV sold in China (KWp) Communication/ Industry (KWp) Rural electrification (KWp) Others (KWp) 1993 and before *: Estimate It should be mentioned specially, the two Tibet PV projects. First is the PV power stations for the counties without hydro resources. The project started from 1989 and finished in county level PV stations (Anduo, Bange, Nima, Shuanghu, Gaize, Cuoqin and Geji) were installed with 425KWp in totally. The county PV stations are all located in North-west of Tibet with more than 4500m in altitude where is called as the top of the roof top of the world. The second Tibet PV project 10

12 named Tibet Arli PV Program. The program plans to build 38 Township level PV stations and 110,000 solar home systems in Arli District during In the year of 2003, PV has more chance than before since the Township Village Power Project launched by SDPC. The project aimed to provide electricity to nearly 800 un-electrified townships in the western 7 provinces (Tibet, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, Inner-Mongolia, Shaanxi and Sichuan) by the mean of PV and wind- PV hybrid power systems. Most power systems are from PV and a small part is wind- PV hybrid system (Totally about 17MWp of PV and 800KW of wind). Please see the Annex for the details. Grid connected PV application is the world trend and the way to utility scale application. Now the PV grid connection has shared 18% in total PV market. During the 9 th national 5-year R&D plan, supported by Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), a 5KWp PV grid connected roofing demonstration system has been installed in Beijing. All the hardware and software of the system was developed domestically. Some more grid connected PV systems will be installed within next two years, like 350KWp of Capital Museum, 30KWp in Zhongguancun Software Garden, 50KWp at Tianpu Industry Zone in Daxing and 20KWp at Beijing Automatization Research Institute. Most of them are demonstration projects and aim to the Olympic Game in Cost of PV and Wind-PV Village Power Systems and SHS PV and wind-pv power systems are used for households and remote villages. According to income level, end users require different type of SHS or hybrid home systems. Most village power systems are invested by Government. The purpose and the loads powered by PV and wind-pv systems are listed bellow: No. PV Systems Purpose and Loads 1 4W (DC) Lighting, one 5W DC light 2 10 W (D/C) One 9 W light 3 20 W (D/C) Two lights 4 40 W (D/C) Two lights, black&white TV 5 50 W (D/C) Two lights, black&white TV W(A/C) Colour TV W(A/C) Colour TV, lights, satelite receiver 11

13 8 200 W 2KW Hotel, shop, restaurant 9 5kW-100kW Village Power (Require control room, battery room, local mini-grid and centralised PV arrays) Wind-PV Hybrid Systems W wind/50 W PV Colour TV, lights, VCD, etc W wind/100/200 W PV Colour TV, lights, Freezer, washing machine, etc. 12 Up to 500 kw(2.3 wind-1/3 PV) Village power The current cost for both home systems and villages are listed bellow: Wp Operating hours per day PV panel (yuan) Solar Home System Cost Batter y DC (AC) light s Charg e control. Inverter (for AC) Others Total DC AC (200W) (500W) K (5KVA) Lifetime of equipmen t (year) Wind/PV (W) Wind Turbine Wind-PV Hybrid Home System Cost Batter y PV panel (yuan) AC light s Charg e control. Inverter (for AC) Others Total 100/ (500W) / (1KW) Village Power System Price 12

14 Operating hours per year Turn key investment costs (yuan/w) Hardware Equipmen t (yuan/w) Civil works (%of turnkey costs) Transmission (yuan/km) Wind PV Wind-PV hybrid Depending on the fraction of Wind and PV Others (yuan/w) Expected Lifetime 15 year MMS will give subsidy to PV and Wind/PV hybrid systems according to KWh produced by the system. The following Table shows the expected KWh produced by various PV systems. 13

15 No. PV (Wp) K No. PV (Wp) KWh Produced by PV and Wind/PV Systems Daily Working Yearly Load Irradiation Time Output (KWh/m 2 (W) ) (h/d) (KWh) Availability (80%) (KWh) Working Yearly Availability Load Time Output (80%) (W) (h/d) (KWh) (KWh) Wind (W) Potential of Distributed PV Market in China Through the expansion of provincial electricity grids, development of local hydro resources, and, more recently, promotion of other renewable energy alternatives, China has achieved remarkable rates of electrification of over 95%. This far exceeds rates found in most developing countries. However, a single percent of the population in China represents thirteen million people. Furthermore, the achievements of the past mean that those communities remaining without access to electricity in China today are often living at very large distances from the existing grid and usually at low populations densities. Furthermore, under the ongoing process of power sector reform, in which provincial utilities are scrutinizing their balance sheets more closely, the 14

16 prospect of a conventional solution to deliver modern energy services to these distant, low-load (and hence low profitability) markets seems further away than ever. Latest statistics show that over 7 million households and over 29,000 villages are still without access to a reliable supply of electricity (Table below). These counties, townships, villages and millions of scattered families live in remote areas in China s Western Provinces, and some on islands off the east coast. Some communities use diesel mini grids to provide electricity for a couple of hours at night, and most others use candles and kerosene lights. or they only have a limited supply from using batteries or small petrol or diesel generators. However, Western China and coastal island regions enjoy some of China's best wind and solar resources. Many of these communities therefore have a golden opportunity to harness environmentally friendly renewable energy applications as least cost energy supply solutions. China Unelectrified Villages and Households # Province Unelectrified Unelectrified Villages Total Unelectrified Total Unelectrified Unelectrified / AR Counties Township Administrative Natural Villages Households Tibet ,254-5, ,300 GuiZhou - - 3, ,377 1,294,000 GanSu ,384 3, ,173 Inner Mongolia ,100 3, ,590 FuJian ,400 2, ,590 QingHai ,254 2, ,000 SiChuan , , ,300 XinJiang ,095 1, ,200 NingXia ,306 1,306 64,000 HuBei , ,500 HeNan ,000 GuangXi ,600 YunNan ,003,800 HuNan ,500 Hebei ,800 ShanXi ,100 ShanXi ,000 HaiNan ,300 Chongqing ,900 AnHui ,500 JiangXi ,000 HeiLongjiang ,100 LiaoNing ,800 GuangDong ,800 Total ,889 11,592 29,242 7,141,853 15

17 #1. Figures is valid to end of 2001 from Provincial Planning Bureau Statistical Records ; #2. After the Township Village Power Project of 2002, the total un-electrified townships will be electrified by PV and wind-pv hybrid systems. Year Annual Capacity (MWp) The Future Expectation of PV Market is as Follows: PV System Sales Annual Real Annual Sales Value Production (Million Yuan) (MWp) Installed Capacity (MWp) (most imported) 2000* ** ** ** *** *** *** *** *** **** 312 *100 Yuan/W, **80Yuan/W, ***60Yuan/W, ****50Yuan/W 6. Barriers China has abundant solar energy and big potential market for PV. Through last 20 years efforts, good bases for PV application and commercialization have been built. But, there are some barriers still in cost, standards, financials, policies and market development. Barrier Due to Government Projects: Most Government projects are grand input and give help to the poor people in remote area. But the Government projects are really hurt the commercial market. For example, in 2001, Qinghai main PV companies have a good value in selling SHS and the total SHS sold is about sets from the 19 PV manufacturers in Qinghai. But in 2002, SDPC launched the project of Township Village Power Supply, which provide nearly 800 PV or wind- PV village power system to the un-electrified Township Villages and the total PV installed for this project will be 17MWp. The project effect the SHS market seriously and the SHS soled by PV companies in Qinghai was only about sets by the end 16

18 of September. It is expected that in next few years, the SHS market will be reduced at least to half compared with the year before Sales in Qinghai (provided by Ni Ma) Table 1992 and little before , , , , , , , , , * 20,000 * Expected Barrier in Quality and Service: Quality for SHS is one of the barriers to enlarge the market. The weak point is mainly from batteries. Some system integrators want to reduce the cost and purchase the poor quality batteries. The good battery can last at least 3 years, but the poor battery may only last one year. Of cause, the controller quality will also effect the lifetime of battery. Afterward service is the factor to barrier the market. Most PV companies are not strong enough to establish their service centers in remote places and they only relay on their limited dealers to do the services. Barrier in Manufacturing Cost: PV industry is in the developing stage and manufacturing capacity is too small (no any PV manufacturer in China reach to 2MWp in annual production by now and most of them has only Module Assembly Line. Very few manufacturers have PV full line: wafer line, solar cell line and module line), the manufacturing equipment has been too old and many assembly materials require importing from abroad. Such disadvantages make the cost of domestic made solar module 20% higher than foreign products. 17

19 Barrier in Technical Standards: Only the standards for PV module and battery are available and standards for controllers, DC/AC inverters, DC lights and PV systems are not yet available by now. Lack of standards effect the quality and market distribution.. Few of companies and manufacturers passed ISO9000 series of quality management system for enterprises. Barrier in Financial: Most of PV companies have the problem of shortage of financial and many of them have no enough money to support research and development. Higher interest of the bank loan makes the companies dislike applying loan from commercial bank. Barrier in Policies: There have not been a series of executive policies for PV market development, such as: policy of tax, policy of subsidies, policy for grid connected PV application and the policy for reasonable price in purchasing PV electricity. Barrier in Market Development Poor service network Awareness of end users products Lack of investment in the development of new market and new Lack of qualified dealers in the market sites. 7. Comments and Suggestions ⓿ ⓿ ⓿ ⓿ It is good to combine decentralized PV systems (both village power systems and solar home systems) with MMS for MMS will give much help in quality and afterward service improvement for SHS. For MMS does not give subsidies to the installed PV capacity, but give subsidies to KWh produced by the systems. The SHS producer or the system integrator will take care to the quality and services to make the system keeping operation. Otherwise, they will not get subsidy from MMS. Government should give priority policies in financial and tax to promote PV industry and PV enterprises keeping up stably. Developing related standards for PV and wind/pv hybrid systems to standardize the quality of the products. Giving fund to help PV Industry in quality and technology improvement to make PV market increasingly. 18

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