Operation of an ultralight weightshift aircraft for environmental research: Properties, advantages and lessons learned

Transcription

1 Operation of an ultralight weightshift aircraft for environmental research: Properties, advantages and lessons learned Wolfgang Junkermann Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research Wolfgang Junkermann

2 Operation of an ultralight weightshift aircraft for environmental research: Properties, advantages and lessons learned WHY A TRIKE? Wolfgang Junkermann

3 PROBLEM TO BE ADRESSED RADIATION TRANSFER MODULATION OF OPTICAL PROPERTIES BY CLOUDS AND AEROSOLS Prof. Max Mustermann - Title

4 MEASUREMENT OF RADIATION QUANTITIES (λ) TEMP / rh, OZONE OPTICAL PROPERTIES PRESS / GPS / ALT KEEP IT SIMPLE Prof. Max Mustermann - Title

5 THE FIRST APPROACH SENSORS Prof. Max Mustermann - Title

6 THE FIRST APPROACH SENSORS Prof. Max Mustermann - Title

7 THE SECOND APPROACH ADDING AN ENGINE Prof. Max Mustermann - Title

8 THE SOLUTION DOUBLE SEATER UL, ~ 50 kg SCIENTIFIC PAYLOAD Prof. Max Mustermann - Title

9 THE SOLUTION (1998) ROTAX 582 CEILING FL 120 CRUISE 50 kt END 4h FSSP / GROUND POWER OZONE SCATT. COEFF T/DP AEROSOL, UPW RADIATION Wolfgang Junkermann

10 WHY A TRIKE? VERTICAL PROFILES OVER THE PO-VALLEY Wolfgang Junkermann

11 MILANO VENEZIA FORMAT A > 2000 agl TFS QUEST BOLOGNA Wolfgang Junkermann

12 3D-distribution of UV-radiation, ozone and aerosols during the ESCOMPTE campaign

13 AVIGNON PERTUIS SALON Mediterranean National Research Center of the Sea Helmholtz Association MARSEILLE

14 June 24, 2001 June 24, :14-11:08 UTC 8:14-11:08 UTC AVIG_PERT PERTUIS ALTITUDE a.m.s.l AVIG_PERT PERTUIS PERT_REAL REALTOR REAL_AVIG AVIGNON ALTITUDE a.m.s.l PERT_REAL REALTOR REAL_AVIG AVIGNON PARTICLES > 0.4 um [/cm3] OZONE [ppb] D-MIFU

15 Southern France, Provence, hazy, AOT 340 nm 0.48, 500 nm June 24, :14-11:08 UTC 4000 June 24, :14-11:08 UTC 4000 June 24, :14-11:08 UTC AVIG_PERT AVIG_PERT ALTITUDE a.m.s.l AVIG_PERT PERTUIS PERT_REAL REALTOR REAL_AVIG AVIGNON ALTITUDE a.m.s.l PERTUIS PERT_REAL REALTOR REAL_AVIG AVIGNON ALTITUDE a.m.s.l PERTUIS PERT_REAL REALTOR REAL_AVIG AVIGNON PARTICLES > 0.4 um [/cm3] nm / REF nm / REF

16 ALTITUDE a.m.s.l AVIG-PERT PERTUIS PERT-SALON SALON ALTITUDE a.m.s.l. PARTICLES > 0.4 um [/cm3] OZONE [ppb] AVI-PERT PERTUIS PERT-SAL SALON :30-10:00 UTC ESCOMPTE, France, AVIG-PERT PERTUIS PERT-SALON SALON AVIG-PERT PERTUIS PERT-SALON SALON AVIGNON-PERTUIS-SALON AOT 340 nm BDL, 500 nm, nm / REF nm / REF

17 JULY 10, 2001 JULY 10, 2001 JULY 10, :00-14: 40 UTC Salon :00-14: 40 UTC Salon :00-14: 40 UTC Salon ALTITUDE a.m.s.l Pertuis Pert-Salon Salon Sal-Avi Avi ALTITUDE a.m.s.l Pertuis Pert-Salon Salon Sal-Avi Avi ALTITUDE a.m.s.l Pertuis Pert-Salon Salon Sal-Avi Avi GLOBAL_DN rel nm TOT/REF nm TOT/REF Cloud area CLOUDS AOT 340 nm 0.52, 500 nm 0.44

18 Aerosols over the Mediterranean DESERT DUST Climate impact: affecting shortwave and longwave? radiation Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

19 NO FERRY FLIGHT OVER OPEN WATER Take a ferry Wolfgang Junkermann

20 1999 SW 2004 SW 2008 LW GIMBALLED PLATFORM FOR RADIATION SENSORS (IR) Special permit from Palermo ULM & CA

21

22 1999 SW 2004 SW 2008 LW 2013 Aerosol NO permit from ENAC despite UL_AVANZATO

23 RADIATION/CLOUD/AEROSOL AEROSOL VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION CONTROLS RADIATION PROFILE, ATTENUATION ( m) UP TO 60 % MAJOR PARAMETERS: PBL HEIGHT, AOD. CLOUD ALBEDO ~IN AGREEMENT WITH CURRENT MODELS HAZE AROUND (BETWEEN) BROKEN CLOUDS AEROSOL EFFECTS MASK 3D CLOUD FEATURES

24 But How do aerosols modify clouds? Can we investigate aerosol-cloud interactions with the microlight (or it s instrument package)?

25 But How do aerosols modify clouds? Can we investigate aerosol-cloud interactions with the microlight (or it s instrument package)? WHY SUCH A SMALL AIRCRAFT

26 How do aerosols modify clouds? NUMBER CONC. OF CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI SIZE AND CONC. OF CLOUD DROPLETS >> CLOUD ALBEDO, LIFETIME, RAINDROP PRODUCTION BLACK CARBON ABSORPTION GIANT CCN TRIGGERING ICE NUCLEATION Wolfgang Junkermann

27 How do aerosols modify clouds? NUMBER CONCENTRATION OF CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI CONTROLLS NUMBER AND SIZE OF CLOUD DROPLETS >> CLOUD ALBEDO, LIFETIME, RAINDROP PRODUCTION BLACK CARBON ABSORPTION >> CLOUD OPTICS GIANT CCN TRIGGERING ICE NUCLEATION Wolfgang Junkermann

28 HEIGHT 0 15 km HEIGHT 0 15 km HEIGHT 0 15 km AEROSOLS AND CLOUDS, Zhao et al, 2012 ALTITUDE DEPENDENCE RADIATIVE EFFECTS RADIATIVE EFFECTS CLOUD MICROPHYSICS EFFECTS Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

29 Aerosols and Clouds, Zhao et al, 2012 Climate impact: Affecting Clouds and rainfall (-30 % regional scale) Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

30 MEASUREMENTS BELOW CLOUDS AEROSOL SOURCES Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

31 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL RESOLUTION? INSTRUMENTATION? Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

32 Ozone UV-Photometer CO 2 /H 2 O 20 Hz IRGA Act. Rad. 300 nm JO1D Act. Rad. 380 nm JNO2 Global radiation Albedo 400, 550, 650, 990 nm (NDVI) Infrared Temperature Humidity Pressure Position Wind (horizontal) 10 Hz Surface / Sky Temperature 2 Filterradiometers 2 Filterradiometers 2 LICOR Pyranometers 2 four channel irradiance sensors 2 CGR4 Pyrgeometers Pt 100 /fast Thermocouple Chilled mirror GPS GPS/Compass/INS IR sensors 2014 CN / number CPC4 (> 4.5 nm) Aerosol / size distr. OPC, 300 nm 20 um Submicron aerosol size distribution (SMPS) nm Scatt. coeff. / visibility HSS-AVMIII, 870 nm Absorption coefficient (BC) 7 wavelength Aethalometer Cloud Condensation Nuclei (CCN) Roberts CCN Spectrometer CLOUD DROPLET SPECTRA FSSP-100 Turbulence, 3D windvector Attitude / Heading 5 hole noseboom probe Oxford Tech. INS

33 AEROSOL-SIZE DISTRIBUTION 4.5 nm 20 um, 2 min / > 300nm 6 s / # 1 s 15 kg ONLINE_DISPLAY

34 THE WORK PLACE AIRCRAFT GPS RADIO FRESH S- MODE TRANSPONDER ONLINE_DISPLAY

35 FLYING LOW AND SLOW (PBL) Wolfgang Junkermann

36 FRESH 30 min 2 h AGED ~4 h + nucl

37 CLOUD RELEVANT PARTICLES VEGETATION INVISIBLE PARTICLES UFP / CCN WITHIN THE PBL INDUSTRY SHIPS Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

38 CLOUD RELEVANT PARTICLES FINLAND MARCH 2003 Winter operation ~10 o C Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

39 Corsica, June/July 2012 Prof. Max Mustermann - Title

40 CORSICA, VESSAER (GREG ROBERTS) Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

41 Aerosols over Malta / Gozo AIRBORNE UP TO cm-3, < 600 m 3000 ~ over both islands FINE 2500 PARTICLES (> 300 nm) cm MALTA, 2013, CHARMEX Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

42 Aerosols over Malta / Gozo AIRBORNE UP TO cm-3, < 600 m 3000 ~ over both islands ULTRAFINE PARTICLES (> 4.5 nm) cm MALTA, 2013, CHARMEX Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

43 Aerosols over Malta / Gozo AIRBORNE UP TO cm-3, < 600 m ~ over both islands MALTA, 2013, CHARMEX Wolfgang Junkermann, KIT, IMK-IFU, Garmisch-Partenkirchen

44 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT Wolfgang Junkermann

45 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT PBL < 600 m agl Wolfgang Junkermann

46 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT? TURBULENCE MEASUREMENT FOR WSMA AND APP. IN CHINA Wolfgang Junkermann

47 SOURCE APPORTIONMENT LOW LEVEL (50 m) FLIGHTS FOR TURBULENCE AND FLUX MEASUREMENTS, INNER MONGOLIA Wolfgang Junkermann

48 LIMITS Wolfgang Junkermann

49 LIMITS Wolfgang Junkermann

50 LIMITS WINDS /GUSTS Max ground wind speed 15 kt Wolfgang Junkermann

51 LIMITS OROGRAPHIC TURBULENCE Wolfgang Junkermann

52 LIMITS OPEN WATER Wolfgang Junkermann

53 LIMITS PERMITS Switzerland Spain Italy... Wolfgang Junkermann

54 ADVANTAGES SIMPLE REGULATIONS, CERTIFICATION ETC. Wolfgang Junkermann

55 ADVANTAGES Pusher Configuration Simple inlet systems Versatile modular instrument system also for other platforms Wolfgang Junkermann

56 ADVANTAGES SIMPLE WORLDWIDE TRANSPORT CHINA INNER MONGOLIA AIR FREIGHT MEXICO (PUEBLA) ROAD Wolfgang Junkermann

57 ADVANTAGES STOL, LOW REQUIREMENTS ON LANDING STRIP Wolfgang Junkermann

58 ADVANTAGES STOL, LOW REQUIREMENTS ON LANDING STRIP COST Wolfgang Junkermann

59 DIS-ADVANTAGES Sensitive to orographic turbulence Sensitive to weather (hangar required) Low gliding angle In case of emergency Legislative limits (Switzerland/Italy/Spain) Availability of pilots Wolfgang Junkermann

60 VERSATILE PLATFORM WITH HIGLY MODULAR INSTRUMENT SYSTEM Requires small size instruments compatible with UAV Low speed allows to use slow instruments SUMMARY Wolfgang Junkermann

61 SUMMARY VERSATILE PLATFORM WITH HIGLY MODULAR INSTRUMENT SYSTEM Major App. PBL research Regional scale Instrument pods useful also for other platforms Wolfgang Junkermann

62 WSMA COMPLEMENTARY TO OTHER SMALL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AIRCRAFT (SERA) COVERING A SPECIAL NICHE AT LOW COST HOWEVER, FOR CERTAIN PROBLEMS OTHER SERA s WOULD BE MORE SUITABLE SUMMARY TURBULENT OPEN WATER Wolfgang Junkermann

63 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Wolfgang Junkermann

64 Wolfgang Junkermann

65 Wolfgang Junkermann