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1 348 FUELS AND CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS Morris Ag-Energy, Inc., 93 National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2,154 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 209 Purdue University, 74,280 Texas A&M University, 130 University of Florida, 57 University of Georgia, 237 University of Minnesota, 93 U.S. Department of Agriculture, 46,172,307 Subject Index Downloaded via on September 28, 2018 at 14:26:55 (UTC). See for options on how to legitimately share published articles. Acetonema longum, succinate Acid production rate, computer-mediated addition of fresh medium in continuous culture of Zymomonas mobilis, 146 Aerobic metabolism, carbon dioxide inhibition, 93 Agricultural waste material, microbial production of biodegradable plastics, Alcaligenes eutrophus, poly-d-3- hyrdoxybutyrate production, Alcohol fermentation, effect of carbon dioxide, Alcohol fuels, biomass conversion using MixAlco process, Ammonia steeping, role in 2,3-butanediol biological production from renewable biomass, 285, Amylases, application in starch conversion, 46 Anaerobic microorganisms, succinate production, Anaerobic yeast growth, carbon dioxide inhibition, Anaerobiospirillum succiniproducens, succinate production, Anaerovibrio species, succinate Aspen Plus, process simulations, Aspergillus, use for lignocellulosic biomass conversion, Aureobasidium pullulans, lignocellulosic biomass conversion, B Bacteria genetically engineered, fuel ethanol production from lignocellulose, nonrumen, See Nonrumen bacteria rumen, See Rumen bacteria Bacterial biocatalysts for cellulose fermentation genetic engineering of Klebsiella oxytoca and bacteria, 64 optimization of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation using Klebsiella oxytoca P2, Bacterial proteins in fungal hosts, extracellular production, 24 Bacteriodes species, succinate production, Base-case process, bioethanol production, 8-9 Batch dilute acid pretreatment, bioethanol production, 8 Bgl B p-d-glucosidase expression in Streptomyces lividans, See Microbispora bispora Bgl B p-d-glucosidase expression in Streptomyces lividans Biodegradable plastics, microbial production from carbon dioxide and agricultural waste material, Biodegradable thermoplastics, 229 Biodiesel blending of esters with diesel fuel, 195 combustion chemistry cetane improvers, 189 emissions, engine problems, 188

2 INDEX 349 Biodiesel Continued combustion chemistry Continued precombustion of triglycerides, 189 reactions, 186 definition, description, 172 economics, pyrolysis, regulatory issues, standards, storage stability, vegetable oils microemulsification, suitability, transesterification, vegetable oil esters, Bioethanol energy trends and national security, 5 environmental issues, 3-5 market, 7 production technologies cellulase research, fermentation concepts, pretreatment technology, 8-12 Biomass advantages for synthesis gas production, 320 2,3-butanediol biological production, Biomass conversion enzymes cellulose conversion, hemicellulose conversion, lignin conversion, 52 screening with targeted properties, solution of environmental problems through biomass conversion using microbial technology anaerobic fermentation, lactate industry, photosynthesis, to mixed alcohol fuels using MixAlco process fermentation, 132,135,136/ hydrogenation, 137, Biomass conversion Continued to mixed alcohol fuels using MixAlco process Continued lime treatment, / separation, 135,137 thermal conversion, 137,138/ Biometallocatalytic reactor system, hydrogen production by photosynthetic water splitting, 216, Biotin, role in microbial production of xylitol, 312 2,3-Butanediol applications, 280 biological production from renewable biomass ammonia steeping, 285, cellulase hydrolysis treatment stage, 288,289/ drying, effect on reactivity, 288,290/ experimental description, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process, 285,286/ temperature, 288,290/ time course of product formation, 288, treatment, 288,290/ dissolved oxygen, effect on production, 281 ph, 281,283 production by microorganisms, 281,282/ 2-Butanol, biomass conversion to fuels using MixAlco process, ,3-Butylene glycol, See 2,3-Butanediol Caldophilic P-D-glucosidases, Carbohydrate(s) lactic acid fermentation, lactic acid production, 231 Carbon, elemental, See Elemental carbon Carbon dioxide microbial production of biodegradable plastics, solution of environmental problem through biomass conversion using microbial technology,

3 350 FUELS AND CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS Carbon dioxide Continued sources of emission in biosphere, 338 stimulatory and inhibitory effects on living cell metabolism, 93 role in fuel alcohol fermentation experimental description, in-plant experiments, 104, / laboratory fermentations, , normal fermentation, plant, 95 Carbon dioxide inhibition, mechanisms, 94 Catalytic chemical conversion process steps, integration with lactic acid production processes, 232 Cell density, role in microbial production of xylitol, 312 Cell growth, effect of carbon dioxide, Cellobiases, description, 154 Cellulase, Cellulase hydrolysis treatment stage, role in 2,3-butanediol biological production from renewable biomass, 288,289/ Cellulose, enzyme system for glucose conversion, Cellulose fermentation, bacterial biocatalysts, Cetane improvers, biodiesel, 189 Cetane indexes, vegetable oils, Cetane numbers, vegetable oils, , Chemical synthesis, lactic acid, Chlamydomonas, hydrogen production by photosynthetic water splitting, 212,214/ Citrobacter, glycerol conversion to 1,3-propanediol, Clostridia species, succinate production, ,247/ Clostridium, glycerol conversion to 1,3-propanediol, Clostridium thermocellum, lignocellulosic biomass conversion, Cloud points, vegetable oils, f,183 Combustion, biodiesel, Conventional diesel fuel dilution with vegetable oils, grades, 175 ignition quality, 174 Corn cob, 2,3-butanediol biological production, Corn fiber and cob, fuel ethanol production from sugars, Cytophaga succinicans, succinate D Dark fermentation, hydrogen production by photosynthetic water splitting, 216,217/ Debaryomyces, lignocellulosic biomass conversion, Desulfobacterium species, succinate production, Diafiltration saccharification assay, 21 Diesel engine ignition, 174 use of vegetable oils, 172 Dilute acid process, bioethanol production, Direct injection engine, 175 Direct photosynthetic water splitting, hydrogen production, Downstream processing, succinate, Drying, role in 2,3-butanediol biological production from renewable biomass, 288,290/ E Electrodialysis, recovery of succinic acid, 252 Elemental carbon amount in earth, 336 amount released from fossil fuel combustion, recycling in biosphere, Emissions, biodiesel,

4 INDEX 351 Engineered cellulase genes, expression, Enterococcus faecalis, succinate Escherichia coli expression of engineered cellulase genes, lignocellulose, role in bioethanol production, Esters, emissions, Ethanol carbon dioxide effects on production, fermentation process improvement, from lignocellulose using genetically engineered bacteria, See Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulose using genetically engineered bacteria from lignocellulosic sugars, See Fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic sugars from wood description, 110 development requirements, 111 process description, process integration, 123,125,126/ process simulations, / recycling of process streams, ,124/ production, 46,110 use as octane booster and transportation fuel, 74 Eubacterium species, succinate Fermentation Continued fuel alcohol, carbon dioxide effects, technologies, Fibrobacter succinogenes, succinate production, ,240/ Filter paper assay, limitations, 21 Fuel(s), biomass conversion using MixAlco process, Fuel alcohol fermentation, carbon dioxide effects, Fuel ethanol production factors affecting economics, 74 from lignocellulose using genetically engineered bacteria bacterial biocatalysts for cellulose fermentation, fermentation of hemicellulose sugars after dilute acid treatment, modified gulf process, 61,64 synergy in biomass to ethanol production, 66,71 from lignocellulosic biomass, 46 from lignocellulosic sugars experimental description, fermentation, 76-80/ fermentation kinetics product inhibition, 81,84-85 substrate inhibition, 81,82/83/ fermentation performance, Fungi, succinate -251 Fusobacterium russii, succinate Fatty acids conversion to mixed alcohol fuels using Mix Alco process, vegetable oils, 176,179r Fermentation biomass conversion to mixed alcohol fuels using MixAlco process, 132,135,136* carbon dioxide inhibition, 93 Genetically engineered bacteria, fuel ethanol production from lignocellulose, Genetically engineered Saccharomyces yeast, lignocellulosic sugars, Glucose, fuel ethanol production, P-D-Glucosidase(s), 154

5 352 FUELS AND CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS (J-D-Glucosidase expression in Streptomyces lividans, See Microbispora bispora Bgl B P-D-glucosidase expression in Streptomyces lividans P-D-Glucoside glucohydrolases, 154 Glycerol applications, effect of carbon dioxide on production, , microbial conversion to 1,3-propanediol, H Hemicellulose(s), enzyme system for conversion, Hemicellulose sugar fermentation dilute acid pretreatment effect, 58 fermentation of hemicellulose syrups with Escherichia coli KOI 1, 61,62/,63r metabolic engineering of recombinant Escherichia coli for pentose fermentations, 59,61 Heterologous fungal proteins in fungal hosts, extracellular production, 24 Hexoses, conversion to ethanol, Hydrogen production by photosynthetic water splitting biometallocatalytic reactor system, 216, dark fermentation of photosynthetic product, 216,217/ direct photosynthetic water splitting dual reactor flow system for simultaneous detection, 212,213/ production in Chlamydomonas, 212,214/ reactor system for separate compartments, 212, saturation of microalgae, 212 photosynthesis fundamentals, Hydrogenation, biomass conversion to mixed alcohol fuels using MixAlco process, 137, Hydroxypropionic acid, See Lactic acid Ignition quality, definition, 174 Indirect injection engine, 175 K Klebsiella, glycerol conversion to 1,3-propanediol, Klebsiella oxytoca lignocellulose, genetic engineering, 64 production of 2,3-butanediol, succinate Kluyveromyces, use for lignocellulosic biomass conversion, L L-Lactate fermentation, poly-d-3- hyrdoxybutyrate production from xylose, 302, Lactic acid food-related uses, manufacturing technologies carbohydrate fermentation, chemical synthesis, non-food-related uses, production requirements, 225 technological advances, worldwide production volume, 225 Lactobacilli species, succinate production, ,249/ Lactococcus lactis, poly-d-3- hydroxybutyrate production, Lignin, 52 Lignocellulose composition, 58 conversion process, 58,60/ fermentation of hemicellulose sugars, fuel ethanol production using genetically engineered bacteria, Lignocellulosic biomass content, enzymes for biomass conversion, 46-54

6 INDEX 353 Lignocellulosic biomass Continued pretreatment methods, production of fuel ethanol, 46 Lignocellulosic hydrolysates, 74 Lignocellulosic sugars, fuel ethanol production, M Magnesium, role in microbial production of xylitol, 312 Methanol supplementation, role in xylitol microbial production, Methylumbelliferyl-P-D-glucoside assay, description, 157 Microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol kinetic analysis of cell growth and product formation, metabolic pathways, process development and optimization, yield coefficients vs. pathway selectivity, Microbial production biodegradable plastics from carbon dioxide and agricultural waste material, xylitol enzymatic production from xylose, influencing factors, r microorganisms, production from hemicellulose hydrolysate, use of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 313 Microbial technology, solution of environmental problems through biomass conversion, Microbispora bispora Bgl B p-dglucosidase expression in Streptomyces lividans design and construction of expression plasmid, experimental description, Microbispora bispora Bgl B P-Dglucosidase expression in Streptomyces lividans Continued expression of 5/Bgl B, 162,163/ functional characterization of purified 5/Bgl B, 162, mutagenesis of STI-II promoter and mutant isolation, 166,168f mutated promoter DNA sequence, 166, production of 5/Bgl B, 166,168/ purification of 5/Bgl B, 162 Microemulsification, vegetable oils, Microorganisms, anaerobic, succinate production, MixAlco process biomass conversion to mixed alcohol fuels, schematic representation, Mixed alcohol fuels, biomass conversion using MixAlco process, Modified gulf process, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose using genetically engineered bacteria as biocatalyst, 61,64 N Neat vegetable oil fuel, emissions, Neocallimastix species, succinate Nitrogen sources, role in xylitol microbial production, Nonrumen bacteria for succinate production Acetonema longum, 250 Anaerobiospirillum succiniproducens, Anaerovibrio species, 250 Bacteriodes species, Clostridia species, ,24'yf Cytophaga succinicans, 250 Desulfobacterium species, Enterococcus faecalis, 250 Eubacterium species, 250

7 354 FUELS AND CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS Nonrumen bacteria for succinate production Continued Fusobacterium russii, 250 Klebsiella oxytoca, 250 Lactobacilli species, ,249/ Neocallimastix species, 250 Peptostreptococcus species, 250 Piromonas communis, 250 Propionibacteria species, ,248/ Pterotermes occideutis, 250 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Sphaeromonas communis, 250 Veillonella ratti, 250 O Organic nutrients, role in microbial production of xylitol, Oxygen supply, role in microbial production of xylitol, ,314/ Ozone, pollution problem, 4 P Pentanol, biomass conversion to fuels using MixAlco process, Pentoses, conversion to ethanol, Peptostreptococcus species, succinate ph, role in computer-mediated addition of fresh medium in continuous culture of Zymomonas mobilis, ph stat batch culture, development, 297,298/ Photosynthetic water splitting, hydrogen production, Pichia, lignocellulosic biomass conversion, Pichia pastoris, engineered cellulase gene expression, Piromonas communis, succinate Plastics, microbial production from carbon dioxide and agricultural waste material, Polyhydroxyalkanoates, 294 Poly-D-3-hyrdoxybutyrate production from xylose via L-lactate fermentation, 302, from carbon dioxide airlift-type fermentor use, 300,301/ development of ph stat batch culture, 297,298/ gas mass transfer vs. changing medium rheology, ,303/ system setup, 295,296/ two-stage culture method under low 0 2 condition, 295,297 structure, 294,296/ Poplar wood chips, 2,3-butanediol biological production, Pour points, vegetable oils, ^,183 Pressurized hot water countercurrent prehydrolysis process, bioethanol production, 12 Prevotella ruminocola, succinate production, Process development unit, design and operation for technoeconomic process evaluation, Process streams, recycling, ,3-Propanediol, production via glycerol microbial conversion, Propanol, biomass conversion to fuels using MixAlco process, Propionibacteria species, succinate production, ,248/ Pterotermes occideutis, succinate Pyrolysis, biodiesel, Renewable biomass, 2,3-butanediol biological production, Rumen bacteria for succinate production Fibrobacter succinogenes, ,240/ Prevotella ruminocola, products, Ruminobacter amylophilus, 241 ruminococcus flavefaciens,

8 INDEX 355 Rumen bacteria for succinate production Continued Succinimonas amylolytica, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, 242 Wolinella succinogenes, Ruminobacter amylophilus, succinate production, 241 Ruminococcus flavefaciens, succinate production, S Saccharification assay, description, 21 Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression of engineered cellulase genes, succinate -251 Saccharomyces species, role in bioethanol production, Saccharomyces yeast, fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic sugars, Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process 2,3-butanediol biological production from renewable biomass, 285,286/ lignocellulosic sugars, of cellulose, use of genetically engineered bacteria as biocatalyst, 61,64 Sphaeromonas communis, succinate Splitting, photosynthetic water, hydrogen production, Starch conversion, use of amylases, 46 Streptomyces lividans, Microbispora bispora Bgl B P-D-glucosidase expression, Succinate, downstream processing, Succinate production by anaerobic microorganisms Clostridium coccoides, downstream processing, experimental methods, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Succinate production by anaerobic microorganisms Continued fungi, nonrumen bacteria, rumen bacteria, yeast, Succinic acid, applications, 237 Succinimonas amylolytica, succinate production, Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens, succinate production, 242 Sugar(s) lignocellulosic, fuel ethanol production, role in xylitol microbial production, 311 Sugar fermentation, See Hemicellulose sugar fermentation Synthesis gas, 320 Synthesis gas fermentations bioreactor experiments, commercial development, gas mass transfer issues, metabolic model for carbon monoxide bioconversion, T Textile processing, use of cellulase production, Thermal conversion, biomass conversion to mixed alcohol fuels using MixAlco process, 137,138; Thermophilic p-d-glucosidases, 154 Thermostable p-d-glucosidases, genetically engineered expression, 155 Thermotolerant enzymes, 154 Transesterification of vegetable oils, Trichoderma reesei engineered cellulase gene expression, lignocellulosic biomass conversion, Trichoderma reesei cellulase, use in near-term bioethanol plants, 16 Triglycerides, See Vegetable oils

9 356 FUELS AND CHEMICALS FROM BIOMASS V Vegetable oil(s) blending with diesel fuel, 195 cetane indexes, cetane numbers, /, cloud points, /,183 dilution with conventional diesel fuel, estimated cetane numbers, 182 fatty acids, 176,179/ fuel-related properties, 176,178, / heat of combustion, , ,183 microemulsification, molecular structure effect on suitability, ,182 pour points, /,183 properties, / pyrolysis, structures, 176 transesterification, use for biodiesel, use in diesel engines, 172 viscosities, /, 183 Vegetable oil esters, properties, , Veillonella ratti, succinate production, 250 Volatile fatty acids, conversion to mixed alcohol fuels using MixAlco process, W Waste material, microbial production of biodegradable plastics, Waste vegetable oils, source of biodiesel, Water splitting, hydrogen production, Water splitting electrodialysis membranes, lactic acid production, 231 Weight changes, analysis of computermediated addition of fresh medium in continuous culture of Zymomonas mobilis, Wolinella succinogenes, succinate production, Wood, ethanol production, X Xylitol, microbial production, Xylose ethanol conversion, fuel ethanol production, poly-d-3-hyrdoxybutyrate production via L-lactate fermentation, 302, Xylose concentration, role in xylitol microbial production, Y Yeast lignocellulosic sugars, succinate -251 Z Zymomonas mobilis bioethanol production, computer-mediated addition of fresh medium, lignocellulose, 58-71